Genetic Tests for Partners of CF patients

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Disclaimer: this presentation is not a genetic/medical counseling The Annual Israeli CF Society Meeting Oct 2013 Genetic Tests for Partners of CF patients Ori Inbar, PhD A father to a 8 year old boy with CF Chairperson, the Israeli CF Foundation

As of today there are 1949 mutations in the CF gene ~85% cause the disease Mutation Type Count Frequency % Missense 774 40.40 Frameshift 306 15.97 Splicing 226 11.80 Nonsense 161 8.40 In frame in/del 38 1.98 Large in/del 49 2.56 Promoter 15 0.78 Sequence variation 269 14.04 Unknown 78 4.07 And every few weeks more mutations are gathered www.genet.sickkids.on.ca/cftr/home.html

The frequency is based on the screening of 43,849 CF samples Distribution of the mutation in the CF gene (worldwide) Name of Mutation Frequency (%) F508Del 28,948 (66.0) Population with the highest prevalence G542X 1,062 (2.4) Spanish G551D 717 (1.6) English N1303K 589 (1.3) Italian W1282X 536 (1.2) Jewish- Askhenazi R553X 322 (0.7) German 621+1G->T 315 (0.7) French- Canadian 1717-1G->A 284 (0.6) Italian R117H 133 (0.3) R1162X 125 (0.3) Italian

The distribution of the mutations depends upon the ethnic origin For example, Ashkenazi Jews: Mutation F508Del W1282X Worldwide 70% 1% Ashkenazi Jews 28% 48% (100%) Kerem et al, 1997

CF is the most common life threatening genetic disease in all Israeli ethnic origins. It is not an Ashkenazi Jews disease Carrier frequencies in Israeli Jews from the following origins: 1:25 Greece and Bulgaria 1:26 Georgia and Libya 1:29 Ashkenazi 1:33 Turkey 1:35 Tunis 1:47 Egypt and Yemen Carrier frequencies in Israeli Arabs is 1:26 There are more than 300,000 carriers in Israel Worldwide: Average carrier frequency: US - 1:30 Europe - 1:25 Hispanic - 1:46 Africans - 1:65 Asians - 1:90 Kerem et al 1997

CF is not an Ashkenazi Jews disease, but the standard Israeli genetic panel provides reliable results only for Ashkenazi Jews The standard Israeli genetic panel for Jews has only 14 mutations Jews Ethnic Origin Greece Bulgaria Libya Georgia Ashkenazi Turkey Egypt Carrier Frequency 1:25 1:25 1:26 1:26 1:29 1:33 1:47 Coverage by Genetic Panel Unknown Unknown 91% 88% 95% 90% 50% Carrier Frequency amongst Arabs in Israel is 1:26. On 2008 a 9 mutation panel was designed, including 4 families specific mutations Yemen Iraq 1:47 <1:67 0% Unknown Coverage of the panel is unknown Kerem et al, 1997, Quint et al, 2005, Reish et al, 2009

The standard genetic tests in Israel are not effective: Sensitivity < 70% Distribution of 502 CF patients that underwent the genetic testing 2 mutations identified 1 mutation identified No mutation identified Sequencing Based on the 2009 Israeli CF Registry

In newly diagnosed patients the picture stays the same: The sensitivity of the genetic test is ~70% Distribution of 94 CF patients that diagnosed between 2004 and 2011 2 mutations identified 1 mutation identified No mutation identified Stefler et al, 2013

Genetic Counseling CF physicians have a legal right to provide genetic counseling for CF. CF physicians usually practice their right in two cases: Partners of CF patients Couples that one pf the parents is a carrier (either from the family of a CF patient or from the all population carrier screenings ) Let s do the math

What are the chances of a CF patient and his/her partner to have a CF child following negative results of standard genetic testing: the typical case One on the parent has CF and the other has the Israeli carrier frequency average and the average coverage by the genetic test: Carrier frequency 1:35, coverage 70% Therefore, the chances of the partner to be a carrier even though he/she were negative is: 1:35 X 0.3 = 1:117. CF CF CF CF The chance for CF child is half of the above: 1:234 What is the meaning of this frequency? CF CF CF CF CF CF CF CF As a reference we may use the chances of two Ashkenazi Jews to have a CF child even if they do not take the genetic tests, which is: 1:3,300. There for the hazard for the CF patient and his/her partner is 14 times larger

What if the CF partner will perform sequencing of the CFTR gene? Sequencing can detect at least 98% of all mutation no matter what is the ethnic origin. (according to one of the genetic clinical labs it is 99.7%) Therefore, if the partner will perform sequencing the chances of him/her of being a carrier drops down to: 1:1,750 = 1:35 X 0.02 And the chances for CF child goes down to 1: 3,500 = 0.02 X 1:35 X 0.5 The sequencing will lower the chances by 15 times in relation to the ones on the standard genetic test which was: 1:234

