Index Note: Page references in bold type indicate the main treatment of the philosopher. actions 87 8, 251 2, 277 8, 288, 297 8, 304, 320 1, 446 7; under a description 297 8, 320 1 adverbs and adverbial modification 304 5 aesthetics and the arts 165 6 agent causation 288 analysis, conceptions of 1 5, 76 7, 84, 91 2, 97, 118 19, 210, 214 15, 380, 428 30; paradox of 293 analyticity and synonymy 2, 74 5, 82 4, 88 9, 98, 102, 105, 153, 161 2, 183 5, 205 6, 207 9, 210, 345, 456, 470 1, 478, 480 1; see also propositions and meaning Anscombe, Elizabeth 229, 315 25 anti-realism 340 1, 380 90, 402 8; see also realism a priori 98, 183, 190 1, 207 8, 429, 470 1; see also analyticity and synonymy Aristotle 317 18, 323, 341, 372, 373, 416, 466 Armstrong, David 413 18 assertibility, warranted 387 8 assertives 435 6 asymmetric dependency theory of meaning 458 9 Augustine of Hippo 82, 396 Austin, J. L. 3, 118, 218 30, 255, 288, 335, 430, 434 5 Austin, John 169 authority, see political theory autopsychological realm 95 7 Ayer, A. J. 2, 3, 98, 176, 179, 205 17, 223 4, 227, 232, 327, 335, 389 axiom of existence 436 axiom of identification 436 axiom of infinity 18, 97 axiom of reducibility 97 Background, the 442, 444 5 Barcan Formula, the 357 Bauch, Bruno 94, 95 Bayesianism 106, 152 Bedeutung 13 16; see also reference behabitives 221, 234 behaviorism 184, 247, 357, 413, 451, 452, 454 belief 141 4, 293 4, 308 10, 359, 413, 415, 451, 469 70, 480, 481; belief de re and de dicto 199; direct and self-attribution of 293 Berkeley, George 407 bivalence 387 9 Blackburn, Simon 179 Blanshard, Brand 177 Bloomsbury group 45 6 bodies, material 341 2 Boltzmann, Ludwig 68 Boolos, George 17 Bouwsma, O. K. 3, 231 Boyle s Law 157, 298, 299, 373 Bradley, F. H. 1, 23, 27 brain in a vat 404 6, 446 Braithwaite, Richard 376 breakdown theory, the 350 1 489
Brentano, Franz 287, 452 Broad, C. D. 55, 57 67, 274, 348 Burge, Tyler 424 Cantor, Georg 18, 24, 25 Carnap, Rudolf 9, 39, 72, 90, 94 109, 146, 148, 150, 152, 163 4, 181 3, 185 7, 232, 239, 248, 373, 375, 466 7 Cartesianism, see Descartes and Cartesianism categories 335 category mistake 120 1 causal theory of mind 413 14 causal theory of perception 446 causal theory of reference, see reference causation 144 5, 157, 297 300, 318 19, 320 1, 345 6, 416 17, 431, 447, 485 7; intentional 439 41 central state materialism 413 14 certainty 51 2, 282 C-fibers 397 8, 472; see also mind brain identity charity, principle of 303 Chinese Room, the 439 41 Chisholm, Roderick 4, 61, 281 95 Chomsky, Noam 419 27, 451, 452, 453, 461, 463 Church, Alonzo 9, 102, 128 33, 207 Church s theorem 129 Church s thesis 128 9 class 14, 18 coherence in knowledge 284 5 commissives 221, 435 6 common sense 47 communication 384; see also conversation, theory of compositionality 83 4, 270, 300 7, 312, 456 computational/representational theory of thought 451, 454 9, 461 computational states 398 concepts 14 15 conceptual schemes 309, 335 confirmation 99, 103 4, 150 1, 186 7, 191, 193, 298; see also verification connectionism 452, 455 consciousness 319 20, 345 6, 438 45; see also first person and first person pronouns constative utterances 219 20 constructionalism 163 4 constructivism 95 7 content, wide and narrow 459 60 context principle, the 12 convention 321 2, 479 80 conventional implication 256 73 conventionalism 99, 100 1 conversation, theory of 256 73 conversational implicature 256 73 conversational maxims 258 73 converse consequence condition 151 Cooperative