Oxford Cambridge and RSA Thursday 18 May 2017 Afternoon AS GCE CLASSICS: ANCIENT HISTORY F391/01 Greek History from original sources *668001183* Candidates answer on the Answer Booklet. OCR supplied materials: 12 page Answer Booklet (sent with general stationery) Other materials required: None Duration: 1 hour 30 minutes * F 3 9 1 0 1 * INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Complete the boxes on the Answer Booklet with your name, centre number and candidate number. Use black ink. This Question Paper contains questions on the following three options: Option 1: Athenian Democracy in the th century BC Option 2: Delian League to Athenian Empire Option 3: Politics and Society of Ancient Sparta Choose one option. Answer one question from Section A and one question from Section B. Both questions must be from the same option. Read each question carefully. Make sure you know what you have to do before starting your answer. Write the number of each question answered in the margin. Do not write in the barcodes. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. The total number of marks for this paper is 0. The quality of your written communication will be assessed in this paper. This document consists of 12 pages. Any blank pages are indicated. INSTRUCTION TO EXAMS OFFICER / INVIGILATOR Do not send this Question Paper for marking; it should be retained in the centre or recycled. Please contact OCR Copyright should you wish to re-use this document. [D/01/332] DC (RCL (JDA)) 13683/1 OCR is an exempt Charity Turn over
2 Option 1: Athenian Democracy in the th century BC Answer one question from Section A and one question from Section B. SECTION A Commentary Questions Answer one question from this section. Marks are awarded in parts (b) and (c) of Questions 1 and 2 for the quality of written communication in your answer. 1 Read this passage and answer the questions. You are expected to refer to the passage and to use your own knowledge in your answers. For the common people want not to be slaves in a city which has good laws, but to be free and in control and they are not much worried if the laws are bad. For what you consider not having good laws, is in fact what enables the common people to be strong and free. But if you are looking for good laws, the first thing you will see is that the cleverest men make laws in their own interest; second, the good will punish the bad and the good will take counsel about the city and will not allow madmen to become members of the Council, nor to make speeches, nor to attend the Assembly. As a result of these excellent decisions, the common people would soon plunge into slavery. It is slaves and metics who lead the most undisciplined life in Athens; there, one is not permitted to strike them, and a slave will not stand out of the way for you. I will explain why this is their local custom. If the law permitted a free man to strike a slave or a metic or a freedman, he would often think that the Athenian was a slave and would have hit him; for, so far as clothing and general appearance are concerned, the common people here are no better than the slaves and metics. 1 The Old Oligarch 1. 8 (a) What does this passage tell us about the common people in Athens? [] (b) What can we learn from other sources about the participation of the common people in the Athenian democracy? [20] (c) On the basis of this passage and other sources you have studied, to what extent did democracy benefit the common people of Athens? [2]
3 Option 1: Athenian Democracy in the th century BC Do not answer this question if you have already answered Question 1. 2 Read this passage and answer the questions. You are expected to refer to the passage and to use your own knowledge in your answers. SAUSAGE-SELLER: But I still don t know how you expect me ter manage all the People s business. DEMOSTHENES: Dead easy. Just carry on doing what you ve always done, Mix all the City s policies into a complete hash, butter the People up a bit, throw in a pinch of rhetoric as a sweetener, and there you are. All the other essentials of a good politician you ve got already. You ve a voice to scare a Gorgon, you were brought up in the Market Square, oh yes and born in the gutter what more do you need? And all the oracles and Pythian Apollo himself point the way to greatness. Here, put on this wreath and pour libation to Stupidity. [The SAUSAGE-SELLER does as he is told, using the wine brought out earlier ] There you are; now for the fray! SAUSAGE-SELLER: But oo will there be to elp me? That there Paphlagonian frightens the rich aht of their wits, and the poor, when e s arahnd, they can t even keep their arses shut. DEMOSTHENES: Have no fear, the Knights will be here, a thousand of them, all hating his guts I beg your pardon, all hating him. They ll be on your side. So will all honest and decent citizens, and all our audience here.. 1 Aristophanes, Knights 211 228 (a) What does this passage tell us about how to be a successful politician in Athens? [] (b) What can we learn from other sources about how politicians controlled the assembly? [20] (c) On the basis of this passage and other sources you have studied, how far do you agree that rhetoric was essential for political success in Athens? [2] Section A Total [] Turn over