What are the chances of a CF patient and his/her partner to have a CF child following negative results of standard genetic testing: a few examples Partner ethnic origin Carrier frequency Coverage of genetic panel Chances of being a carrier Chances for CF child Chances for CF child after sequencing Fold change Typical 1:35 70% 1:117 1:234 1:1,350 15 Georgia 1:26 88% 1:217 1:434 1:1,260 9 Morocco/ Syria 1:31 1:42 85% 0% (1:207/1:42) 1:125 1:250 1:12,500 50 Ashkenazi 1:29 95% 1:580 1:1160 1:2900 2.5 Kerem et al, 1997, Orgad et al, 2001

And what is he case when a family with a know carrier comes to counseling? The same results divided by 2 Let s assume that one of the parents is a known carrier In the Typical case, the chances of the other partner to be a carrier even though he/she were negative in the standard panel is: 1:35 X 0.3 = 1:117. CF CF CF CF The chance for CF child is quarter of the above: 1:468 CF CF CF CF CF CF CF CF

And what is he case when a family with a know carrier comes to counseling? The same results divided by 2 Partner ethnic origin Carrier frequency Coverage of genetic panel Chances of being a carrier Chances for CF child Chances for CF child after sequencing Fold change Typical 1:35 70% 1:117 1:468 1:2,700 15 Georgia 1:26 88% 1:217 1:868 1:2,520 9 Morocco/ Syria 1:31 1:42 85% 0% (1:207/1:42) 1:125 1:500 1:25,000 50 Ashkenazi 1:29 95% 1:580 1:2320 1:5,800 2.5 Kerem et al, 1997, Orgad et al, 2001

What can be done today in the case of carrier screening? Current protocol Panel test for first parent Panel test for second parent Sensitivity 70% (Carrier screaming) Alternative protocol Panel test for both parents Sequencing in case one is a carrier Sensitivity 86%

פרשנות של בדיקות הריצוף התפלגות המוטציות בבסיס הנתונים הוספת דוגמאות ומקרים

האם הפאנל המורחב של 31 מוטציות מוריד את הסיכון: בפשטות לא! הסבר

קלידקו והחולים בארץ יש כיום בארץ 655 חולי CF מאובחנים בבסיס הנתונים של חולי ה CF משנת 2009 יש את תוצאות הבדיקות הגנטיות של 502 חולים: כמה חולים יש עם?G551D אפס! ב- G551D 1995 הוצא מהפאנל הסטנדרטי. כמה חולים יש ללא גנטיקה מלאה )שלא ידועות שתי המוטציות שלהם(? מעל 30%! למעשה יש היום כ- 220 חולים ללא גנטיקה מלאה. 2 עד 20 מתוכם צפויים להיות עם המוטציה.G551D לגבי 10 המוטציות מ- class III הנבדקות היום בניסויים קליניים ע"י Vertex בבסיס הנתונים משנת 2009 יש 10 חולים. לפני כשבועיים ורטקס הגישה בקשה ל- FDA לאשר את קלידקו לכל החולים מ- class III G178R, S549N, S549R, G551S, G970R, (.)G1244E, S1251N, S1255P, G1349D

ב) איגוד CF )הסברה( איגוד הגנטיקאים )הכנת 3 טפסים( איגוד CF )מימון ייעודי( סוכן של דניאל ביוטק מגיע לבית החולה ממלא טפסים ולוקח דגימה* העברת "הפניית הרופא" מהמרפאות אל דניאל ביוטק במרפאות ה :CF הסכמה טלפונית של החולה לביצוע הבדיקה ומילוי טופס הרופא במרפאות ה :CF איתור החולים ללא גנטיקה מלאה הצגת הפרויקט לאישור בכנס השנתי של רופאי ה-.CF בניית תכונית לביצוע הפרויקט 28/10/13 31/10/13 15/11/13 1/12/13 2/12/13 תוצאות אנונימיות: החברה הישראלית ל- )Registry( CF איגוד הגנטיקאים )שיפור הפאנל( הרופא של החולה החולה תוצאות הריצוף נשלחות בדו"ח 80%1/4/14 - מהחולים. 20% נוספים בעוד חודשיים) אם לא נמצאות שתי מוטציות בגן, מתבצעת בדיקת MLPA** הדגימות נשלחות לריצוף ב- DNA Traits )ארה"ב( 1/1/2014 מאמר מדעי 1/1/2014 1/2/14 1/4/14 * סוכן של לדניאל ביוטק מתאם פגישה בבית החולה. לוקח דגימת DNA מחלל הפה ומסייע במילוי שני טפסים ע"י החולה/משפחה )טופס הסכמה מדעת, וטופס פרטים נוספים הקשורים במוצא(. צופים שבחודשיים הסוכנים יגיעו ל 80% מהחולים )1/4/2014(. במשך חודשיים נוספים הסוכנים אמורים להגיע ל- 100% מהחולים כך שהפרויקט אמור להסתיים ב 1/6/2014. ** Amplification Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe שיטה שיכולה לאתר מוטציות שריצוף רגיל לא מאתר, כגון חסר של אקסון שלם.

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