III) The End of Antiquity A) The Legend of Rome 1) Aeneas: hero of Trojan War; flees to Italy 2) Romulus and Remus: found Rome B) The Monarchy 1) Tarquin the Proud a) Abuse: uses power to protect his rapist son b) Romans: exile Tarquin; begin Republic
C) The Roman Republic 1) Republic: In theory, people hold the power. 2) Consuls: 2 leaders can t abuse power a) Elected for 1 year only b) Veto ( I forbid ): reject other s decision 3) Senate: 300 advisers; share power 4) War + Diplomacy: crush enemy; assist friend
D) Patricians vs Plebeians 1) Patricians: wealthy landowners all the power 2) Plebeians: poorer workers/farmers no power a) Plebeian Strike: leave the Republic b) Patricians: fear loss 3) Council of Plebs: some power 4) Twelve Tables: a) Public laws: everyone can see them b) Equality: judges must be fair
E) Cincinnatus: servant-leader; hero 1) Consul: most powerful man in Rome 2) Farmer: son s crime + escape = huge fine 3) Dictator: absolute power to save the Republic a) Battle of Mons Algidus: defeats enemy b) 16 th day: gives up power 4) Farmer: returns to small farm 5) George Washington: America s Cincinnatus
F) Rich Landowner vs Small Farmer 1) The Punic Wars: Roman victory a) Carthage: powerful rival of Rome b) Hannibal: great general of Carthage c) Small farmers = Roman soldiers at war 2) Latifundia: very large farms a) Rich landowners = Roman politicians at home b) Power : rich change laws; steal land c) Result: small landowners = unemployed
G) Roman Civil Wars Romans vs Romans 1) Patricians vs Plebeians 2) Rich vs Poor 3) Gracchi Brothers: rich plebeians a) Reform: try to change laws; help unemployed b) Murder: patricians kill them; violence begins 4) 58 Years: civil wars continue
H) Julius Caesar Savior or Tyrant???? 1) Roman General: army gives Caesar power 2) Civil War: tearing Republic apart stop it? 3) Rubicon: river cross it? = treason 4) Dictator: victory = absolute power for life 5) Assassination: friend Brutus + 59 others 6) Civil War: fight for power returns
I) Augustus (Octavian) 1) Civil War: patricians fight for Caesar s power 2) Augustus vs Marc Antony + Cleopatra a) Battle of Actium: Augustus wins b) Suicide: Antony + Cleopatra 3) Consul: rejects dictatorship but keeps power a) officially: gives power back to Senate b) unofficially: money, respect, army = power 4) Emperor: no title, but 1 st real emperor
J) The Pax Romana (Roman Peace) 1) Augustus begins 200 years of internal peace 2) Golden Age of Roman Empire a) Architecture: Pantheon (domed temple) b) Engineering: Pont du Gard (aqueduct) c) Entertainment: Colosseum (stadium) d) Literature: Virgil s Aeneid e) History: Livy s History of Rome f) Transportation: 53,000 miles of road 3) Power = Order = Security = Creativity
K) The Colosseum 1) Construction: 71-80 AD 2) Seating: 50,000 spectators 3) Location: formerly Nero s personal land 4) Enter/exit: 15 minutes; 80 vomitorium 5) Uses: a) Gladiatorial battles (10,000 max) b) Execution of criminals (and Christians) c) Sea battles d) Animal hunts (11,000 max)
L) The Aeneid by Virgil 1) Latin epic poem; 12 books 2) Myth: Rome founded by god-like man 3) Moral lesson: Aeneas = loyal, selfless 4) Augustus: friend and patron of Virgil a) Virgil: Burn it upon my death" b) Augustus: No, bring it to me
M) Roman Engineering 1) Aqueducts a) Pont du Gard: by Augustus son-in-law b) Rome: 14 aqueducts; 300 million gal/day 2) Roads a) The Appian Way: still used today. b) 50,000 miles by 14 AD.
