AD 1800 to Present History

AD 1800 to Present History UNIT 2, LESSON 12 Learning Goals The Catholic Church expanded throughout the world in the 19th and 20th centuries. Three Portuguese shepherd children were granted visions of the Virgin Mary in 1917. This Marian apparition is known as Our Lady of Fátima. The Church survived persecution under Nazi and Communist governments. In the 20th century, Communist governments killed more people than any other government in history and especially targeted Christians for persecution. Pope John XXIII called the Second Vatican Council to renew and reform the Church. Connection to the Catechism of the Catholic Church CCC 159-160 CCC 816 CCC 1929 CCC 1947 CCC 2425 CCC 2932 Vocabulary Apparition Ecumenical Encyclical Solidarity BIBLICAL TOUCHSTONES If I give away everything I own, and if I hand my body over so that I may boast but do not have love, I gain nothing. 1 CORINTHIANS 13:3 Tell the rich in the present age not to be proud and not to rely on so uncertain a thing as wealth but rather on God, who richly provides us with all things for our enjoyment. Tell them to do good, to be rich in good works, to be generous, ready to share, thus accumulating as treasure a good foundation for the future, so as to win the life that is true life. 1 TIMOTHY 6:17-19 Unit 2, lesson 12 323

Lesson LESSON PLAN Plan Materials Church History AD 1800 to Present Documents on Catholic Social Teaching Teacher Resource: Timeline Strips AD 1800 to Present Teacher Resource: John 16:20-33 DAY ONE Warm-Up A. Ask students to share what they already know about the global challenges of the last two centuries. Keep on the board a list of the major figures in world history, as well as major events and conflicts. Be sure to include: Karl Marx World War I Adolph Hitler World War II Communist dictators such as Joseph Stalin, Mao Tse Tung, Pol Pot The Cold War Pope John Paul II B. Let students know that they will learn about all these names in the next several days. 148 Church History AD 1800 to the Present poor. The Directions: Church clearly Read stated, the however, essay, then that use the goals: information they first you called learn themselves to complete the Russian the chart that communism was not the follows. solution Then, to the answer social the Social reflection Democratic question. Party, then revealed their problems of the industrial revolution. Catholic Communist ideology after seizing power in T teaching is clear that Social justice can be 1917. Their leader was Vladimir Lenin. he ideas of the period commonly known as Marx thought that religion helped keep poor he instituted what obtained is known only as the in respecting Great the transcendent contain elements of sanctification, while the Enlightenment gave rise to a scientific The Bolsheviks people went poor on because to wage it led a civil them to accept Purge, which were dignity killings of designed man (CCC to 1929). rid not straying from the truth that the Church revolution. Many people now turned to science war against bad anti-communist living conditions. forces He especially within hated the Communist government of all threats. contains the fullness of the faith. The Vatican As several to popes tell them would whether go on to something affirm, private should be Russia. At Christianity the end of the because war, the of Christ s victorious love for the In addition to those executed, millions died II Decree on Ecumenism explains: For it is property is done good, or and how the it could ability be to improved. be paid Problems communists poor, established and His teaching the Union to love of Soviet our neighbor from famine caused by forced collectivized through Write Christ s a summary Catholic statement Church alone, which for one s work began encourages when people people attempted to care to for use science Socialist Republics, and to turn also the known other cheek as the rather USSR than seek farming. Stalin was responsible List key information for at least 20 about is the explaining universal help the significance toward salvation, of that themselves or and scientific their families. approaches Business ways owners that ignored the Soviet revenge Union, or by retribution. unifying Russia Religion and also shows Individual/event million deaths. Because this of the individual/event secretive nature the fullness this individual/event of the means of salvation can be must treat the their dignity employees of the human justly, and person. the several other people conquered that their territories true source under of hope one is not of many of the killings, it is hard to know obtained. It was to the apostolic college alone, wealthy have a solemn duty to care for the poor. Communist the party government, rule. but God. Accordingly, most Bolsheviks exactly how many were killed. The Industrial Estimates Revolution, Write range a summary of which took statement Peter place is the head, that we believe that Ultimately, the human person is the center of communist countries are officially atheistic. between List 20 key and information 70 million in people. the years leading up to about explaining our the significance Lord 1820s, entrusted brought of all the blessings of the New economic and social activities. All the things we many exciting scientific innovations Individual/event Turmoil this throughout individual/event Europe continued this individual/event Covenant, in like order steam Our to establish Lady of on Fatima earth the make, buy, sell, or trade should be for the good engines and the telegraph. one Innovations Body of Christ like the into which all those should throughout World of War other II people. (1939-1945). People During are the ones who take In the same Communism year that the Russian offends Civil human War dignity Joseph Stalin assembly line maximized be what fully workers incorporated could who belong in any way to this time, many saints resources of the and Church put them worked together in innovative began, three