Principle 258 73 Copernicus, Nicholas 372 3, 374 correspondence theory of truth, see truth corroboration 111 counterpart theory 481 2 covering law model of explanation 156 Craig, William 153 4 criteria 322 CRTT, see computational/representational theory of thought Darwin and Darwinianism 188 9 Davidson, Donald 340, 296 314, 424, 431, 452 decision theory 142 3 declarations 435 6, 448 9 Dedekind, Richard 17, 24 de dicto and de re belief, see belief deductive nomological model 155 8 D 131 2 demonstratives 293 Dennett, Daniel 60, 452 denoting and denoting concepts 27 9; see also reference Derrida, Jacques 432 3 Descartes, René, and Cartesianism 1, 51 2, 55 6, 82, 119, 235 6, 242 3, 310, 312, 341, 343, 402 3, 428 9, 470 descriptions, theory of 28 33, 80, 197, 264 5, 336 7, 338 9, 467 9 descriptive theory of reference 437, 467 9 descriptivism 327 determinism, see freedom and free will Devlin, Lord 172 3 Dewey, John 431 Difference Principle, the 362, 364 5, 367 diophantine problems 135 6 directives 434 5 disciplinary matrix 373 discourse, indirect 198 9 490
distributive normal form 275 Donnellan, Keith 338, 437, 469 dreams and dreaming 235 Dreske, Fred 457 dualism, property 439 Duhem, Pierre-Maurice-Marie 187 Dummett, Michael 338, 340, 378 92, 429 Dworkin, Ronald 172 egalitarianism 370 Einstein, Albert 62, 95, 112 13, 137 E-language 419 22 Elementarerlebnisse 96 7, 106 n. 4, 163 elex, see Elementarerlebnisse emotivism 175 9, 327 empiricism 95 9, 182 94, 240 1, 312 13; see also logical empiricism entrenchment property 162 3 entropy 104 epistemology, see knowledge ethics 45 6, 175 9, 212 13, 276 7, 286, 323 4, 326, 350 5, 359 Evans, Gareth 242, 349, 379 events 297 8, 304 5 evidence 104, 150, 186, 189 94, 199, 311; see also confirmation evident, the 282 4, 287; see also certainty excluder words 224, 228 excuses 173 exemplar 373 4 exemplification 345 exercitives 221 experience, metaphysics of 345 6, 446 7 explanation 155 8; deductive nomological 157 expositives 221 expressives 435 6 extensionality 197 8 externalism 396, 401, 403 7, 409 10, 424, 459 facts 191 2, 294, 306; brute 322; institutional 449; see also states of affairs fact/value distinction 350 1 fairness 362 3 fallibilism 99, 111, 188 9 falsification 111 13, 149, 193; see also induction and verification family 369 fanatics 331 Feigl, Herbert 239 feminism 369, 376 Feyerabend, Paul 375 first person and first person pronouns 87, 96, 211 12, 233 4, 242 3, 292 3, 310 12, 343, 438, 441 fixed point lemma 101, 106 Fodor, Jerry 451 65 folk psychology 451 Foot, Philippa 350 6 force, linguistic or illocutionary 12, 379, 434 5 Foucault, Michel 433 freedom and free will 87 8, 225, 278, 288, 318, 348 9 Frege, Gottlob 1, 6 20, 68, 70 2, 75, 83, 94, 95, 99, 102, 130, 152, 182, 378 9, 382 4, 390 1, 429, 433, 437, 459, 460 1, 467, 469; Begriffsschrift 7, 9 11; Grundlagen der Arithmetik (Foundations of Arithmetic) 7 8, 11 12, 18, 382; Grundgesetze der Arithmetik (Basic Laws of Arithmetic) 7 8, 16, 17 20, 26 Freud, Sigmund 111, 112, 452 Friedman, Michael 106 n. 6 functionalism 247, 396 402, 452 3 functions 9 10, 34 5, 131, 134 Galileo 372 Geach, Peter 8, 9, 28 geometry 95 Gettier, Edmund 286 ghost in the machine 121 Gibbard, Allan 179 Gibson, J. J. 452, 453 given, the, and the myth of the given 190, 240, 249 50 Glymour, Clark 151 God, proofs of 136 7 Gödel, Kurt 37, 99 100, 101, 128, 133 7, 185 gödel numbers 133 4 Goldbach s conjecture 380 1 Goodman, Nelson 42, 151, 155 6, 160 8, 419, 425, 463, 478 9, 485 Grice, H. P. 233, 254 73, 340, 447, 480 groundedness 474 grue 162 3 491