N) End of the Pax Romana 1) Livy History of Rome a) Popular history: founding - Augustus b) Message = return to ancient morality 2) Rhine & Danube Rivers a) Borders of the Empire b) Outside = barbarians 3) Marcus Aurelius a) Last of the Good Emperors b) 180 AD: death = end of Pax Romana
O) The Fall Corrupt Leaders 1) Commodus The Gladiator Emperor a) M. Aurelius = his stoic father b) Hercules born again = his delusion c) Praetorian Guard: assassinate him 2) Year of the Five Emperors four killed 3) The Severans a) Control the disorder b) Military: paid to support emperor
P) The Fall 3 Economic Problems 1) Slavery a) 50% of population = slaves b) Work: few jobs for Romans = less taxes 2) Inflation a) Disorder = less trade = less taxes b) Coins: less gold = higher price = inflation 3) Barter a) Inflation = higher prices = more coins b) Coins: less value = exchange goods = barter
Q) The Fall Military Problems 1) Mercenaries a) Rome cannot pay Roman soldiers b) Germanic warriors in army; no loyalty 2) Defeat a) Battle of Adrianople: Goths enter Empire b) Sack of Rome: Goths plunder the City R) The Fall 476 AD 1) Odoacer: mercenary = King of Italy 2) Romulus Augustus: last Western Emperor
IV) The Dark Ages A) The Huns 1) Central Asia: cold; fight nature = tough 2) Great Wall: protects China, forced west 3) Migration: push other tribes into Rome 4) Attila the Hun a) Educated in Rome as part of exchange b) Scourge of Rome : defeats his educators 5) Mounted archers: stirrup gives advantage
B) The 11 Germanic Kingdoms 1) Location in Western Europe: AD 500 a) North: Angles / Saxons / Frisians b) Central: Franks / Burgundians / Lombards c) Iberia: Visigoths / Basques / Sueves d) South: Ostrogoths / Vandals
C) The Franks: The Conversion of Clovis 1) Paganism: religion of most Franks 2) Christianity: religion of most Romans 3) Clovis: wants to unify Franks + Romans a) Clotilda: wife of Clovis = Christian b) Rheims: Clovis is baptized as Christian c) Gaul (France): Romans + Franks united
D) The Franks: The Battle of Tours 1) The Moors = undefeated Muslim army 2) The Franks = strongest Christian Germanics 3) Charles Martel The Hammer = Frank leader 4) Tours = battlefield in France a) Franks take the high ground b) 7 day wait c) Franks win; Moors return to Spain 5) Result = Europe remains Christian
E) The Franks: Charlemagne 1) Name = Charles the Great 2) Grandson of Charles Martel 3) King of the Franks a) Conquers Lombards= control of N. Italy b) Conquers Saxons = control of N. Germany c) Conquers Avars = control of Central Europe 4) Holy Roman Emperor AD 800
F) The Franks: Charlemagne & The Bloody Verdict 1) Saxons: 18 revolts in 30 years = instability 2) New laws: death sentence for a) worshipping a pagan god b) burning dead bodies c) disobeying King Charlemagne d) refusing baptism 3) Verdun: 4500 beheaded; river red with blood 4) Result = stability in Saxony
G) The Franks: Treaty of Verdun 1) Charlemagne dies 2) Louis the Pious: weak son 3) Treaty of Verdun: grandson s divide empire a) Charles the Bald = west [France] b) Lothair = center c) Louis the German = east [Germany] 4) Result = instability
H) The Vikings Invasions 1) Scandinavia: homeland = cold; little farmland 2) Longboat = technological advantage a) Across oceans; up rivers b) Dragonhead = scare evil spirits + victims 3) Terrorism = control victims with fear a) The Bloody Eagle b) The Baby Lover
I) The Viking Raids 1) Lindisfarne (England): defenseless monastery 2) Paris (France): 2-year siege 3) Normandy (France): land given to Northmen 4) Novgorod (Russia): Rus = Vikings 5) Greenland (Denmark): green = marketing 6) Vinland (N.America): Indians defeat Vikings
V) The Rise of Feudalism A) Feudalism = government by landowners 1) Invasions: Vikings + Muslims + Magyars 2) Instability = desire for protection 3) Kings = weak; powerless 4) Castles = strong houses = local protection 5) Lords = landowners with castles = government
B) Feudal Society 1) Nobles: kings; lords; ladies; knights; dukes 2) Clergy: popes; bishops; priests; friars 3) Peasants: 2 types a) Serfs: can NOT leave; can NOT be ejected b) Freemen: free to leave; can be ejected
C) The Act of Homage = ceremony 1) Lord = superior noble a) Gives land b) Receives loyalty and service 2) Vassal = inferior noble a) Gives loyalty and service b) Receives land 3) Symbols a) "Praying" hands = submission b) Glove = proof of agreement
D) Manors = land around the castle 1) Self-sufficient: produces all needs a) Food; clothes; furniture b) Firewood; water; 2) Village a) Peasant homes b) Catholic Church = at center
VI) Feudalism in Japan A) Tomoe Gozen = Female Samurai 1) Gozen = "perfect circle" or Lady" 2) Genpei War = civil war a) Shogun Yoshi attacks capital, takes Emperor b) Tomoe = his "first captain" of "superb skill" 3) Battle of Awazu (AD 1184) a) Yoshi is fatally wounded; dying b) Tomoe attacks, escapes, becomes nun c) Yoshi follows Bushido, commits seppuku
B) Japanese Feudal Society 1) Shogun = Military Leader; usually strong 2) Daimyo = landowning noble = Lord 3) Samurai = warrior on horseback = Knight a) Code of Bushido = rules of behavior b) Buddhism = religion of the Samurai i) Zen = paradise through discipline ii) Amida = paradise through mercy c) Tea Ceremony: practice discipline; calm 4) Edo Period = peace protected by Samurai