Sectional Contents Introduction 1 1. Who or What is the Christ 1 2. Why C. S. Lewis 3 3. Aims and Objectives 4 4. Explanations, Qualifications 6 i. Revelation and Reason 6 ii. Patristic 7 iii. Platonism 7 iv. Apologist/Apologetics 8 v. Creation, Fall, Incarnation, Resurrection, Second Coming, and the Four Last Things 8 vi. Ontology 9 vii. Liberal/liberal, Modernism 9 viii. Pagan 10 ix. Romantic 11 5.... and the Collected Works of C. S. Lewis 11 6. The Christ of a Religious Economy 12 PART ONE REVELATION AND REASON, RATIONALITY AND FAITH CHRIST THE LOGOS Chapter 1. The Anscombe Lewis Debate I: Lewis the Theologian-Philosopher Apologetics and Method, Idealism and Platonism 17 1. Introduction 18 2. Lewis the Theologian-Philosopher: Revelation and Reason 19 3. Apologetics, or Doctrine? 20 4. Was C. S. Lewis a Systematic Theologian? 20 5. The Formation of an Intellect 22 i. Truth and Reason 22 ii. The Post-War Spirit of the Age 22 iii. The Chronological-Intellectual Position 23 6. Lewis the Theologian-Philosopher: Theological Influences 24 7. Lewis the Theologian-Philosopher: Platonic Idealism 25 319
ON THE CHRIST OF A RELIGIOUS ECONOMY. II. KNOWING SALVATION i. Henry More and Cambridge Platonism 25 ii. Plato, Berkeley, and Hegel 26 iii. Idealism and Incarnation: Logos Christology 27 iv. Berkeley, Revelation, and Imagination 29 8. Lewis the Theologian-Philosopher: Method, Technique, and Form 30 i. Content Defined Method I: What Has Been Held Always, by All 32 ii. Content Defined Method II: A Mere Core 32 iii. Apologetic Technique I: reductio ad absurdum 33 iv. Apologetic Technique II: Law of Excluded Middle 34 9. Lewis the Theologian-Philosopher: The Rule of Faith 35 10. Transposition: A Unifying Universal Principle 35 11. analogia entis analogia fidei 38 12. Lewis the Theologian-Philosopher: Interim Conclusion 38 Chapter 2. The Anscombe-Lewis Debate II: Naturalism and Scientism Reason, Causation, and Logicality 41 1. Introduction 41 2. Reason and Certainty; Causation and Language 42 i. Naturalism and a Naturalized Philosophy of Science 42 ii. Lewis on Naturalism 43 3. Haldane and Scientism 46 i. When I am Laid in Earth 46 ii. Scientism 47 4. Anscombe-Lewis on Reason, Naturalism, and Logicality 49 i. The Necessity of a Refutation of Naturalism? 49 ii. The Why and How of Revelation 51 Chapter 3. The Anscombe Lewis Debate III: The Value and Limits of Reason Philosophical Agnosticism 53 1. Introduction 54 2. The Oxford Socratic Club 54 3. The Anscombe Lewis Debate 55 i. Language and Reality 55 ii. Anscombe s Criticism 57 iii. Lewis s Response 58 4. Miracles Rewritten 59 i. Rational, Irrational, Anti-Rational 59 ii. The Debate Continued... 61 5. Naturalism A Refutation through Philosophical Agnosticism? 63 Chapter 4. The Anscombe Lewis Debate IV: Reason and Foundationalism Language, Meaning, and a Proof of God? 69 1. Introduction 69 2. Lewis: Revelation and Reason 70 i. The Medieval Two-Source Theory of Knowledge 71 320
Sectional Contents ii. Reason... and Reason 72 3. Foundationalism 74 i.... the endless, useless, and probably merely verbal, disputes of the philosopher 74 ii. Reason is given before nature 75 iii. Religion is Rational; Reason is Religious 76 4. Postlapsarian Decision Making Knowledge and Will 76 5. A Proof of God? 77 i. Augustine, Descartes, and Lewis 78 ii. Anselm: intelligere, fides, and gaudium 79 6. But Who Is God? 79 7. Rebellion 80 Chapter 5. The Anscombe Lewis Debate V: The analogia entis analogia fidei Translating Christ through Analogical Narrative 81 1. Aftershock 82 2. Reason and Imagination, Pictures and Revelation 83 i. Criticism and Direction 83 ii. Revelation and Analogy 84 3. The analogia entis analogia fidei 84 i. Faith and Speculation 86 ii. Maturity... and the regula fidei 87 4. Translating Christ 88 i. The Image of Christ, and the imago Dei 88 ii. Christlikess A Proof? 