haecceity 292 3 Hahn, Hans 99 Hale, Bob 382, 387, 390, 391 Hanson, N. R. 374, 375 Hare, R. M. 179, 326 33 Harman, Gilbert 5 Hart, H. L. A. 169 74, 227 Hegelianism 22 3 Heidegger, Martin 423 3, 444 Helmholtz, H. L. F. von 95 Hempel, Carl G. 2, 146, 148 59 Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf 68 Hesse, Mary 375 Hilbert, David 7 historical chain theory of reference 469 historicism 114 Hobbes, Thomas 176 Holder, Otto 19 holism 186 7, 308, 444, 456, 463, 464 humanism 279 80 Hume, David 110 11, 144, 176, 205, 210, 297, 318 19, 335, 348, 350 1, 353, 416 17, 442, 454, 485 6, 487 Husserl, Edmund 432 3 hypotheses 104, 461 hypothetical-deductive method 89, 129, 150 2 idealism 22 4, 45, 216 n. 6, 345, 431 ideas and meaning 383 4, 394; see also meaning, theory of identification, see reference identity 30 1; criteria of 291, 416 I-languages 419 22, 424, 425 illocutionary acts, see speech acts illusion 223 4, 417 images, mental 319, 454 imperatives 326 7 implicature, see conversation, theory of incompleteness theorems 133 6 indeterminacy of reference 202 indeterminacy of translation 188 induction 43, 101, 103 5, 106, 110 13, 210, 241 3, 274 5, 347; new riddle of induction 151, 162 3 inductive statistical explanation 156 7 inferential role semantics 456, 463 4 infinity, axiom of 18 information theoretic semantics 457 inscrutability of reference 202 intention and intentionality 73 4, 247 51, 287 8, 289, 320 2, 325 n. 2, 409 10, 437 47, 448, 480; collective 448; intrinsic and derived 440, 444 internalism 240 1, 401 2; see also externalism interpretation, radical 302 4, 309 11 introspectionism 442 irrealism 166 8; see also realism Jaeger, Robert 235 Jaeger, Werner 279 James, William 41, 431 judgment 26, 40 1; see also thought justice 353, 355, 361 70 justification 240, 281, 347, 431 2; see also confirmation Kaila, Eino 274, 279 Kant, Immanuel, and Kantianism 2, 21 2, 23, 24, 42, 48, 94, 95, 137, 173, 207, 240, 328, 335, 341, 345, 361, 362, 408 9, 428 30, 470 Kaplan, David 103, 459, 460 Kemeny, John 104 Kepler s Laws 157 Keynes, John Maynard 104 Kleene, S. C. 101 knowledge 33, 39, 47 57, 95 6, 98, 142, 144, 188 96, 208, 228, 232 3, 240 1, 255, 281 7, 319 21, 341, 415, 428 30, 470 1; by acquaintance 33, 38 9, 341; self-knowledge 242 3; see also first person and first person pronouns Kripke, Saul 4, 106, 338, 358, 359, 375, 466 77, 482; Kripke models 467 Kuhn, Thomas 105, 106, 371 7, 463 lambda conversion 133 Langford, C. H. 129, 466 7 language, nature of 2 3, 17, 76 9, 82 5, 100 1, 124 7, 201, 316 17, 322, 419 26, 434 8, 475 6, 479 80; private 475 6 language games 84, 317, 322 language of thought 454 5, 461 law, nature of 169 73 law and morality 170, 172 law of excluded middle 388 9 laws of nature 298, 487 492
legal positivism 169, 172 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 24, 136 7 Lewis, C. I. 102, 166, 216 n. 3, 232, 466 7 Lewis, David 145, 293, 478 88 liar paradox 34, 473 linguistic competence and performance 422 linguistic turn 428 31 Locke, John 383 4, 410, 429, 454 locutionary acts, see speech acts logic 99 102, 275, 454; deontic 276 7; nature of 186 7, 197 8, 291, 339 40, 378; see also modality and modal logic logical atomism 37 8 logical empiricism 94, 95, 98, 105, 106, 148, 152, 206 8, 239, 288 logical positivism 94, 97 8, 148, 205, 208, 389 logical syntax 101 logical truth 77 8 logicism 24, 35 6, 97 8, 99, 140 1 McDowell, John 349, 