य न रसम म न यम अधधगम य मह श वर त क त स न व य करण प र क तम त म ऩ णणनय नम ॐ, ॐ, ॐ, ॐ Elementary Samskrit sandhis -2 - also called as अच सन ध Some basic Samskrit sandhis rules meant for beginners of Laghu siddhanta kaumudi. 24/04/2017 Srinivasa Swamiji This book contains certain basic and very useful rules of Svaras under different conditions. These rules are intended mainly to equip the student with knowledge Samskrit reading for a beginner and also prepare him for Laghu siddhanta Kaumudi. All the rules are derived from the Maharishi Panini s Asthadhyayi. This book is a continuation of Elementary Samskrit Sandhis 1 For free downloads. Visit; www.shastradeepika.org इक + अच यण + अच
Page1 ॐ - also called as अच सन ध Modification of Svaras with other Svaras under various conditions.
Page2 contents Topics Page no. 1 Pratyaharas (प रत य ह र) 3 2 Savarna deergha sandhi.- Rule AC -1-4 3 Yan sandhi - यण -सन ध - Rule AC -2. - 7 4 Ayaadi sandhi - अय ददसन ध - Rule AC -3-10 5 Purvarupa sandhi - Rule AC -3.3 13 6 Definitions Guna and Vriddhi 15 7 Guna Sandhi सन ध - Rule AC -4 16 8 Vriddhi sandhi - सन ध - Rule AC -5. 18 9 Glossary 20
Page3 Pratyaharas (प रत य ह र) अच, हऱ, अक, यण etc. are called Pratyaharas. Before we start svara sandhi rules, let us know a few pratyaharas, which are useful for these svara-sandhis, obtained from maheswara sutras. 1. All the Svaras are called as अच. 2. All the Vyanjanas are called as हऱ and this हऱ = हश + खर. 3. अऱ means all the varnas, अऱ = अच + हऱ. 4. अक means अ इ उ ऋ ऌ. 5. इक means इ उ ऋ ऌ. 6. एङ means ए ओ 7. ऐच means ऐ औ 8. एच means ए ओ ऐ औ 9. अण means अ इ उ ऋ ऌ ए ओ ऐ औ ह य व र ऱ 10. यण means य व र ऱ. 11. अ means अवणण, which means अ along with its Savarnas i.e. both अ & आ etc. similarly with other varnas also. Eg; इ means इवणण, which means both इ & ई. and soon. 12. अक र means अ only, does not include its savarnas. Similarly with other varnas also. Eg; ईक र means only ई. चक र means only च, similarly with other varnas also. Note - Purvavarna / Paravarna/ = preceding varna = succeeding varna
Page4 Now we are going to teach you a few sandhis were Svaras will undergo modification with other svaras under various conditions. As usual these rules are based on Maharishi Panini s Ashtadhyayi. Rule AC -1 - This is based on sutra अक सवण द घण 6-1-101. This sandhi is also called as सवणणद घणसन ध Savarna deergha sandhi. If any one of the अक varna is followed by its savarana अक varna, then both varnas i.e. succeeding and preceding varnas will be replaced by its Single compatible द घणसवणण varna, under samhita conditions. अक सवणणअक द र णसवणण Poorva varna Preceding varna Para varna Succeeding varna Both are replaced by a single अक सवणणअक द घणसवणण अ / आ अ / आ आ इ / ई इ / ई ई उ / ऊ उ / ऊ ऊ ऋ / ॠ ऋ / ॠ ॠ
Page5 Savaranas The अक consists of varnas अ इ उ ऋ ऌ, so its savarnas are correspondingly its द घणवणणs only, when both the preceding and succeeding varnas are savarnas then both will be replaced by a single द घणसवणण. For example consider varna अ, its savarnas are all other types of अ, that is its other types of hrasva, deergha and pluta. Varna अ has a total of 18 types, of which 6 are ह र व अ, 6 are द घण आ and 6 are प ऱ त आ3, so for anyone type अ varna all other 17 types will be its savarnas. So for any type of ह र व अ, all other 5 types of अ, 6 types of आ, 6 types of आ3 are its savarnas. Similarly for any type of द घण आ all other 6 types of अ, 5 types of आ, 6 types of आ3 are its savarnas. Similarly for any type of प ऱ त आ3 all other 6 types of अ, 6 types of आ, 5 types of आ3 are its savarnas. Similarly for इ उ & ऋ. Now for our discussion we consider only 1 ह र व & 1 द घण, this is sufficient for this level. So ह र ववणण s savarana is its ह र ववणण and द घणवणण, similarly द घणवणण s savarana is its ह र ववणण and द घणवणण. So अ savarna is अ / आ, similary आ savarna is अ / आ and द घणसवणण of अ or आ is आ only.