89 5. Language and Meaning, Logos and Reason An Analogical and Symbolic Narrative 90 i. Revelation and Analogy 90 ii.... all passes except the Word. 91 iii. They came to care nothing for God Himself 92 PART TWO RELIGION, THE CHURCH, AND MINISTRY THE BODY OF CHRIST? Chapter 6. The Church, The Body of Christ I: The Function and Dangers of Religion The Christ... and Human Religiosity 97 1. Introduction 98 2. Religion... or Church? 99 i. Function and Leading A Pneumatological Haunting 99 ii. By What Authority... 100 iii. There is danger in the very concept of religion 105 3. Christianity and Religion 106 4. Lewis on Religion I: Being Religious per se 110 i. The Essence of Religion 112 321
ON THE CHRIST OF A RELIGIOUS ECONOMY. II. KNOWING SALVATION ii. The Value of Real Religion 112 5. Lewis on Religion II: Difficulties and Irrelevancies 115 i. Minimal or Superficial Religion 115 ii. Popular Religion 116 iii. Personal Religion 116 iv. Religious Delusions 117 v. Religious Difficulties 118 vi. Absolutism 119 vii. Religious Experience and Language 119 6. Lewis on Religion III: Christianity and Other Faiths 120 i. Religion and Truth 120 ii. Intimation of God s Salvific Actions 121 iii. Eastern Religions 122 iv. A Warning 124 7. Interim Conclusion the Way Forward? 124 Chapter 7. The Church, The Body of Christ II: Lewis s Doctrine of the Church 125 1. Introduction 126 2. The Body of Christ 126 i. Religion, Church, and Liturgy Corpus Christi? 127 ii. Membership and Church Attendance 128 iii. Church... per se 129 Churchianity? 129 Denominationalism 130 Clergy 131 iv. Screwtape on the Diabolical Misuse of Church 131 3. The Christ of a Religious Economy 133 4. A Model of the Church 133 i. There is no salvation outside of the church 133 ii. The Center of the Church 134 5. An Augustinian Model 136 i. The ecclesia visibilis ecclesia invisibilis 136 ii. The Two Cities 138 iii. The Nature of the Church 140 6. The Eschatological Church 140 i. Members Incorporate in the Mystical Body of Thy Son 140 ii. Realized Eschatology 142 iii. Over-Realized Eschatology? 143 7. Why Is There No Church in Narnia? 145 i. The Anti-Christ 146 ii. Pagan Religious Punishment 147 iii. Reminiscences by the Church? 147 iv. Human-Generated Religious Escapism 148 v. Religious Darkness 149 vi. Church: Knowing Salvation 149 322
Sectional Contents Chapter 8. The Church, The Body of Christ III: Ecclesiology and Ministry 151 1. Introduction 152 2. Ministry? 152 i. Lewis s Ministry 152 ii. I was decided upon 154 iii. A Catholic-Evangelical? 155 iv. Deep Church: praeparatio evangelica 156 v. Deep Church: in mirabilibus supra me 156 3. Creedal Orthodoxy 158 i. quod ubique, quod semper, quod ab omnibus 159 ii. I am a Christian, a Meer Christian 159 4. A Unifying Universal Principle 160 5. Lewis the Anglican: a via media 160 6. Conclusion: Lewis the Minister? 162 PART THREE THE SUFFERANCE OF SALVATION IMMANUEL, CHRIST WITH US Chapter 9. Shadows and Echoes of Eternity I: Atonement Blood and Substitution, Punishment and Debt 165 1. Introduction 166 2. Reconciliation, Forgiveness, and Atonement 166 3. Atonement Theories and the Church 167 i. The Classic Model 168 ii. The Latin Model 169 iii. The Subjective Model 170 iv. Aulén s Thesis 170 v. Component Models 171 4. Lewis on Atonement Theories 171 i. Satisfaction and Punishment 172 Propitiation and Sacrifice 173 Penal Substitution and Punishment 174 Biblical Punishment? 175 ii. Law 176 iii. Forgive us our debts... 178 iv. The Blood of the Lamb 179 5. A Narnian Atonement 179 i. Atonement... by Analogy? 179 ii. Aslan the Ransom, and Victor 180 6. Narnia: A Unified Atonement Theory or Drama? 182 i. Rationality or Story? 182 ii. God s Executant? 184 iii. Atonement as a Unified Religious Economy? 186 iv. Does It Work? 186 323