379, 387 Mackie, J. L. 177 McTaggart, J. M. E. 22, 57, 62 3 making as if to say 257 9 Malcolm, Norman 231 8 Marcus, Ruth Barcan 357 60 Marx and Marxism 111, 112 master argument, the 329 30 materialism, see naturalism in metaphysics mathematics, philosophy of 6 9, 12, 17 20, 24 8, 80 1, 133 7 meaning, theory of 13 15, 73, 82 5, 98 9, 101 3, 124 8, 148 50, 161 2, 183 4, 199, 244 8, 254 73, 300 9, 312, 322, 337, 340 1, 378 90, 394 6, 400 1, 404 5, 447, 455 7, 467 70, 476; and ideas 383 4, 394; and understanding 379 89, 394; see also names, proper mechanism 234 Meinong, Alexius 30, 289 memory 236 7, 284, 319 Menn, Stephen 200 mentalese, see language of thought Merleau-Ponty, Maurice 226 metaphor 165 6 metaphysics 3 4, 77, 88 9, 97 8, 101, 103, 196 7, 200 3, 216, 247 8, 287 94, 305, 341 2, 345 7, 380 1, 384, 402 8, 415 16, 425, 429, 448 9, 479 81; descriptive and speculative 335 6, 341 meters and the meter bar 471 Mill, John Stuart 17 18, 114, 155, 208, 469, 470 mind body problem, see minds and the mental and mind brain identity mind brain identity 397 8, 471 2 minds and the mental 64 6, 85 7, 233 4, 278, 298 9, 319, 343 4, 397 402, 413 14, 429 30, 438 9, 471; other minds 12, 215 modality and modal logic 102, 106, 199 200, 275 6, 290, 357 9, 466 7, 472, 480 5 models 373 modularity of mind and language 422, 426 n. 3, 451, 463 4 monism, anomalous 298 300 mood, linguistic 12 mood of consciousness 441 Moore, G. E. 23 4, 39, 45 56, 176 7, 227, 231, 233 morality, see ethics Morris, Charles 373 Nagel, Ernest 154 names, causal theory of 358 9, 467 70 names, proper 197 8, 358 9, 437, 467 70; see also meaning, theory of nativism 461 natural kinds 396 natural selection 462 3 naturalism in ethics 327, 350 naturalism in metaphysics 188 90, 193, 244, 290, 344, 413 14, 428, 484 necessity 71, 88 9, 102, 199 200, 290 1, 480 2; see also modality and modal logic Network, the 444 5 Neurath, Otto 98 9 Newton, Isaac 371, 372, 373 nominalism 11, 72, 163 5, 248, 382, 416, 484 noncognitivism 390 normal science 371 norms 276 7, 299, 476; see also logic, deontic and ethics Nozick, Robert 53 493
obligation 322 3, 324, 435 observation and observation sentences 190, 191 3, 201 2, 206 7 omega rule 101 ontological commitments 200 ontological objectivity and subjectivity 448 ontological relativity 202 3 ontology, see metaphysics operationalism 149 ordinary language philosophy 3 4, 117 22, 219 23, 255 6 O Shaughnessy, Brian 416 ought 324, 327, 332 overlapping consensus 367 8 Oxford philosophy, see ordinary language philosophy pain 86 7, 398, 414, 438, 472 paradigm 371 2, 373 paradox of analysis 46 paradox of the ravens 150 1 paradoxes 140 particulars and universals 344 5, 416 18, 437 8 Peano, Giuseppe 7, 19, 24, 28, 140 Pearson, Karl 155 Peirce, C. S. 431, 432 perception 240, 248 50, 284, 319, 415, 445 6 performatives 3, 219 20 perlocutionary acts, see speech acts persons 252, 335, 343 4 phatic acts, see speech acts phenomenalism 98, 101, 211 12 Phillips, D. Z. 3 philosophy, nature of 82 4, 88 91, 97 8, 101 2, 187 8, 194 5, 210 11, 222 4, 227 8, 243, 335 6, 397, 479 80; future of 213 physicalism 64 6, 98, 99, 101, 190; see also naturalism in metaphysics Piaget, Jean 376, 417, 422 Plantinga, Alvin 482 Plato 1, 416, 461 Poincaré, Jules Henri 97, 187 political theory 323 4, 362 8, 432 Popper, Karl 99, 105, 110 16 possible worlds 357, 359, 467 8, 480 3 postmodern, bourgeois liberalism 432 practices 322 pragmatism and pragmatics 99, 101, 103, 141 3, 430 1 predicates, see