Jewish Resurgence Maccabean Hasmonean Herod Herodians Jewish High Priests Jason 174 171 Menelaus 171 161 Alchimus 161 159 [vacant] 159 152 Jonathan 152 143 Simon 142 134 John Hyrcanus I 134 104 Aristobulus I 104 103 Alexander Jannaeus 103 76 John Hyrcanus II 76 67 Aristobulus II 66 63 John Hyrcanus II 63 40 Maccabean/Hasmonean Leaders Mattathias 168 166 Judas 166 160 Jonathan 160 143 Simon 143 134 John Hyrcanus I 134 104 Aristobulus I 104 103 Alexander Jannaeus 103 76 Alexandra Salome 76 67 John Hyrcanus II vs. Aristobulus II 67 63 John Hyrcanus II 63 40 Antigonus 40 37 Mattathias Judas Jonathan Simon Eleazar John Judas John Hyrcanus I Matththias Aristobulus I Alexander Janneus= Salome Alexandra John Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II = Alexandra Alexander Antigonus Aristobulus III Mariamne Herod the Great =
Seleucids Syrian Throne versus Antigonids Antiochus III Antiochus IV Antiochus V Seleucus IV Demetrius I Demetrius II (?) Alexander Balas Antiochus VI Antiochus VII Steps to Jewish Independence 162 B.C. religious freedom 152 B.C. priesthood freedom 142 B.C. political freedom Jewish Resurgence: 1. Mattathias (168 166 B.C.) A. Antiochus IV (forced Hellenization) B. Hasideans (faithful to Jewish customs) C. Village of Modein 2. Judas (166 160 B.C.) A. Successful Guerilla War Tactics 1. New Jewish heroes 2. Messianic expectations 3. Birth of apocalyptic literature Jewish Resurgence: 2. Judas (166 160 B.C.) B. Two Major Victories 1. Temple: 164 B.C. (25th Chislev; Hanukkah) 2. Acra garrison: 162 B.C. = religious freedom C. High Priesthood Struggles 1. Jewish faction appeals to Syrians 2. Syrians install Alchimus high priest (Zadokite) 3. Judas resists, but killed in battle 4. Jonathan takes over as commander 5. John sent to Nabateans for help, but killed Jewish Resurgence:
3. Jonathan (160 143 B.C.) A. High Priesthood Struggle 1. Alchimus dies of paralysis unexpectedly 2. Jonathan gains high priesthood in 152 B.C. 3. Controversial: Hasmonean high priesthood B. Trypho s Treachery 1. Jonathan exploits intrigue for Syrian throne 2. Jonathan betrayed by Syrian General Trypho banquet invitation becomes murder scene Jonathan and all his sons killed Jewish Resurgence: 4. Simon (143 134 B.C.) A. Last Maccabean Brother 1. Last surviving son of Mattathias 2. Aligns with Demetrius II against Trypho 3. Demetrius II grants tax exemption in 142 B.C. 4. Total Jewish autonomy since 587 B.C. B. Jewish Renaissance 1. Revival of biblical Hebrew 2. Evidenced in Qumran scrolls 3. Cf. 1 Macc. 13:41 42 Jewish Resurgence: Contributions: 1. Religious, political freedom 2. Hasmonean high priesthood 3. Messianic expectations 4. New Jewish heroes 5. Birth of apocalyptic literature Jewish Resurgence: Jewish Resurgence Maccabean Hasmonean Herod Herodians
1. Simon (143 134 B.C.) A. Expanding control 1. Gazara captured, judaized by force full circle from forced Hellenization enthusiasm for Maccabean ideology erodes 2. Antiochus VII of Syria reacts retakes Gazara, beseiges Jerusalem city almost capitulates Rome, however, intervenes Hasmonean boundary inscription in Hebrew concerning Gezer 1. Simon (143 134 B.C.) B. Securing a dynasty 1. Rome declares Simon high priest, commander, ethnarch, forever in 140 B.C. (1 Macc. 14:41) 2. Makes Maccabean family a dynasty Judean rule moves from military command to family inheritance official transition from Maccabean revolt to Hasmonean rule 2. John Hyrcanus I (134 104 B.C.) A. Samaritan Enmity 1. Samaritans attacked without provocation Gerizim temple razed to the ground, and city of Samaria destroyed (128 B.C.) ruthlessness becomes Hasmonean policy 2. Pharisees withdraw Hasmonean support B. Idumean Enmity 1. Idumea attacked without provocation 2. Forceably judaized (following Simon s lead) 2. John Hyrcanus I (134 104 B.C.) B. Idumean Enmity 3. First stage of Herod the Great s story 3. Aristobulus I (104 103 B.C.) A. Calls himself a king B. Galilee conquered, judaized 1. Judaism takes root (Pharisees, synagogues) 2. Later seedbed of Zealot movement C. Dies unexpectedly, childless, jeapordizing high priesthood
