Ch 8: Choose the best categorical claim translation of the claims below. (1pt each) 1. Which is the best translation for this claim: "Every baseball player is an athlete. a. All baseball players are athletes. b. All athletes are baseball players. c. Some baseball players are athletes. 2. Which is the best translation for this claim: "Not every musician can read music. a. All people who can read music are musicians. b. Some musicians are not people who can read music. c. No musicians are people who can read music. 3. Which is the best translation for this claim: "There are no hard questions on this quiz. a. All questions on this quiz are hard questions. b. Some questions on this quiz are not hard questions. c. No hard questions are questions on this quiz. 4. Which is the best translation for this claim: "Only cable modems are fast enough for online gaming." a. All modems fast enough for online gaming are cable modems. b. All cable modems are fast enough for online gaming. c. Some cable modems are not modems fast enough for online gaming. 5. Which is the best translation for this claim: "Motivated students are the only students who should take online classes." a. All students who should take online classes are motivated students. b. Some motivated students are students who should take online classes. c. All motivated students are students who should take online classes. Read the following passages and select the BEST answer available. (1pt each) Passage #1: (P1) No X are Y. (P2) Some Y are not Z.(C) So, some X are not Z 6. Which diagram from group #1 could be used to represent the conclusion? 7. Which diagram from group #2 represents both? 8. What is the middle term? a. X c. Z b. Y d. No middle term 9. Which rule is broken in this deductive argument? b. #2 distribution of middle term in d. No rules are broken. So this is a valid
Passage #2: (P1) All X are Y. (P2) No Y are Z. (C) So, no X are Z 10. Which diagram from group #1 could be used to represent the conclusion? 11. Which diagram from group #2 could be used to represent both? 12. What is the middle term? a. X c. Z b. Y d. No middle term 13. Which rule is broken in this deductive argument? b. #2 distribution of middle term in d. No rules are broken. So this is a valid Passage #3: (P1) No coinsurance policies are policies that cover the full value of the property. (P2) Some policies that cover the full value of the property are discounted policies. (C) So, some discounted policies are not coinsurance policies. 14. Which diagram from group #1 could be used to represent the conclusion? 15. Which diagram from group #2 could be used to represent both? 16. What is the middle term? a. Coinsurance policies c. Discounted policies b. Policies that cover the full value of the d. No middle term property 17. Which rule is broken in this deductive argument? Passage #4: (P1) The Johnson s new lawn furniture is made out of plastic. (P2) Plastic furniture is always cheap. (C) So all of their lawn furniture must be cheap. 18. Which diagram from group #1 could be used to represent the conclusion? 19. Which diagram from group #2 could be used to represent both? 20. What is the middle term? a. The Johnson s new lawn furniture. c. Cheap furniture. b. Plastic furniture. d. No middle term 21. Which rule is broken in this deductive argument? Passage #5: Every college professor dresses well, and nobody who dresses well is ugly. Therefore, no college professor is ugly. 22. Which diagram from group #1 could be used to represent the conclusion? 23. Which diagram from group #2 could be used to represent both? 24. What is the quality of this deductive argument? a. Valid b. Invalid b. Strong d. Weak Passage #6: Only people who hold stock in the company may vote, so Mr. Hansen must not hold any stock in the company, because I know he was not allowed to vote. 25. What is the middle term? a. People who hold stock in the company c. People who are allowed to vote b. All people identical to Mr. Hansen d. No middle term
26. Which rule is broken in this deductive argument? Use any method you choose to determine if the argument below is valid or invalid. (3pts that s why you have to provide the answer three times.) Passage #1: None of the southern provinces of Spain were outside the control of the Moors before the end of the fifteenth century. So all the provinces of Andalucia must have been within Moorish control, because all of them are southern provinces. 27. a. Valid b. Invalid 28. a. Valid b. Invalid 29. a. Valid b. Invalid Ch 10: Choose the BEST answer to the questions below. (1pt each) 30. Which of the following syllogisms is stronger? a. Copper conducts electricity. This fork is made entirely of copper. So, this fork will conduct electricity. b. Sixteen out of twenty people in this room are first-borns. Shelly is in the room. Shelly is a first-born. 31. Which type of inductive argument moves from something we know about the population to a claim about an individual member of the population? 32. Which type of inductive arguments moves from something we know about a sample of a population to a claim about the entire population? 33. Which type of inductive argument is based upon comparing the similarity between terms? 34. When analyzing an inductive generalization, which of the following could make the argument stronger? a. Larger sample size c. More similarities between the terms of the analogy. b. Smaller sample size d. Vague features 35. When analyzing an inductive argument from analogy, which of the following could make the argument stronger? a. Larger sample size c. More similarities between the terms of the analogy. b. Smaller sample size d. Vague features Read the following passages and select the best answer available. (1pt each) Passage #1: They say Japanese carmakers put out the best cars in the world, all things considered. But that can t be right the Toyota I bought last year had to be returned to the shop five times! 36. What is the sample? 37. What is the target population?
38. What is the feature of this inductive argument? Passage #2: Marcia owns a small fruit stand. She has placed seven orders with wholesale fruit supplier Sweet & Juicy Farms and all of them have been filled with fresh looking fruit. Lately, however, some wholesale competitors have been trying to get her to order from them. But, when it s time to make the next order, she decides she s better off with Sweet & Juicy because she s pretty sure she ll get fresh looking fruit. (Do not assume that you know anything about the fruit business.) 39. If Marcia had placed four orders with Sweet & Juicy Farms with the same result, her argument would be a. Stronger c. No change b. Weaker d. Weaker and stronger at the same time 40. If all the preceding orders had been for apples, then her argument would be stronger if the new order was for a. both apples and oranges. c. just oranges. b. just apples. d. fruit seeds. 41. If we don t know what kind of fruit she s about to order, we have the strongest argument if the previous orders were a. both apples and oranges. c. just oranges. b. just apples. d. fruit seeds. 42. The original passage is an (a) a. Inductive generalization c. Inductive syllogism. b. Argument from analogy d. No argument is presented. 43. The feature here is a. Sweet & Juicy Farms. c. Good looking fruit. b. Marcia s fruit stand. d. Wholesale competitors. Passage #3: Julia is good at bowling. I bet she d be great at poker, they are both games that require skill. 44. Which of the following is a term (analogue) of the analogy? 45. Which of the following is a similarity between the terms of the analogy? 46. Which of the following is the feature (attribute of interest) of the analogy? 47. Which of the following is the conclusion of the argument? a. Julia is good at bowling. c. Bowling and poker are both games that require skill. b. Julia would be great a poker. d. There is no conclusion because it is an anlogy. Passage #4: Most of the time I drive to class there s crazy traffic on the freeway. We ve had around sixteen class meetings already, and I ve been late twelve times!! I m almost certain that out of the next eight class meeting I ll be late about six times! 48. What is the sample size? a. 6 c. 12 b. 8 d. 16
49. What is the confidence level indicator of the conclusion of the argument? a. Most c. Almost certain b. Around d. About 50. Which of the following is the margin of error indicator in the conclusion of the argument? a. Most c. Almost certain b. Around d. About