Some children people in claim Portugal that were communism granted is good produce. Unfortunately, though, the People this of approach God (CCC 816). for mercy and human ways rights. (entrepeneurs and other producers) to a vision of in the theory Blessed but Virgin. evil in Our practice. Lady But the truth is often led to the treatment of people as means make something that others value enough One 20th-century to appeared pope who that to shepherd took communism part children in the is not Lú cia even Santos, good in theory. to an end workers were thought to exist buy (consumers). Our social lives are Second the same Vatican Council Jacinta Marto, as Communism a bishop, and Francisco Pope offends St. Marto human in 1917. dignity and is The Second Vatican in Council order to make things so that others could way: the way we interact within our John families, Paul II, faced Our down Lady communism not appeared a solution to from them to his unjust six times treatment over six of workers profit. Laborers worked very long hours, often A Church council communities, was announced states, by and Pope countries earliest should days. Ultimately, months. through When or to poverty. the prayer children (And and asked neither, name, the Church warns, in subhuman conditions. Deadly industrial John XXIII on Jan. help 25, our 1959. brothers The Second and sisters be the his best Christ-like they response, she responded, he is pure helped I capitalism.) am to the bring Lady of the Rosary. accidents were common. Vatican Council, can sometimes be. God called created Vatican everything II, good down in the the Soviet She Union asked and them to end to the say Cold the Rosary every day, to The Catechism explains, The Church called for a renewal world of for the These the Catholic good injustices of Faith human in concerned beings. War And many in so 1991. people, it bring peace to the world and an end to the war. has rejected the totalitarian and atheistic Our Lady the of world Fátima today. follows The 21st that including council a society Karl Church is only Marx, just a German if all the things philosopher. On October 13, 1917, 70,000 people witnessed a ideologies associated in modem times with history, Vatican II God was created held Marx between are saw within all 1962 of reach human and for history everyone. as a struggle miracle of the sun; witnesses reported seeing 1965. The council produced 16 documents The right to religious communism liberty or socialism. The Church also It is important between to note the that rich the and value the poor. of work Marx wrote the sun spinning and zigzagging through rejects purely capitalistic societies that rely with the purpose itself of clarifying comes his from most doctrine our famous own and book, participation The And Communist as in the it. Second the Vatican sky and Council reported would that their wet clothing only on the marketplace to provide social giving guidance for Through evanglization our Manifesto, labor, in we the in participate 1848. Communism in affirm God s in is work the a political mid-20th suddenly century, became all dry. people Our have Lady asked that justice (CCC 2425). Second Vatican Council modern world. of creation. and By economic uniting our theory work based to the Christ, on right Marx s we to religious ideas. Russia, liberty. in particular, To be human, be consecrated to her man s response to God by faith must be A 20th century ecumenical can offer It up holds movement our that labor, private helped making property it redemptive. should not exist Immaculate The Heart, Church to bring addressed about the its conversion injustices of the and that workers should free, control and the therefore means and of nobody to stop industrial is the to spread be forced revolution of its to errors. by affirming Catholic by Vatican II has been a force for increased production (such as factories, embrace roads, the boats, faith against and his Social will. Teaching. The act of Rerum Novarum, an encyclical understanding among The rise Christian of communism communities. so forth). Communism in requires faith Russia is a of totalitarian, its very nature a on free capital act (CCC and labor, 160). was written by Pope Leo The Church acknowledges that other religions Joseph Stalin In the years authoritarian following the government Reformation, to enforce the this XIII in 1891. This teaching affirms that work has Church and equality. indeed the entire world faced After Lenin dignity died, and Joseph that Stalin the wealthy became must the care for the a new threat. World War I was raging. A communist dictator of the USSR from 1922 communist political party based on the ideas to 1953. Stalin expanded the secret police, of Marx was formed in Russia now known as and sent millions of people to be killed or to 144 the Bolsheviks. Its members hid their true the gulags (prison camps). In the late 1930s, 145 Reflection Question 146 We have different technologies, speak different languages, and live different lifestyles from the earliest Christians, but how different is our mission from the mission of those who lived at the same time as Jesus? Is it any different at all? Explain on your own paper. 147 Activity A. Have students turn to Church History AD 1800 to the Present (page 144) and read the essay. B. When they are finished, go over following information in a mini-lecture. Encourage them to take notes in the margin as you present the information. The ideas of the period commonly known as the Enlightenment gave rise to a scientific revolution. Many people turned to science (instead of the Church) to tell them whether something should be done or how it could be improved. Since applied science (called technology) often gave rise to new products and approaches, people began to assume that new things or processes were always good. The theory of evolution seemed to support the assumption that if something was changing, it was changing for the better. 324 SOPHIA INSTITUTE FOR TEACHERS