Page6 इ savarna is इ / ई, similary ई savarna is इ / ई and द घणसवणण of इ or ई is ई only and soon. Example 1 द व आऱय द व अ आ ऱय द व आ ऱय द व ऱय 2. श र + ईश श र ई ई श श र ई श श र श 3. ग र उऩद श ग र उ उ ऩद श ग र ऊ ऩद श ग र ऩद श 4. पऩत ऋणम पऩत ऋ ऋ णम पऩत क णम पऩत णम 5. कद अपऩ कद आ अ पऩ कद आ पऩ कद पऩ
Page7 Rule AC -2. This is based on sutra इक यण अधच 6-1-77. This sandhi is also called as यण -सन ध Yan sandhi. If any one of the इक varna is followed any one the अच varna, then इक varna will be replaced by its compatible यण varna under samhita conditions. Here इक = इ उ ऋ ऌ along with its savaranas. = इ/ ई उ/ ऊ ऋ/ क ऌ/ ख3 अच = अ इ उ ऋ ऌ ए ओ ऐ औ along with its savaranas = अ/आ इ/ ई उ/ऊ ऋ/क etc. अ/आ इ/ ई उ/ऊ ऋ/क ऌ/ख3 ए/ए3 ऐ/ऐ3 ओ/ओ3 औ/ औ3 यण means य व र ऱ only. इक + अच यण + अच इक अच यण अच
Page8 Preceding Varna either Succeding varna - any one of the Preceding varna Replaced By compatible Succeding varna remains unchanged इ or ई अ = अ उ or ऊ अ = अ ऋ or ॠ अ = अ ऌ or ॡ3 अ = अ Examples 1.स ध उऩ य स ध ई उ ऩ य स ध य उ ऩ य स ध य ऩ य स ध य ऩ य स ध उऩ य स ध ई उ ऩ य स ध य उ ऩ य स ध य ऩ य स ध य ऩ य
Page9 2. उ ई उ उ 3.ग र आद श ग र उ आ द श ग र व आ द श ग र व द श ग व णद श 4. पऩत अ श पऩत ऋ अ श पऩत र अ श पऩत र श पऩत र श
Page10 Rule AC -3. This is based on sutra एच ऽयव य व 6-1-78. This sandhi is also called as अय ददसन ध Ayaadi sandhi. पद न त एच varna - एच varna which is at end of a padam is called Padanta एच varna. Rule AC -3.1 Relating to padanta. If any one of Padanta एच varna is followed any one the अच varna, then Padanta एच varna ए ओ ऐ औ will be replaced optionally by अय अव आय आव or अ अ आ आ respectively under samhita conditions. एच = ए ओ ऐ औ and अयव य व means अय अव आय आव अच = अ इ उ ऋ ऌ ए ओ ऐ औ along with its savaranas = अ/आ इ/ ई उ/ऊ ऋ/क etc. अयव य व + अच Padanta एच + अच optionally अ / अ / आ / आ + अच पद न त एच अच अयव य व or अ अ आ आ अच
Page11 Preceding Varna is Padanta Succeeding varna-any one of the Preceding varna Replaced optionally by either Succeeding varna remains unchanged ए अच = अय or अ अच ओ अच = अव or अ अच ऐ अच = आय or आ अच औ अच = आव or आ अच Examples - By rule Rule AC -3Padanta - Padanta एच optionally अयव य व or अ अ आ आ. द व इम द व औ इ म द व आव इ म द व पवम Padanta एच द व आ इ म द व इम Note द व पवम and द व इम both are valid.