ON THE CHRIST OF A RELIGIOUS ECONOMY. II. KNOWING SALVATION v. Responsibility? 186 7. Atonement and Judgment 187 Chapter 10. Shadows and Echoes of Eternity II: Atonement Incarnation and Salvation, Actuality and Justification 189 1. The Sufferance of Salvation 189 2. The Way of Salvation? 190 3. Incarnation and Salvation 191 4. The Actuality of Salvation 192 i. An Axiomatic Statement of Atonement and Salvation 192 ii. Theological Principles of Salvation 193 iii. Extra-Christian Salvation 193 iv. Appropriation of Salvation the Business of Life 195 5. The Christ of Salvation History 196 6. How does the Incarnation Work? 197 i. Repentance and Incarnation 198 ii. Lewis, Shakespeare, and Hamlet 198 iii. The Actuality of the Incarnation 200 7. Incarnation and Salvation: Where is God? 203 i. God Comes to Us through Incarnation... 203 ii.... for Salvation 205 Chapter 11. Shadows and Echoes of Eternity III: The Eschaton Election and Predestination, Decision and Faith 207 1. Introduction 207 2. Predestination and Election 208 i. Faith, Election, and Scripture 208 ii. The Tradition 210 iii. Potential Universalism 211 3. C. S. Lewis: Election and Decision 212 4. John Calvin and C. S. Lewis: Responsibility and Freedom 215 5. Arminianism: Grace and Election 216 i. Grace is Resistible; There Is No Election Outside of Faith 216 ii. Arminianism: Central Tenets 217 6. Interim Conclusion 218 Chapter 12. Shadows and Echoes of Eternity IV: The Eschaton Heaven and Hell, Purgation, and Infernal Voluntarism 219 1. Introduction 220 2. Infernal Voluntarism 220 i. Is There a Problem? 221 ii. Grace and Justice 222 3. The Judgment of God 223 i. Thy will be done 223 ii. Depart from me... 224 324
iii. A Narnian Judgment 226 iv. Philosophical Arminianism 227 v. The Devil? 228 vi. Ownership 229 4. Eternity 230 i. Heaven 230 ii. Hell 232 iii. Finality 234 5. Purgation... and Change? 234 i. In the Twinkling of an Eye 234 ii. Location? Where is Heaven and Hell? 237 Judgment and Placement 237 Types and Actualities 237 Reality 238 Existence 239 Decision 239 iii. What are the Flames of Hell? 240 iv. Lewis, Augustine, and Being Unmade 242 v. The Consuming Fire Himself, the Love that Made the Worlds 243 iv. Nothingness 243 6. Conclusion: Susan Pevensie 246 Sectional Contents Chapter 13. Shadows and Echoes of Eternity V: Intimations through the Veil Sanctification, Resurrection, and the New Creation 249 1. Introduction 249 2. Lewis s Life; Lewis s Death 250 3. The Door: Anguish and Belief 253 4. Sanctification 256 i. The Holiness of Suffering? 256 ii. The Sufferance of Salvation 257 iii. What It Takes 258 5. A Christological Inclusivist? 259 6. Resurrection 260 i. The Resurrection of the Christ 260 i. A Pauline Resurrection 261 ii. A General Resurrection 262 Theology and Belief 262 The Imagery of Resurrection 263 A Miraculous Nature 264 The Nature of Resurrection 264 Descend to Reascend 265 A Bodily Nature 265 7. The New Creation 266 325
ON THE CHRIST OF A RELIGIOUS ECONOMY. II. KNOWING SALVATION Chapter 14. Shadows and Echoes of Eternity VI: Intimations through the Veil Defined and Redeemed by Love 269 1. Introduction 269 2. Love... and Love 270 3. The Judgment of Love... 272 i. Love and Sufferance 272 ii. Love and Atonement 274 4. There is no Escape... 276 5. Poisoned Love... 277 i. Eros Corrupted 277 ii. Ever Focusing on the Other 278 iii. The Bribery of Hell 280 6. The Song of the Redeemed... 280 7. The Sheer Weight of Glory... 282 Conclusion 285 1. C. S. Lewis: Revelation and the Christ 285 2. Lewis s Christ 287 Select Bibliography 289 Letters and Articles by C. S. Lewis 289 Books by C. S. Lewis 292 Other Books and Articles 293 Indexes Index of Names 299 Index of Subjects 302 Index of C. S. Lewis s Works 313 Index of Greek, Latin, and Derived Terms, and Works 316 326