LESSON PLAN This fundamental change affected almost every part of life. Even the way you [meaning students today] learn was affected, because people started to think about education through the lens of science. One-room schoolhouses were replaced by more efficient factories of sorts where children were divided by age and moved through separated subjects and grade levels. The school became like an assembly line: teachers were like the workers doing their part by teaching a single subject, and the children were the products that were complete once they had moved through all the grades and graduated. As society became more and more industrialized, new problems began to arise. The terrible science of eugenics born during this time attempted to use scientific principles to remove undesirable genetic traits from the human race. A few wealthy people owned all the factories and companies, and the poor suffered unjust treatment. Laborers, including young children, worked very long hours, often in subhuman conditions. Deadly industrial accidents were common. The industrial revolution led to the treatment of people as means to an end workers existed to make things so that others could profit. These injustices concerned many people, including Karl Marx, a German philosopher. Marx saw all of human history as a kind of class warfare a struggle between the rich and the poor. He argued that private property should be done away with, and the people (in other words, the state) should own and control all production. Marx wrote his most famous book, The Communist Manifesto, in 1848. The Church addressed these injustices by affirming Catholic Social Teaching. Rerum Novarum, an encyclical on capital and labor, was written by Pope Leo XIII in 1891. This teaching affirms that work has dignity and that the wealthy must care for the poor. The Church clearly stated, however, that communism is NOT the solution to the social problems of the industrial revolution. Less than 10 years later, the first Communist party would form in Russia. Activity Have students work in pairs and use their textbooks, mini-lecture notes, and other available resources to discover the significance of the items on Church History AD 1800 to the Present. See the answer key for correct responses. DAY TWO Warm-Up Challenge students: After abortion, who or what has killed the most innocent people in the 20th century? Violent crime? The Spanish flu epidemic? World War I? World War II? Natural disasters? Terrorism? Famine? The answer is that more people died because they were killed by Communist governments than for any other reason except abortion. Unit 2, lesson 12 325

LESSON PLAN Activity A. Explain to students that while Christians have faced persecution throughout history, Communism was an unprecedented threat. Explain in a mini-lecture: Communism is a political and economic theory of the 19th century that holds that private property should not exist and that workers should control the means of production (such as factories, roads, boats, and so forth). Communism requires a totalitarian, authoritarian government to enforce this equality. Karl Marx famously said that religion is the opiate of the people. He thought that religion conditioned people to accept poor living conditions. He especially hated Christianity because Christ teaches us to love our neighbor and to turn the other cheek when we are wronged. Therefore, no religion is allowed in a Communist country. But Communists not only banned people from publicly practicing their religions; they also actively fought against the existence of religion by arresting, torturing, and killing people of faith. Communist dictators killed millions of people who disagreed with their ideas and sent millions more to prison camps. After abortion, more people were killed by Communist governments in the 20th century than by any other cause, and Communists have killed more people than any other government in recorded history. Because of the secretive nature of many of the killings, it is hard to know exactly how many were killed. Estimates range between 20 and 70 million people. A Romanian pastor who was imprisoned and tortured by the Communists for 14 years wrote in his book, Tortured for Christ, that communism is an evil that can be countered only by the Spirit of God. Archbishop Fulton Sheen wrote, Communism has produced a society that is authoritarian, cruel, oppressive of human freedom, filled with concentration camps, firing squads, and brain-washings. Some people claim that communism is good in theory but evil in practice. But the truth is that communism is not even good in theory. Communism offends human dignity and is not a solution to unjust treatment of workers or to poverty. The Catechism explains, The Church has rejected the totalitarian and atheistic ideologies associated in modem times with communism or socialism. The Church also rejects purely capitalistic societies that rely only on the marketplace to provide social justice (CCC 2425). As several popes would go on to affirm, private property is good, and the ability to be paid for one s work encourages people to care for themselves and their families. Business owners must treat their employees justly, and the wealthy have a solemn duty to care for the poor. And as the Second Vatican Council would affirm in the mid-20th century, all people have the right to religious liberty. To be human, man s response to God by faith must be free, and therefore nobody is to be forced to embrace the faith against his will. The act of faith is of its very nature a free act (CCC 160). B. Give students additional time to work on Church History AD 1800 to the Present. Formative Assessment Ask students to compare and contrast life in a Communist government with life in a free society. 326 SOPHIA INSTITUTE FOR TEACHERS