4. Alexander Janneus (103 76 B.C.) A. Levirite marriage to Queen Alexandra B. Opposed by the Pharisees C. Hellenistic territories expanded 1. Idumea reorganized, secured Antipas granted governorship of Idumea Second stage of Herod the Great s story 2. Largest expansion of Hasmonean rule Successfully includes more territories Almost as large as Solomon s kingdom 5. Salome Alexandra (76 67 B.C.) A. Parlaying the priesthood 1. First son, John Hyrcanus II, made high priest 2. Queen retains political power, control 3. Second son, Aristobulus II, ambitious, envious B. Pacifying the Pharisees 1. More control on high court 2. More influence on general population 6. Civil War (67 63 B.C.) A. Alexandra dies 1. John Hyrcanus II made king 2. Recombines office of high priest and king B. Aristobulus II revolts 1. Seizes high priesthood, kingship 2. Rules three years (66 63) C. Antipater schemes 1. Son of Antipas, now governor of Idumea 2. Beseiges Jerusalem for Hyrcanus II 6. Civil War (67 63 B.C.) D. Rome intervenes in Jewish affairs 1. General Pompey s Near East Campaign Pompey in Damascus puts Rome on scene Delays decision, Aristobulus II revolts Aristobulus II captured, to Rome as hostage 2. Hyrcanus II yields Jerusalem to Pompey Pompey enters Holy of Holies (63 B.C.) Rome now permanently on the scene Hyrcanus reinstalled as high priest, king
A. Territories reduced to Judea, Perea, Galilee B. Aristobulus II never quits trying 1. Aristobulus II, son Alexander, three rebellions 2. Gabinius, proconsul of Syria, puts down revolts aided by Antipater of Idumea Antipater rewarded with five districts, including procuratorship of Jerusalem itself Idumean now front stage, Judean politics third step in Herod s rise to power C. Rome s political turmoil 1. First Triumvirate collapses leaves Pompey (east) vs. Caesar (west) Pompey murdered, leaving vacuum in east 2. Caesar moves on Egypt Alexandrians pin Caesar down Antipater successfully rescues Caesar rewards Antipater generously C. Rome s political turmoil 3. Antipater s rewards Jewish privileges (sabbaths, military, etc.) ethnarch status for Hyrcanus II (1) Roman citizenship and (2) procuratorship of all Jewish territories for Antipater appoints his two sons as governors Phasael: Jerusalem; Herod: Galilee fourth step in Herod s rise to power C. Rome s political turmoil 4. Caesar is assassinated (44 B.C.) 5. Antipater is poisoned (43 B.C.) 6. Jews are opposed to Herod in Galilee Jews appeal to Mark Antony against Herod Antony, on Hyrcanus II s advice, instead promotes Herod to tetrarch status fifth step in Herod s rise to power
D. The Parthian Challenge 1. Parthians invade Syria, move on Jerusalem Antigonus joins league with Parthians intending to overthrow Hyrcanus II Herod, Phasael defend city, Hyrcanus II 2. Phasael, Hyrcanus II captured by trickery Hyrcanus II maimed against priesthood Phasael commits suicide 3. Herod flees, appealing to Antony in Rome 8. Antigonus (40 37 B.C.) A. Parthian client-king B. Herod declared king by Roman Senate (40 B.C.) 1. Roman client-king without a country Takes three years to recapture Jerusalem Last step in Herod s rise to power 2. An Idumean now king of the Jews always meeting Jewish opposition always under suspicion as non-observant Jew always insecure about throne Herod s Rise to Power Date Event 134 104 Idumea conquered, judaized Authority John Hyrcanus I 103 76 Antipas appointed governor of Idumea Alexander Janneaus 63 40 Antipater rewarded aiding Gabinius 63 40 Antipater rewarded aiding Caesar Julius Caesar Herod promoted to tetrarch Mark Antony Herod appointed king of Judea Roman Senate 43 40 Gabinius of Syria Contributions: 1. Political consolidation 2. Territorial expansion 3. Ruthless policies 4. Religious disaffection 5. Roman involvement 6. Herod s rise to power