4 Option 1: Athenian Democracy in the th century BC SECTION B Essays Answer one question. Start your answer on a new page. Marks are awarded for the quality of written communication in your answer. 3 To what extent did the Athenians consider their democratic system superior to other types of government? In your answer, you should: outline what the Athenians thought about their democratic system; include what the sources tell us about the strengths and weaknesses of the democratic system; assess the reliability of these sources. [4] 4 To what extent can we rely on what Aristophanes tells us about the Athenian democracy in his plays? In your answer, you should: outline what Aristophanes tells us about the Athenian democracy; consider the evidence provided by our other sources; assess the reliability of what Aristophanes tells us. [4] Section B Total [4]
Option 2: Delian League to Athenian Empire Answer one question from Section A and one question from Section B. SECTION A Commentary Questions Answer one question from this section. Marks are awarded in parts (b) and (c) of Questions and 6 for the quality of written communication in your answer. Read this passage and answer the questions. You are expected to refer to the passage and to use your own knowledge in your answers. Furthermore, because of their overseas possessions and the public offices which take them overseas, the Athenians and their attendants, without noticing, have learned how to row. For inevitably, when a man often travels by sea, he and his servant take an oar and learn the names of things concerned with seamanship. Their experience in ships and their practice make them excellent steersmen. For some of them have practised as steersmen in boats, others in merchant ships, while yet others go on from there to a trireme. The majority can row as soon as they get aboard, since they have practised all through their life. The hoplite army has the reputation of being least impressive at Athens, and this is true. As far as their enemies go, they realise that they are inferior to them in skill and number, but as compared with their allies, who pay tribute, they are the strongest even on land, and they consider their hoplite force sufficiently strong if they are superior to their allies. In addition, they find themselves in the following situation. For those who are subject on land, men can be brought together from small cities and fight in one body; but for all those islanders who are subject at sea, it is impossible to unite their cities into one location. For the sea is in between, and their rulers control the sea. 1 The Old Oligarch 1.19 2.2 (a) What does this passage tell us about the military superiority of the Athenians? [] (b) What can we learn from other sources about how the Athenians used military power to control their allies? [20] (c) On the basis of this passage and other sources you have studied, how important was military strength for the Athenians? [2] Turn over
6 Option 2: Delian League to Athenian Empire Do not answer this question if you have already answered Question. 6 Read this passage and answer the questions. You are expected to refer to the passage and to use your own knowledge in your answers. Personally I have had occasion often enough already to observe that a democracy is incapable of governing others, and I am all the more convinced of this when I see how you are now changing your minds about the Mytilenians. Because fear and conspiracy play no part in your daily relations with each other, you imagine that the same thing is true of your allies, and you fail to see that when you allow them to persuade you to make a mistaken decision and when you give way to your own feelings of compassion you are being guilty of a kind of weakness which is dangerous to you and which will not make them love you any more. What you do not realize is that your empire is a tyranny exercised over subjects who do not like it and who are always plotting against you; you will not make them obey you by injuring your own interests in order to do them a favour; your leadership depends on superior strength and not on any goodwill of theirs. And this is the very worst thing to pass measures and then not to abide by them. We should realize that a city is better off with bad laws, so long as they remain fixed, than with good laws that are constantly being altered. 1 Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.37 (a) What does this passage tell us about how the Athenian Empire was viewed? [] (b) What can we learn from other sources about how Athens tried to control its allies? [20] (c) On the basis of this passage and other sources you have studied, to what extent do you agree that the Athenian Empire was a tyranny (line 9)? [2] Section A Total []
7 Option 2: Delian League to Athenian Empire SECTION B Essays Answer one question. Start your answer on a new page. Marks are awarded for the quality of written communication in your answer. 7 All the surviving evidence suggests that Athens completely abandoned the original purpose of the Delian League. To what extent do you agree? In your answer, you should: outline what the original purpose of the Delian League was; consider to what extent Athens abandoned the original purpose of the Delian League; evaluate how reliable the sources are. [4] 8 To what extent does Thucydides account of events at Melos help us to understand how other states viewed the Athenian Empire? In your answer, you should: outline what we can learn from Thucydides about what happened at Melos; include what the other sources tell us about how other states viewed the Athenian Empire; consider how useful Thucydides account is. [4] Section B Total [4] Turn over