LESSON PLAN DAY THREE Warm-Up A. Ask the class what it means to be social. Students may say it means to be with other people, to spend time with family and friends, to hang out together, and to live and work with different types of people. B. Explain that we are inherently social creatures because God made us that way. We are made in His image, and God Himself is a communion of persons: the Blessed Trinity. We are born into the basic social unit of society: a family. We were created by God to build relationships and to love to give ourselves for the good of others. C. The Church s Social Teaching affirms the dignity of all human life from conception to natural death and defines all human beings responsibilities to each other in light of Christ s commandments. The greatest of these is that we love one another as He has loved us. What we do to the least of our brethren, we do to Him. D. Explain that awareness of global economic, ecological, and social issues has brought a new dimension to the Church s Social Teaching. Human dignity gives urgency to the elimination of sinful inequalities (CCC 1947). E. The best way to understand what the Church teaches is to read Church documents. Have students turn to Documents on Catholic Social Teaching (page 149). Explain that the documents on Documents on Catholic Social Teaching are encyclicals. If needed, explain that an encyclical is a teaching document written by the pope. Activity Go over the list of important Church documents on Documents on Catholic Social Teaching. Students should rewrite the quote from each in their own words. You can use the answer key as lecture notes to help students fill in the key points, and/or have students research one or all of these documents for homework and report back next class. More information about each of the documents listed can be found at www.usccb.org/beliefs-andteachings/what-we-believe/catholic-socialteaching/foundational-documents.cfm. Documents on Catholic Social Teaching Directions: Gaudium Research et the Spes, documents Joy and below Hope, and provide The Church a short summary in the Modern of the key World, points of Second each. Remember that the Church has no authority to change doctrine, which the Vatican Council, 1965 Church has received from Jesus Christ. That means that none of the ideas in the People documents are of greater below value were for new what at they are time than they for were what written. they have. Rather Technical these ideas progress is of less were value being than Deus defined advances Caritas and towards clarified greater Est, for God the justice, Is people wider Love, of that kinship by Pope time and Benedict thereafter a more humane XVI, to social 2005 environment. understand Technical them better. progress may supply the material for human advance but it is powerless to achieve it. A pure and generous love is the best witness to the God in whom we believe and by whom we are driven to love. A Christian knows when it is time to speak of God and when it is better to say nothing and to let love alone speak. He knows that God is love. Rerum Key Novarum, points: On the Condition of Labor, by Pope Leo XIII, 1891 Workers ӹ are not to be treated as slaves; justice demands that the dignity of human personality be respected in them. Gainful occupations are not a mark of shame to man, but rather of ӹ respect, as they provide him ӹ with an honorable means of supporting life. ӹ ӹ ӹ ӹ ӹ ӹ ӹ ӹ ӹ ӹ ӹ ӹ Evangelium Vitae, the Gospel of Life, Pope St. John Paul II, 1995 We must protect and promote a new culture of human life. The direct and voluntary taking of Laudato Si, Praise Be to You, by Pope Francis, 2015 all innocent human life is always gravely immoral. When we fail to acknowledge as part of reality the worth of a poor person, a human embryo, a person with disabilities to offer just a few examples it becomes difficult to hear the cry of nature itself; everything is connected. ӹ ӹ ӹ ӹ ӹ ӹ ӹ ӹ ӹ ӹ 149 150 151 Unit 2, lesson 12 327

LESSON PLAN DAY FOUR Warm-Up Spend time going over Documents on Catholic Social Teaching and making sure that students understand the key ideas of each document. Activity and Assessment A. Before class, copy and cut out Teacher Resource: Timeline Strips AD 1800 to Present (page 339 in this guide). B. Go over the events on the strips. As you discuss each event, have students write in each date and event on their timelines and add each strip to the large class timeline. Note: To aid in class discussion, some explanatory notes are included below that are not on the strips. Students may also wish to decorate the large class timeline with artwork. C. For each event, students should write two or three sentences and/or draw a picture explaining the significance of the event to decorate their timelines. They should use the essay on page 144 in their workbook as a reference. 1848 Karl Marx writes The Communist Manifesto. 1868-1870 Ecumenical Council of the Vatican (now known as Vatican I). 1903 Bolshevik party formed in Russia. 1914 World War I begins. 1917 Three children in Fátima, Portugal, are granted visions of the Virgin Mary. Our Lady asked the children to pray the Rosary to stop the spread of Russia s errors and for world peace. She asked that Russia be consecrated to her Immaculate Heart. 1922 Soviet Union formed. Lenin was its first leader; Stalin took power two years after Lenin s death. 1926 The first Catholic bishops in China are ordained. 1933 Hitler becomes chancellor of Germany; first Nazi concentration camp is opened. 1939 World War II begins. 1940 Communist governments begin persecutions and mass murder across Europe and Asia. 1962-1965 Ecumenical Council of the Vatican (now known as Vatican II). 1973 The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the Constitution protects the right to an abortion. 1989 The Soviet Union begins to fall. The end of the Cold War, the fall of the Berlin Wall, and the end of communism in Europe would come in 1991. 328 SOPHIA INSTITUTE FOR TEACHERS

LESSON PLAN D. Discuss how it is important to remember that, while the Holy Spirit always guides the Church, the Church is made up of human beings who can make mistakes and are capable of sinning. Therefore, conflicts, controversies, corruption, and even wars are found throughout the history of the Church. By studying history, we can learn from it. What are the lesson(s) we can learn from this period in Church history? In addition to the ideas students generate, you may add: Trying to base a society on reason alone leads to treating people as less than human. Social justice can be obtained only in respecting the transcendent dignity of man (CCC 1929). Ideas have consequences. Communism is evil and not a solution to social injustice. While always affirming that the Catholic Church alone offers the fullness of the means of salvation, ecumenical efforts spurred by Vatican II have led to increased understanding among Christian communities. Religious belief is a free act and cannot be forced. The Church has outlasted every government in human history. E. Build on this question by asking: What can we learn from Church history as a whole? Prompt student thinking by asking questions such as: We have different technologies, speak different languages, and live different lifestyles from the earliest Christians, but how different is our mission from the mission of those who lived at the same time as Jesus? Is it any different at all? Has there ever been a period in history that was free from strife and conflict? Free from war? Free from genocide? Has there ever been a time when the Church has not been under attack in some way? Knowing all this, how can we go on? From where do we draw our strength? We know we can have faith because the battle is already won. Jesus has won it for us. F. Close by distributing Teacher Resource: John 16:20-33 (page 341 in this guide) and praying a Lectio Divina with this Gospel passage. Unit 2, lesson 12 329