Page12 Rule AC -3.2 Relating to Apadanta एच If एच varna is with in a padam then such a एच is called Apadanta एच. When such a अऩद त-एच is followed by any one of the अच varna then Apadanta एच varna ए ओ ऐ औ will be replaced by अय अव आय आव respectively under samhita conditions. Apadanta एच + अच compulsorily अयव य व + अच Preceding Varna is Apadanta Succeding varna any one of the Preceding varna Replaced compulsorily By Succeeding varna remains unchanged ए अच = अय अच ओ अच = अव अच ऐ अच = आय अच औ अच = आव अच 1. न अक न ऐ अ क न आय अ क न यक This is a single padam and ऐ is within padam, so ऐ is Apadanta. Similarly all words given below are single and all varnas are Apadantas. 2. च अयनम च ए अ यनम च अय अ यनम चयनम 3. भ अतत भ ओ अ तत भ अव अ तत भवतत 4. ऩ अक ऩ औ अ क आव अ क ऩ वक
Page13 Rule AC -3.3. Relating to Padanta or Padanta when followed by अ only. This rule is based on sutra 6-1-109. Remember एङ means ए and ओ. This sandhi is also called as Purvarupa sandhi. This sandhi is an exception to Ayaadi sandhi. i.e.एच ऽयव य व 6-1-78. If a Padanta एङ is followed by अ varna, then both varnas i.e. succeeding and preceding varnas will be replaced by a Single preceding varna, under samhita conditions. Since both varnas are replaced by a single purvavarna, this sandhi is also called Purvarupa sandhi. Here means. पद न त एङ अ ऩ वणर ऩ means purva varna ऩ वणवणण preceding varna ऩरवणण succeeding varna both are replaced by a single purva varna Poorva varna/ Preceding varna or poorva rupa Para varna/ Succeeding varna पद न त अ = पद न त अ = Both are replaced by a single varna.
Page14 Examples- Padanta / followed by अ Both replaced by a single Purvarupa 1 अ अ 2 अ अ 3 अ अ 4 अ अ Note In above examples, the loss of paravarna अ is shown by a symbol which is called Avagraha (अ ) in samskrit and this is optional, that is loss of paravarna अ can be shown by symbol Avagraha or need not be shown at all. Both and are equally valid and are same. Similarly =.
Page15 Important definitions. There are many technical terms in Panini s Ashtadhyayi samskrit vyakaranam and meanings of these are defined in Ashtadhyayi itself. Many of these terms so defined may have different meaning in language and literature, but in Ashtadhyayi these meanings will not be of use, but meanings defined by Ashtadhyayi alone are valid. For example consider word Guna etc. in regular usage, but this is of no use in Ashtadhyayi. :, though this word means quality, rope On the other hand in Ashtadhyayi samskrit vyakaranam अ / / are called as Guna. So a technical term Guna in Ashtadhyayi means either अ or or. Vriddhi This is defined by sutra 1-1-1 in Panini s Ashtadhyayi. The varna आक र (= -आ), varna ऐक र (=ऐ) and varna औक र (=औ) are called as Vriddhi in Panini s Ashtadhyayi. आ or ऐ or औ are called as Vriddhi Guna : This is defined by sutra अ 1-1-2 in Panini s Ashtadhyayi. The varna अक र (= अ), varna एक र (=ए) and varna ओक र (= ) are called as Guna in Panini s Ashtadhyayi. अ or ए or ओ are called as Guna :
Page16 Rule AC -4 This is based on sutra आ 6-1-87. This sandhi is also called as सन ध Guna sandhi. If अ varna ( all its savarnas i.e. both अ or -आ ) is followed by anyone of varnas among इ / ई, उ/ ऊ, ऋ / ॠ, ऌ, then both varnas i.e. succeeding and preceding varnas will be replaced by its Single compatible Guna varna, under samhita conditions. Either ह रस व अ or द र ण-आ anyone among इ / ई, उ/ ऊ, ऋ / क, ऌ any one Compatible Guna ग ण Poorva varna/ Preceding varna either Para varna/ Succeeding varna either अ or आ इ / ई = Both are replaced by a single compatible Guna. अ or आ उ / ऊ = अ or आ ऋ / क = अ अ or आ ऌ = अ
Page17 Note - 1. अ /आ + ऋ / ॠ = अ and 2. अ /आ + ऌ = अ in both अ and अ the element अ is Guna, so these two are also Guna sandhi. Now the question is why अ and अ instead of अ only is beyond the scope of this level. Examples. 1 उ इ उ अ इ उ उ 2 इ अ इ 3 उ आ उ 4 ऋ अ ऋ अ 5 ई आ ई