predication predication 344 5, 436 8 preferences 329 31 prescriptivism 326 7, 330 presupposition 256, 337 Price, H. H. 59, 218, 223 Principle of Informational Equilibrium 460 Principle of Tolerance 100 1, 106, 185 principles and parameters 419, 423 4 privacy 86 private language 346 probability 103 5, 142 3, 274 5; see also induction promising 322 3 proper names, see names, proper and reference and meaning, theory of properties 291, 459, 484 5; self-presenting 283 propositional attitudes 40 1, 199, 292 4, 308 9, 451, 470 propositional functions 35 propositions 40, 83, 105, 199, 291, 485 6; conditional 145, 340, 485 6; contingent 290 1; counterfactual 298, 483 7; general 27 8; about the past 12, 316, 327; probable 284; religious and theological 213; sentences and statements, synthetic 207 8, 345, 470 1; synthetic 88 9, 470 1; universal 99; see also analyticity and synonymy and necessity proprioception 441 protocol sentences 98 pseudo-problems 98 psychoanalysis 111 psychology, empirical 193 4, 299 300, 423, 451 2 psycho-physical parallelism 278 Putnam, Hilary 106, 106 n. 6, 154, 393 412, 414 15, 424, 459 60 Pylyshyn, Zenon 463 quantifiers and quantification 9 10, 28 9, 35, 70 1, 74 5, 100, 356 9, 474 5, 483 quasi-analysis 97 494
Quine, W. V. 2, 3 4, 102, 105, 106, 153, 164 5, 181 204, 207, 288 90, 336, 340, 344, 358, 375, 419, 422 3, 425, 430, 431, 452, 456, 459, 464, 472, 478 9, 480 quotation and extensionality 198 radical interpretation, see interpretation, radical Ramsey, F. P. 34, 42, 69, 104, 139 47, 400, 415, 487 rationality 329 Rawls, John 4, 361 70 realism 98, 103, 105, 194 5, 202 3, 243 4, 291, 335, 378, 380 90; intentional 452; metaphysical 402 9, 448; modal 481 4; naive 214; in perception 415 reasons and causes 88, 277 8, 296 300, 320 reducibility, axiom of 35 6, 140 reductionism 96, 214, 251, 299, 438 9 reference 13 16, 73, 201 2, 336 8, 341 2, 344 5, 378 9, 383, 394 5, 424 5, 436 7; causal theory of 379 referring, see reference reflective equilibrium 362, 366 7, 478, 479 Reichenbach, Hans 94, 98, 104, 152, 154, 375 Reid, Thomas 47, 59 relativism, moral 354 representation 445 6, 455 60 resentment 348 9 retributivism 331 rhetoric acts, see speech acts Richard s paradox 140 rigid designators 467 8 Rorty, Richard 4, 428 33 Ross, Alf 170 rule of adjudication 171 rule of change 171 rule of recognition 171 rules, constitutive and regulative 448 9 rules, linguistic 420 1 rules and representations, see principles and parameters rules and rule following 84 6, 88 9, 475 6 rules of action and criticism 246 Russell, Bertrand 1, 2, 21 44, 51, 60, 62 4, 68, 70 1, 75, 95, 97, 99, 106 n. 6, 117, 144, 152, 181, 182, 197 8, 205, 222, 232, 236, 264 5, 288, 306, 336 7, 339, 341, 359, 467, 469; Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits 42 3; On Denoting 28 33, 336 7, 339, 341; Principia Mathematica 29, 35 7, 96 7; Principles of Mathematics 24 7, 29 Russell s paradox 25 6 Ryle, Gilbert 3, 117 23, 255, 397 Salmon, Nathan 482 Sartre, Jean-Paul 433 satisfaction 127 8 Schlick, Moritz 2, 77, 95, 97, 98, 99, 205, 207, 211 Schopenhauer, Arthur 68 science 94 5, 97, 102, 103, 111 12, 194, 335, 371 6 Searle, John R. 3, 178, 221, 222 3, 225 6, 233, 267 8, 339, 423 4, 434 50 self-reference 290, 293, 319 self-knowledge, see first person and first person pronouns self-referential experiences and causation 445 7 Sellars, Wilfrid 4, 239 53, 293, 408, 430, 431, 463 semantics, see meaning, theory of sensation 248 50, 319, 415; see also perception sense (Sinn), see meaning, theory of sense-data 38, 58 62, 222, 223 5 sets 34 5, 201, 289 90, 484 Sextus Empiricus 429 similarity 96, 486 Sinn, see meaning situatedness 441 skepticism 48 54, 111, 194, 214, 309 11, 336, 340, 342, 344, 403 6, 429, 446 Skinner, B. F. 454 Smart, J. J. C. 413, 414 Smullyan, Arthur 358 social contract 362 3 social reality 447 9 social rules 170 1 Socrates 227 solipsism 212; methodological 459 60 495