Church History AD 1800 to the Present Directions: Read the essay, then use the information you learn to complete the chart that follows. Then, answer the reflection question. The ideas of the period commonly known as the Enlightenment gave rise to a scientific revolution. Many people now turned to science to tell them whether something should be done or how it could be improved. Problems began when people attempted to use science or scientific approaches in ways that ignored the dignity of the human person. The Industrial Revolution, which took place in the years leading up to the 1820s, brought many exciting scientific innovations like steam engines and the telegraph. Innovations like the assembly line maximized what workers could produce. Unfortunately, though, this approach often led to the treatment of people as means to an end workers were thought to exist in order to make things so that others could profit. Laborers worked very long hours, often in subhuman conditions. Deadly industrial accidents were common. These injustices concerned many people, including Karl Marx, a German philosopher. Marx saw all of human history as a struggle between the rich and the poor. Marx wrote his most famous book, The Communist Manifesto, in 1848. Communism is a political and economic theory based on Marx s ideas. It holds that private property should not exist and that workers should control the means of production (such as factories, roads, boats, and so forth). Communism requires a totalitarian, authoritarian government to enforce this equality. Marx thought that religion helped keep poor people poor because it led them to accept bad living conditions. He especially hated Christianity because of Christ s love for the poor, and His teaching to love our neighbor and to turn the other cheek rather than seek revenge or retribution. Religion also shows people that their true source of hope is not the government, but God. Accordingly, most communist countries are officially atheistic. Communism offends human dignity Some people claim that communism is good in theory but evil in practice. But the truth is that communism is not even good in theory. Communism offends human dignity and is not a solution to unjust treatment of workers or to poverty. (And neither, the Church warns, is pure capitalism.) The Catechism explains, The Church has rejected the totalitarian and atheistic ideologies associated in modem times with communism or socialism. The Church also rejects purely capitalistic societies that rely only on the marketplace to provide social justice (CCC 2425). The Church addressed the injustices of the industrial revolution by affirming Catholic Social Teaching. Rerum Novarum, an encyclical on capital and labor, was written by Pope Leo XIII in 1891. This teaching affirms that work has dignity and that the wealthy must care for the 144 330 SOPHIA INSTITUTE FOR TEACHERS

poor. The Church clearly stated, however, that communism was not the solution to the social problems of the industrial revolution. Catholic teaching is clear that Social justice can be obtained only in respecting the transcendent dignity of man (CCC 1929). As several popes would go on to affirm, private property is good, and the ability to be paid for one s work encourages people to care for themselves and their families. Business owners must treat their employees justly, and the wealthy have a solemn duty to care for the poor. Ultimately, the human person is the center of economic and social activities. All the things we make, buy, sell, or trade should be for the good of other people. People are the ones who take resources and put them together in innovative ways (entrepeneurs and other producers) to make something that others value enough to buy (consumers). Our social lives are the same way: the way we interact within our families, communities, states, and countries should help our brothers and sisters be the best they can be. God created everything good in the world for the good of human beings. And so it follows that a society is only just if all the things God created are within reach for everyone. It is important to note that the value of work itself comes from our own participation in it. Through our labor, we participate in God s work of creation. By uniting our work to Christ, we can offer up our labor, making it redemptive. The rise of communism in Russia In the years following the Reformation, the Church and indeed the entire world faced a new threat. World War I was raging. A communist political party based on the ideas of Marx was formed in Russia now known as the Bolsheviks. Its members hid their true goals: they first called themselves the Russian Social Democratic Party, then revealed their Communist ideology after seizing power in 1917. Their leader was Vladimir Lenin. The Bolsheviks went on to wage a civil war against anti-communist forces within Russia. At the end of the war, the victorious communists established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, also known as the USSR or the Soviet Union, by unifying Russia and several other conquered territories under one Communist party rule. Our Lady of Fatima In the same year that the Russian Civil War began, three children in Portugal were granted a vision of the Blessed Virgin. Our Lady appeared to shepherd children Lú cia Santos, Jacinta Marto, and Francisco Marto in 1917. Our Lady appeared to them six times over six months. When the children asked her name, she responded, I am the Lady of the Rosary. She asked them to say the Rosary every day, to bring peace to the world and an end to the war. On October 13, 1917, 70,000 people witnessed a miracle of the sun; witnesses reported seeing the sun spinning and zigzagging through the sky and reported that their wet clothing suddenly became dry. Our Lady asked that Russia, in particular, be consecrated to her Immaculate Heart, to bring about its conversion and to stop the spread of its errors. Joseph Stalin After Lenin died, Joseph Stalin became the communist dictator of the USSR from 1922 to 1953. Stalin expanded the secret police, and sent millions of people to be killed or to the gulags (prison camps). In the late 1930s, 145 Unit 2, lesson 12 331