Page18 Rule AC -5. This is based on sutra 6-1-88. This sandhi is also called as सन ध Vriddhi sandhi. If अ varna (all its savarnas i.e. both अ or -आ) is followed by anyone of varnas among ऐ औ, then both varnas i.e. succeeding and preceding varnas will be replaced by its Single compatible Vriddhi varna, under samhita conditions. Either ह रस व अ or द र ण-आ anyone among ए ओ ऐ औ any one Compatible Vriddhi व द ध Poorva varna/ Preceding varna either Para varna/ Succeeding varna either Both are replaced by a single compatible Vriddhi अ / आ = ऐ अ / आ = औ अ / आ ऐ = ऐ अ / आ औ = औ
Page19 Examples. 1 तथ एव तथ आ ए व त थ ऐ व तथ व 2 आ औ 3 ऐ अ ऐ ऐ 4 औ अ औ औ Summary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Rule AC -1, Savarna Deergha Sandhi Rule AC -2. Yan sandhi. Rule AC -3.1 Ayaadi sandhi. Rule AC -3.2 Ayaadi sandhi. Rule AC -3.3 Poorva roopa sandhi. Rule AC -4 Guna sandhi. Rule AC -5 Vriddhisandhi. Poorva varna = Preceding varna Para varna = Succeeding varna अ अ Both replaced by a single savarna deergha Padanta इ अ यण Apadanta अच अच अ अ / अ / आ / अ आ अच अच अच अच Padanta अ Both replaced by a single Poorva roopa varna अ or आ इ / ई, उ/ ऊ,ऋ / ॠ, ऌ अ or आ / / ऐ / औ Both replaced by a single Compatible Guna varna. Both replaced by a single Compatible Vriddhi varna.
Page20 Glossary Apadanta p12 Avagraha (अ ) is a symbol used to show loss of Hrasva अ. p14. Ayaadi sandhi अय ददसन ध p10 Guna : - p15 Guna sandhi p16. Paravarna/ = succeeding varna p3 Purvarupa sandhi p13. Purvavarna / = preceding varna p3 Savarna / सवणण p5 Savarna deergha sandhi सवणणद घणसन ध p4 Svara vowels p3 Vriddhi sandhi p18. Vriddhi p15. Yan sandhi - यण -सन ध p7 Pandanta varna p10
Page21 About the author- Sri Srinivas Swamiji is a Hindu Saint, a Spiritual seeker and a Teacher of Advaita Vedanta, Darshanas and Samskrit. He started his spiritual life from a very young age by getting inspired from the life and teachings of Bhagavan Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and Swami Vivekananada. He is very actively purusing spiritual life for past twenty five years as per the Advaitic tradition of Upanishads as expounded by Bhagavatpada Sri Shankaracharya. He is also teaching Advaita Vedanta, Bhagavad geeta, Shankara bhashyas traditonally along with Samskrit language, Panini sutras and Darshanas. Apart from teaching, he is also guiding people in Spiritual, Religious, Social matters and also does Samaja seva- social service.etc. In Rishikesh, he Studied Shashtras, Samskrit language, Panini Vyakarana and Shankara bhasyas in Arsha vidya Gurukulam(also known as Swami Dayananda Ashram on the banks of River Ganga),from Acharya Sri Swami Sakshatkritanandaji which is founded by world renowned Hindu Religious leader Parama Poojya Sri Swami Dayananda saraswati. Here along with studies he was also actively teaching Samskrit along with his Tapasya, Sadhana and Guruseva. He has also studied in Kashi. In Kashi with the blessings of Bhagavan Vishwanatha and Mother Annapurana, he studied Shastras from great Scholars and also did sadhanas and teaching, here he stayed for nearly three years. He has also learned shastras from different scholar in many places of our country. Apart from his shastra Adhyanam and teaching, he has also spent a lot of time in Tapasya and Sadhanas in different parts of our country viz. Himalayas, on the banks of river Ganga Narmada etc. At present, He is teaching shastras for many seekers without any discrimination of caste, religion and sex etc. to create a healthy Global citizens in this era of Globalisation for the Universal Peace and Prosperity and also to Protect, Preserve and Propagate Santana Dhrama Hinduism through shastra teaching, sadhana, and service for a better world.