space 95, 97; see also time speaker and sentence meaning 255 6; see also meaning, theory of speech acts 219 21, 434 8, 443 4; locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary 220 1 Sraffa, Piero 69 statements, see propositions states of affairs 38, 73 4, 290 2, 294, 416 18; see also facts Stevenson, C. L. 175 80, 327 stimulation, sensory 193 Stout, G. F. 57 Strawson, P. F. 3 4, 32, 225, 257, 263, 264, 334 49, 437 subjectivism 177, 350 2, 354 5 subjectivity 441 subjects, see reference substitutional quantification, see quantifiers and quantification supervenience 417, 438, 484, 485, 487 Suppe, Frederick 376 Suppes, Patrick 376 swampman 410, 424 symbols, nature of 165 6 synonymy, see analyticity and synonymy syntax 440 Tarski, Alfred 101, 102, 124 8, 473 tautologies, see analyticity and synonymy teleological semantics 457 8 Tharp, Leslie 474 5 theories, nature of 153 4 thinking 87, 235 6 thought (Gedanke) 16 17, 73 4, 382; see also judgment thought, language of 73 4, 415 time 62, 415 16, 486 7 tone, linguistic 13, 379 Toulmin, Stephen 375 transcendental arguments 347 transfer principle 329, 331 2 translation, radical, see interpretation, radical trouser word 224 truth 101, 103, 209 10, 294, 300 1, 305 7, 338 9, 340, 416, 430 1, 473 4; correspondence theory 225, 306 7, 338, 416, 430 1; redundancy theory 141, 209 10, 307, 308 truth-conditions 379, 384 8 truth-value gaps 337 T-sentences 125 7, 300 4, 307 Turing, Alan 129, 454, 455, 462, 464 Twin Earth 395, 405, 410 11, 459 60 types, theory of 34 5, 97, 140 unconscious, the 442 underdetermination of theory 191 understanding and meaning 381 2; see also meaning, theory of unity of science 98 universalizability 326, 328 universals, see particulars and universals utilitarianism 45 6, 173, 329 33, 361, 365, 366, 367 utterer s and utterance meaning 254 6, 266 72; see also meaning, theory of validation 210 value judgments 326 value range 18 20 van Fraassen, Bas 376 variables 28 9 veil of ignorance 361, 363 Vendler, Zeno 435 verdictives 221 verification and verification principle 2, 78, 98 9, 122, 149 50, 205 7, 232 3, 456; weak and strong 78, 122, 206; see also confirmation verification-transcendent truth-conditions 384 90 vicious circle principle 34, 35, 140 Vienna Circle 2, 77 8, 94, 97 9, 103, 148, 181 2, 205 volition 87 8, 251; see also freedom and free will von Neumann, John 37 von Wright, G. H. 274 80 Waismann, Friedrich 99 Wallace, John 474 5 Warnock, Geoffrey 223, 338, 339 White, Stephen 460 Whitehead, A. N. 34, 35 6, 42, 71, 95, 97, 198, 288 will, see freedom and free will Wien, Max 95 Winch, Peter 231 496
Wittgenstein, Ludwig 2 3, 9, 33, 36, 40 1, 45, 47 8, 68 93, 98, 122, 181, 182, 216 n. 4, 225 6, 227, 231 2, 274, 278 9, 288, 297, 306, 315, 316 17, 336, 346, 348, 350 1, 352, 378, 382, 384, 386 7, 394 5, 396 7, 403, 418, 423, 425, 430, 445, 452, 475 6; On Certainty 45, 70; Philosophical Investigations 81 8; Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus 2, 70 82, 275, 288 world-mates 484 Wright, Crispin 381, 385 9, 390 1 Zermelo, Ernst 37 497