Answer Key Bolsheviks Marxist political party formed in Russia in 1903. Originally called themselves the Russian Social Democratic Party, revealed their Communist ideology after taking power in 1917. Led by Vladimir Lenin. Suggested Summary Statement: The Bolshevics were a communist political party in Russia that severely mistreated the people of their country and degraded the dignity of the human person. 146 he instituted what is known as the Great Purge, which were killings designed to rid the Communist government of all threats. In addition to those executed, millions died from famine caused by forced collectivized farming. Stalin was responsible for at least 20 million deaths. Because of the secretive nature of many of the killings, it is hard to know exactly how many were killed. Estimates range between 20 and 70 million people. Turmoil throughout Europe continued throughout World War II (1939-1945). During this time, many saints of the Church worked for mercy and human rights. The Second Vatican Council A Church council was announced by Pope John XXIII on Jan. 25, 1959. The Second Vatican Council, sometimes called Vatican II, called for a renewal of the Catholic Faith in the world today. The 21st council in Church history, Vatican II was held between 1962 and 1965. The council produced 16 documents with the purpose of clarifying doctrine and giving guidance for evanglization in the modern world. A 20th century ecumenical movement helped by Vatican II has been a force for increased understanding among Christian communities. The Church acknowledges that other religions contain elements of sanctification, while not straying from the truth that the Church contains the fullness of the faith. The Vatican II Decree on Ecumenism explains: For it is through Christ s Catholic Church alone, which is the universal help toward salvation, that the fullness of the means of salvation can be obtained. It was to the apostolic college alone, of which Peter is the head, that we believe that our Lord entrusted all the blessings of the New Covenant, in order to establish on earth the one Body of Christ into which all those should be fully incorporated who belong in any way to the People of God (CCC 816). One 20th-century pope who took part in the Second Vatican Council as a bishop, Pope St. John Paul II, faced down communism from his earliest days. Ultimately, through prayer and his Christ-like response, he helped to bring down the Soviet Union and to end the Cold War in 1991. The right to religious liberty And as the Second Vatican Council would affirm in the mid-20th century, all people have the right to religious liberty. To be human, man s response to God by faith must be free, and therefore nobody is to be forced to embrace the faith against his will. The act of faith is of its very nature a free act (CCC 160). 332 SOPHIA INSTITUTE FOR TEACHERS

Answer Key Our Lady of Fátima The Virgin Mary appeared to Portuguese shepherd children Lúcia Santos, Jacinta Marto, and Francisco Marto in 1917. Our Lady appeared to them six times over six months. When they asked her name, she responded, I am the Lady of the Rosary. She asked them to say the Rosary every day, to bring peace to the world and an end to the war. Individual/event Bolsheviks Our Lady of Fátima List key information about this individual/event Write a summary statement explaining the significance of this individual/event 70,000 people witnessed a miracle of the sun on October 13, 147 1917. Witnesses reported seeing the sun spinning and zigzagging through the sky and reported that their wet clothing suddenly became dry. Our Lady asked that Russia in particular be consecrated to her Immaculate Heart, to bring about its conversion and to stop the spread of its errors. More information and a description in Sr. Lúcia s words can be found at: www.ewtn.com/expert/answers/fatimaconsecration.htm. Suggested Summary Statement: Our Lady of Fátima refers to apparitions of Mary to three children in Portugal in 1917 in which she asked the world to pray the Rosary, end war, and bring peace to the world. (continued on next page) Unit 2, lesson 12 333

Answer Key Joseph Stalin Dictator of USSR from 1922 to 1953. Came to power after Lenin died. Expanded secret police, sent millions to be killed or to the gulags (prison camps). Millions died from famine caused by forced collectivized farming. Instituted what is known as the Great Purge in the late 1930s, killings designed to rid the Communist government of all threats. Responsible for 20 million deaths. Suggested Summary Statement: Stalin was a dictator in communist Russia whose policies caused the deaths of millions of his people. 334 SOPHIA INSTITUTE FOR TEACHERS

Answer Key Second Vatican Council The 21st council in Church history. Produced 16 documents with the purpose of clarifying doctrine and providing guidance for accomplishing the mission of the Church in the modern world. Individual/event Joseph Stalin List key information about this individual/event Write a summary statement explaining the significance of this individual/event Its Decree on Ecumenism explains: For it is through Christ s Catholic Church alone, which is the universal help toward salvation, that the fullness of the means of salvation can be obtained. It was to the apostolic college alone, of which Peter is the head, that we believe that our Lord entrusted all the blessings of the New Covenant, in order to establish on earth the one Body of Christ 148 Second Vatican Council Reflection Question We have different technologies, speak different languages, and live different lifestyles from the earliest Christians, but how different is our mission from the mission of those who lived at the same time as Jesus? Is it any different at all? Explain on your own paper. into which all those should be fully incorporated who belong in any way to the People of God (CCC 816). A 20th-century ecumenical movement helped by Vatican II has been a force for increased understanding among Christian communities. Suggested Summary Statement: The most recent Church council, Vatican II called for a renewal of the Catholic Faith in the World today. Unit 2, lesson 12 335

Answer Key Rerum Novarum, On the Condition of Labor, by Pope Leo XIII, 1891 Work has dignity, and the dignity of workers must be respected. The industrial revolution has brought challenges to the rights of workers. Low wages and poor living conditions are unjust and cause suffering. Common ownership of property and socialism are not solutions to these problems. Private property is good and allows people to plan for the future and control their lives. Documents on Catholic Social Teaching Directions: Research the documents below and provide a short summary of the key points of each. Remember that the Church has no authority to change doctrine, which the Church has received from Jesus Christ. That means that none of the ideas in the documents below were new at the time they were written. Rather these ideas were being defined and clarified for the people of that time and thereafter to understand them better. Rerum Novarum, On the Condition of Labor, by Pope Leo XIII, 1891 Workers are not to be treated as slaves; justice demands that the dignity of human personality be respected in them. Gainful occupations are not a mark of shame to man, but rather of respect, as they provide him with an honorable means of supporting life. ӹ ӹ ӹ ӹ ӹ 149 336 SOPHIA INSTITUTE FOR TEACHERS

