Table of Contents Illustrations Abbreviations Introduction PART 1: JEWS AND CHRISTIANS 1. The Jewish Background From 587 to 140 B.C. Palestine in the Last Century B.C. Sects and Parties The Dispersion 2. Jesus of Nazareth Baptism Temptations Jesus and John The Galilean Mission A.D. 28-29 Martyr Prophet On to Jerusalem The Last Phase 3. Paul and the First Expansion 30-65 The Jerusalem Community The Emergence of Paul The Mission The Opposition The Pauline Christ The New Religion and Society Paul and James The Pauline Ministry The Liturgy Baptism and Eucharist Relations with the Authorities The Neronian Persecution A.D. 64 4. The Christian Synagogue 70-135 The New Israel and the Old The Christian Mission The Church and Society Sound Doctrine and Its Opponents The Christian Ministry The Liturgy Differing Interpretations The Christians and the Empire
5. Opposition Cult 135-80 The Roman Empire in the Second Century The Opposition Christian Advance 6. Acute Hellenization 135-93 The Gnostic Movement Reasons for the Success of Gnosticism The Alexandrian Gnostic Teachers The Gnostic Legacy Marcion Later Developments 7. The Emergence of Orthodoxy 135-93 The Apologists Irenaeus Emergent Orthodoxy Threats to Unity Conclusion PART 2: CHRISTIANITY AND THE ROMAN EMPIRE 8. Out of the Shadows 193-235 The Severan Dynasty Christianity's Rivals Orthodoxy Revival of Mission Pagan Reaction The Return of Peace 9. Struggle and Advance 235-60 Christian Progress Manicheism The Decian Persecution Valerian 10. The Third Century: The Western Churches 190-260 Latin Christianity 11. The Third Century: Christian Platonism of Alexandria and Its Opponents 190-275 Christian Platonists 12. Church and People in the Third Century Authority and Church Order Bishops and Clergy The Seniores The People
Art, Literature, and Ethics Rural Christianity and the First Monks 13. The Age of Diocletian 270-305 The Pagan Front The Advance of Christianity Diocletian and the Great Persecution 14. The Constantinian Revolution 305-30 Tetrarchy and Dynasty The Propaganda War The Hinge of Fate 311-13 From Milan to Chrysopolis 313-24 The Donatists: Pandora's Box Arius Council of Nicaea Constantinople: Nova Roma PART 3: FROM CONSTANTINE TO CHALCEDON 15. Toward Byzantinism 330-61 Constantine and Athanasius The Council of Sardica 342/43 The Search for Equilibrium 343-53 Constantius as Sole Emperor 353-61 Constantius and the Quest for a Unifying Creed 16. From Pagan to Christian Society 330-60 The New Synthesis The Process of Christianization Christianity and the Countryside 17. Hero of a Lost Cause: The Emperor Julian 360-63 The Early Years The Successful General The Failed Revolution 18. New Perspective in West and East 363-99 The West The East 19. The North African Dimension 370-430 The Donatists Augustine Pelagius and Pelagianism 20. Christianity and Barbarism: The West 380-450 The End of the Pagan Ideal
Claudian Prudentius Priscillian Paulinus Jerome Honoratus John Cassian The Church and the Internal Crisis of the Empire 21. The Road to Chalcedon 398-451 The Survival of the East Roman Provinces John Chrysostom at Constantinople 398-404 Nestorius and Cyril 428-31 The Formula of Reunion 433 The Interlude 433-46 Dioscorus and Eutyches Chalcedon PART 4: THE PARTING OF THE WAYS 22. The Catholic Recovery in the West 451-536 Britain North Africa Under the Vandals Gaul Italy The Acacian Schism and Its Aftermath The Decline of the Ostrogothic Kingdom 23. Justinian and the Byzantine Achievement 527-65 Justinian's Renewal (Renovatio) The Reoccupation of North Africa 533-34 Byzantine Art and Architecture The Emergence of the Monophysite Church 519-31 The Emergence of Neo-Chalcedonianism The Three Chapters 544-54 The Failure of the Reconquista 555-65 24. "And East is East..." 565-604 Rome and Constantinople Chalcedonians and Monophysites The Celtic Irruption St. Benedict and Monasticism Pope Gregory I Epilogue General Bibliography Appendixes
Synopsis of Events Maps Names Index Subject Index