A Abstract, 40, 49, 51, 58, 88, 124, 131, 135, 140, 144, 149, 191, 197, 198, 224, 240, 279, 295, 298, 338, 363, 364, 366, 369, 373 vs. concrete, 4, 39, 52, 55, 57, 59, 234, 283, 297 Acconitan, 208 Acre, 208, 213 Adjective, 26, 156 157, 161, 169, 172, 177, 180, 284, 288, 289, 293, 294, 330, 337 Adjunct, 6, 66 68, 73 75, 81 83, 262, 263, 270 274, 277 279, 328 Adverb, 1, 6, 39, 131, 132, 135, 136, 139, 261 268, 270, 274, 275, 277, 279, 329, 330, 337, 338, 363 AdvP, 275 Af fi rmative, 262, 264, 266, 271, 272, 276, 279, 298 Africa, 170 AGR, 28 Analogy, 4, 5, 126, 149 164, 292, 293 Analytic, 263 vs. synthetic, 37, 40 Angevin, 212, 217, 218 Antioch, principality of, 207, 208 Arabic, 12, 108, 207 209, 215 218 Aragonese, 214 Argument, 3, 6, 54, 62, 63, 66 69, 73 76, 82, 83, 97, 98, 125, 130, 171 175, 179 183, 188, 256, 257, 261 263, 271 274, 276 279, 316, 328, 336, 354, 363, 365, 367, 371 Armenian, Middle, 12, 208, 215 Article de fi nite, 3, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 36, 38 40, 45 47, 52, 57, 58, 168, 189, 197 inde fi nite, 2, 4, 22, 41, 45 59, 365 Artois, 119, 310, 312, 313 Asia, 157 Assertion, 128, 129, 131, 134, 135, 139 142, 145, 146, 321 vs. non-assertion, 123, 127, 132, 143 Asyndetic construction, 245, 246, 250, 251, 257 B Backgrounding, 305, 311 Bohairic, 208 Burgundian, 208, 209 Burgundy, 12 C Candidate chains, 9, 108, 116 118, 121 Case assignment, 31 confusion, 170 dative, 21, 54 genitive, 20, 21, 33, 40, 55 nominative, 21, 25, 181, 210, 211, 274, 354 oblique, 24 26, 28, 30, 37 41, 46, 82, 120, 170, 210, 211, 284, 285 system, 2 4, 34, 36, 37, 41, 82, 167, 168, 170, 171, 173, 177, 179, 180, 182, 210, 286, 288 Castolect, 207, 215 D.L. Arteaga (ed.), Research on Old French: The State of the Art, Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 88, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-4768-5, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 377
378 Catalan, 155, 212, 214, 218 Chansons de geste, 8, 254, 255, 257, 300, 304 312, 314, 318 321 Charter, 3, 178, 179, 183, 193 196, 214 Chatton s Ani-Razor, 4, 283, 297 298 Chinese, 31, 32, 61, 62 Chronogenesis, 223 Chronology, relative, 98, 150, 152, 153 Cilician, 208, 215 CL. See Compensatory lengthening (CL) Clause adjunct, 6, 66 68, 73 75, 81 83 concessive, 10, 124, 125, 127 130, 134, 135, 137 146 conditional, 124, 247 dependent, 243, 355 356, 364, 368 embedded, 7, 328 337, 339, 341, 342, 346, 347 independent, 353 354, 363, 364, 368 initial, 261, 262, 266 268, 275, 277, 334 interrogative, 124 main, 6, 62, 67, 68, 73, 80, 142, 243, 247, 250, 251, 261 263, 265, 269 272, 276, 277, 279, 328, 329, 333, 334, 339, 341, 342, 346, 347, 364, 371 relative, 72, 129, 141, 254, 336, 347, 365, 371 root, 268, 329 subjunctive, 360, 366, 370, 371 subordinate, 7, 8, 66, 125, 128, 132, 133, 138, 231, 244, 246 249, 251, 265, 355, 362 Clitics, 68, 70, 71, 82, 125, 273, 275, 329, 340, 342, 344 Coarticulation, 111, 119 Cognate, 6, 65, 68, 74 75, 80 83 Cognition, 11, 356, 358, 370 Cognitive grammar, 372, 374 Columbia School, 2, 11, 223 Communicative factor, 224 