Answer Key Gaudium et Spes, Joy and Hope, The Church in the Modern World, Second Vatican Council, 1965 Industry, economic activity, and politics should serve the common good. Treating people as tools for profit is a poison that offends human dignity. Our human dignity comes not from what we do or from what we own, but from being made in the image of God. Gaudium et Spes, Joy and Hope, The Church in the Modern World, Second Vatican Council, 1965 People are of greater value for what they are than for what they have. Technical progress is of less value than advances towards greater justice, wider kinship and a more humane social environment. Technical progress may supply the material for human advance but it is powerless to achieve it. ӹ ӹ ӹ ӹ ӹ Evangelium Vitae, the Gospel of Life, Pope St. John Paul II, 1995 We must protect and promote a new culture of human life. The direct and voluntary taking of all innocent human life is always gravely immoral. ӹ ӹ ӹ ӹ ӹ Evangelium Vitae, the Gospel of Life, Pope St. John Paul II, 1995 150 Life is a gift, and we can know how precious it is because the Son of God became man. The culture of death is based on the idea that human life is disposable. Our society has become a culture of death. The direct and voluntary taking of all innocent human life is always gravely immoral. Abortion and euthanasia threaten the most vulnerable among us. Unit 2, lesson 12 337

Answer Key Deus Caritas Est, God Is Love, by Pope Benedict XVI, 2005 Deus Caritas Est, God Is Love, by Pope Benedict XVI, 2005 A pure and generous love is the best witness to the God in whom we believe and by whom we are driven to love. A Christian knows when it is time to speak of God and when it is better to say nothing and to let love alone speak. He knows that God is love. There are different kinds of love. Each is defined with the Greek words philia (the love of friendship), eros (romantic love), and agape (selfgiving love). ӹ ӹ ӹ ӹ ӹ Laudato Si, Praise Be to You, by Pope Francis, 2015 God s love for man is agape. When we fail to acknowledge as part of reality the worth of a poor person, a human embryo, a person with disabilities to offer just a few examples it becomes difficult to hear the cry of nature itself; everything is connected. Agape is the highest kind of love, but all of the kinds of love are good. ӹ ӹ ӹ ӹ ӹ We are called to love our neighbor, and the Church should reflect the Trinity, which is a communion of life-giving love. 151 Laudato Si, Praise Be to You, by Pope Francis, 2015 Man is the pinnacle of creation, but the dominion given by God to humanity does not mean we have a right to unbridled exploitation of the earth. Climate change is one of the principal challenges facing humanity in our day. To be complete, ecology must include mankind. The goal of protecting the environment does not justify abortion or government policies aimed at population control. 338 SOPHIA INSTITUTE FOR TEACHERS

TEACHER RESOURCE Timeline Strips AD 1800 to Present AD 1848 Karl Marx writes The Communist Manifesto. AD 1917 Three children in Fátima, Portugal, are granted visions of the Virgin Mary. AD 1868-1870 Ecumenical Council of the Vatican (now known as Vatican I). AD 1903 Bolshevik party formed in Russia. AD 1922 Soviet Union formed. AD 1926 First Catholic bishops ordained in China. AD 1914 World War I begins. Unit 2, lesson 12 339

AD 1933 Hitler becomes chancellor of Germany; first Nazi concentration camp is opened. AD 1939 World War II begins. AD 1940 Communist governments begin persecutions and mass murder across Europe and Asia. AD 1962-1965 Ecumenical Council of the Vatican (now known as Vatican II). AD 1973 The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the Constitution protects the right to an abortion. AD 1989 Soviet Union begins to fall. 340 SOPHIA INSTITUTE FOR TEACHERS

TEACHER RESOURCE John 16:20-33 Amen, amen, I say to you, you will weep and mourn, while the world rejoices; you will grieve, but your grief will become joy. When a woman is in labor, she is in anguish because her hour has arrived; but when she has given birth to a child, she no longer remembers the pain because of her joy that a child has been born into the world. So you also are now in anguish. But I will see you again, and your hearts will rejoice, and no one will take your joy away from you. On that day you will not question me about anything. Amen, amen, I say to you, whatever you ask the Father in my name he will give you. Until now you have not asked anything in my name; ask and you will receive, so that your joy may be complete. I have told you this in figures of speech. The hour is coming when I will no longer speak to you in figures but I will tell you clearly about the Father. On that day you will ask in my name, and I do not tell you that I will ask the Father for you. For the Father himself loves you, because you have loved me and have come to believe that I came from God. I came from the Father and have come into the world. Now I am leaving the world and going back to the Father. His disciples said, Now you are talking plainly, and not in any figure of speech. Now we realize that you know everything and that you do not need to have anyone question you. Because of this we believe that you came from God. Jesus answered them, Do you believe now? Behold, the hour is coming and has arrived when each of you will be scattered to his own home and you will leave me alone. But I am not alone, because the Father is with me. I have told you this so that you might have peace in me. In the world you will have trouble, but take courage, I have conquered the world. Unit 2, lesson 12 341