8 Option 3: Politics and Society of Ancient Sparta Answer one question from Section A and one question from Section B. SECTION A Commentary Questions Answer one question from this section. Marks are awarded in parts (b) and (c) of Questions 9 and for the quality of written communication in your answer. 9 Read this passage and answer the questions. You are expected to refer to the passage and to use your own knowledge in your answers. They sit with the twenty-eight Elders in the Council chamber, and, in the event of their absence from a meeting, those of the Elders who are nearest of kin to them take over their privilege and cast two votes, in addition to their own. Besides these public marks of distinction during his lifetime, special ceremonies are also observed upon a king s death. News of the death is carried by riders all over the country, and women go the rounds of the capital beating cauldrons. This is the signal for two people, one man and one woman, from every citizen s household to put on mourning which they are compelled to do under penalty of a heavy fine. One custom is observed on the occasion of a king s death, which is the same in Sparta as in Asia: this is, that when a death occurs, not only Spartans but a certain number of the country people from all over Lacedaemon are forced to attend the funeral. A huge crowd assembles, consisting of many thousands of people Spartan citizens, country folk, and helots and men and women together strike their foreheads with every sign of grief, wailing as if they could never stop and continually declaring that the king who has just died was the best they ever had. 1 Herodotus 6.7 8 (a) What does this passage tell us about the importance of the kings in Sparta? [] (b) What can we learn from other sources about the roles of ordinary Spartans in Spartan society? [20] (c) On the basis of this passage and other sources you have studied, discuss how far Spartan society was equal. [2]
9 Option 3: Politics and Society of Ancient Sparta Do not answer this question if you have already answered Question 9. Read this passage and answer the questions. You are expected to refer to the passage and to use your own knowledge in your answers. How could one expect girls brought up in such a way to produce outstanding offspring? Lycurgus felt that slave girls were perfectly capable of producing garments, and that the most important job of free women was to bear children; he therefore decreed that women should take as much trouble over physical fitness as men. Moreover, he instituted contests of speed and strength for women parallel to those for men, on the grounds that if both parents were strong the offspring would be more sturdy. He saw that, generally, husbands spent a disproportionate amount of time with their wives when they were first married, and decreed the opposite here too, for he made it disgraceful for a man to be seen entering or leaving his wife s apartment. Thus their desire would inevitably be heightened when they did meet, and any offspring which might result would therefore be stronger than if the parents were surfeited with each other. Furthermore, he did not allow men to take wives as and when they wished, but decreed that marriage should take place at the period of physical prime, thinking that this also was likely to produce fine children. He realised that old men with young wives tend to be particularly jealous, and again made the opposite customary, for he made it possible for an old man to introduce to his wife a man whose appearance and character he approved and so have children. 1 Xenophon, Constitution of the Spartans 1.3 7 (a) What does this passage tell us about women in Sparta? [] (b) What can we learn from other sources about relationships between men and women in Sparta? [20] (c) On the basis of this passage and other sources you have studied, to what extent do you agree that Spartan society was different from other Greek states? [2] Section A Total [] Turn over
Option 3: Politics and Society of Ancient Sparta SECTION B Essays Answer one question. Start your answer on a new page. Marks are awarded for the quality of written communication in your answer. 11 To what extent do the sources suggest that Messenia and the helot population restricted the Spartans? In your answer, you should: outline briefly how important Messenia and the helot population were for the Spartans; consider what the sources tell us about the ways in which Messenia and the helots restricted the Spartans; assess the reliability of these sources. [4] 12 After the Persian Wars, the Spartans failed to meet the challenges facing the Greek world. To what extent do you agree with this view? In your answer, you should: outline briefly the challenges that the Greek world faced after the Persian Wars; consider what the sources tell us about Sparta s response to these challenges; consider how useful these sources are. [4] Section B Total [4] END OF QUESTION PAPER
11 BLANK PAGE
12 Oxford Cambridge and RSA Copyright Information OCR is committed to seeking permission to reproduce all third-party content that it uses in its assessment materials. OCR has attempted to identify and contact all copyright holders whose work is used in this paper. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced in the OCR Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download from our public website (www.ocr.org.uk) after the live examination series. If OCR has unwittingly failed to correctly acknowledge or clear any third-party content in this assessment material, OCR will be happy to correct its mistake at the earliest possible opportunity. For queries or further information please contact the Copyright Team, First Floor, 9 Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 1GE. OCR is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group; Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.