Notes 342 SOPHIA INSTITUTE FOR TEACHERS

Church History AD 1800 to the Present Directions: Read the essay, then use the information you learn to complete the chart that follows. Then, answer the reflection question. The ideas of the period commonly known as the Enlightenment gave rise to a scientific revolution. Many people now turned to science to tell them whether something should be done or how it could be improved. Problems began when people attempted to use science or scientific approaches in ways that ignored the dignity of the human person. The Industrial Revolution, which took place in the years leading up to the 1820s, brought many exciting scientific innovations like steam engines and the telegraph. Innovations like the assembly line maximized what workers could produce. Unfortunately, though, this approach often led to the treatment of people as means to an end workers were thought to exist in order to make things so that others could profit. Laborers worked very long hours, often in subhuman conditions. Deadly industrial accidents were common. These injustices concerned many people, including Karl Marx, a German philosopher. Marx saw all of human history as a struggle between the rich and the poor. Marx wrote his most famous book, The Communist Manifesto, in 1848. Communism is a political and economic theory based on Marx s ideas. It holds that private property should not exist and that workers should control the means of production (such as factories, roads, boats, and so forth). Communism requires a totalitarian, authoritarian government to enforce this equality. Marx thought that religion helped keep poor people poor because it led them to accept bad living conditions. He especially hated Christianity because of Christ s love for the poor, and His teaching to love our neighbor and to turn the other cheek rather than seek revenge or retribution. Religion also shows people that their true source of hope is not the government, but God. Accordingly, most communist countries are officially atheistic. Communism offends human dignity Some people claim that communism is good in theory but evil in practice. But the truth is that communism is not even good in theory. Communism offends human dignity and is not a solution to unjust treatment of workers or to poverty. (And neither, the Church warns, is pure capitalism.) The Catechism explains, The Church has rejected the totalitarian and atheistic ideologies associated in modem times with communism or socialism. The Church also rejects purely capitalistic societies that rely only on the marketplace to provide social justice (CCC 2425). The Church addressed the injustices of the industrial revolution by affirming Catholic Social Teaching. Rerum Novarum, an encyclical on capital and labor, was written by Pope Leo XIII in 1891. This teaching affirms that work has dignity and that the wealthy must care for the 144 Unit 2, Lesson 12

poor. The Church clearly stated, however, that communism was not the solution to the social problems of the industrial revolution. Catholic teaching is clear that Social justice can be obtained only in respecting the transcendent dignity of man (CCC 1929). As several popes would go on to affirm, private property is good, and the ability to be paid for one s work encourages people to care for themselves and their families. Business owners must treat their employees justly, and the wealthy have a solemn duty to care for the poor. Ultimately, the human person is the center of economic and social activities. All the things we make, buy, sell, or trade should be for the good of other people. People are the ones who take resources and put them together in innovative ways (entrepeneurs and other producers) to make something that others value enough to buy (consumers). Our social lives are the same way: the way we interact within our families, communities, states, and countries should help our brothers and sisters be the best they can be. God created everything good in the world for the good of human beings. And so it follows that a society is only just if all the things God created are within reach for everyone. It is important to note that the value of work itself comes from our own participation in it. Through our labor, we participate in God s work of creation. By uniting our work to Christ, we can offer up our labor, making it redemptive. The rise of communism in Russia In the years following the Reformation, the Church and indeed the entire world faced a new threat. World War I was raging. A communist political party based on the ideas of Marx was formed in Russia now known as the Bolsheviks. Its members hid their true goals: they first called themselves the Russian Social Democratic Party, then revealed their Communist ideology after seizing power in 1917. Their leader was Vladimir Lenin. The Bolsheviks went on to wage a civil war against anti-communist forces within Russia. At the end of the war, the victorious communists established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, also known as the USSR or the Soviet Union, by unifying Russia and several other conquered territories under one Communist party rule. Our Lady of Fatima In the same year that the Russian Civil War began, three children in Portugal were granted a vision of the Blessed Virgin. Our Lady appeared to shepherd children Lu cia Santos, Jacinta Marto, and Francisco Marto in 1917. Our Lady appeared to them six times over six months. When the children asked her name, she responded, I am the Lady of the Rosary. She asked them to say the Rosary every day, to bring peace to the world and an end to the war. On October 13, 1917, 70,000 people witnessed a miracle of the sun; witnesses reported seeing the sun spinning and zigzagging through the sky and reported that their wet clothing suddenly became dry. Our Lady asked that Russia, in particular, be consecrated to her Immaculate Heart, to bring about its conversion and to stop the spread of its errors. Joseph Stalin After Lenin died, Joseph Stalin became the communist dictator of the USSR from 1922 to 1953. Stalin expanded the secret police, and sent millions of people to be killed or to the gulags (prison camps). In the late 1930s, Unit 2, Lesson 12 145