strategies, 11, 227 228 Compensatory lengthening (CL), 8, 9, 87 103, 179, 180, 278 Complementizer, 7, 8, 28, 132, 265, 329, 332, 333, 347 Concession, 131 144 Concrete, 58, 191, 195, 200, 223, 224, 295, 296 vs. abstract, 4, 39, 52, 55, 57, 59, 234, 283, 297 Conditional, 10, 11, 140, 144, 221 240, 246, 264, 266, 270, 278, 291, 294, 351, 353, 356, 357, 365 Connotators, 189, 201, 202 Conservation vs. non-conservation, 89, 90, 95 96 phonetic, 89 92, 99 103 phonological, 89, 90, 92 95 Constraints, 8, 9, 55, 59, 65, 89, 92, 99 103, 108, 114 118, 121, 173, 174, 246, 251, 258, 267, 271, 337, 338, 347, 374 faithfulness, 101, 115, 117 Contrary-to-fact, 357 Coordination, 6, 66 75, 81 83 Coptic, 208 210, 213, 214, 216, 218 Corpus, 2, 7, 8, 22, 45, 57, 68, 124, 129, 130, 133, 137, 141, 144, 172, 174, 193, 196, 238, 239, 244 246, 248 250, 300, 304, 306, 308, 310, 314, 317 320, 341 CP, split, 7 Crusaders, 11, 12, 207 218 Cue-based evolution, 39 41 learning, 40 Cyprus, 12, 207, 208, 211, 212, 214, 215, 218 D Dative, 20, 21, 33, 34, 38, 41, 54, 55, 169, 170 Declension Latin, 167 169, 171, 172 romance, 167 176, 182, 183 Definite article, 3, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 36, 38 40, 45 47, 52, 57, 58, 168, 189, 197 feature, 25, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35 Desemantization, 46 Determiners, 2, 4, 25, 27, 28, 30 33, 35, 39, 40, 55, 174, 175, 177, 180 Diasystem, 12, 187 202 Diasystematic parameters diachronic, 198 200 diaphasic, 179, 188, 189 diastratic, 183, 200 diatopic, 183, 198 Diphthong, 88, 108, 291, 295, 296 Discourse direct, 3, 8, 130, 140, 177, 183, 299 306, 308 310, 312 322 indirect, 8, 299 308, 310, 312 322
with que, 300, 303, 317, 322 reported, 8, 299 322 without que, 300, 303 304, 314, 317, 319, 322 Dislocation, left, 6, 61, 66, 67, 78 84, 337, 341 346 Distant pole, 126, 130, 135, 136, 140, 142, 143 DP, 3, 24, 25, 28 31, 33, 34, 36, 38 40, 330, 332, 338 340 E Écrasement, 6, 61, 65 69, 74, 75, 81 83 Edessa, county of, 207, 211 Egyptian, Northern, 208 English, 29, 39, 47, 52, 61, 110, 127, 135, 174, 177, 225, 266, 273, 274, 299, 341, 342, 347, 353, 357, 365 Enunciation theory, 301 Expression, formulaic, 6, 64, 68, 76, 81 83 Extralinguistic, 12, 187, 189, 190, 192, 200, 202, 254 F Faroese, 334, 338, 347 FCA. See Final consonant alternation (FCA) Feature checking, 30, 263, 272, 273 interpretable, 27, 29 31, 34, 265, 272 uninterpretable, 27, 30 32, 34, 35, 264, 265, 272 Fiction, 8, 301, 305, 322 Final consonant alternation (FCA), 4, 283 285, 287, 289 295 Finite, 6, 7, 63, 70, 155, 227, 264 266, 268, 271 274, 277, 330, 341 Finnish, 55 FinP, 333, 341, 346, 347 Flandria, 211 Frame, 2, 4, 76, 80, 83, 196, 198, 201, 303, 345 France, 12, 153, 157, 158, 162, 164, 178, 195, 211, 214, 217, 218, 225, 227, 300, 310, 343, 354, 355, 360, 367 Franco-Provençal, 215 Frank, 5, 152, 153, 155, 157, 158, 164, 207, 213, 215, 217, 319 French Medieval, 8, 299 322 Middle, 12, 28, 33, 37, 40, 41, 47, 57 59, 66, 82, 88, 98, 123, 130 136, 138, 140, 144, 211 215, 218, 253, 256, 347 379 Modern, 1, 3, 5, 6, 8 10, 12, 13, 19, 36, 45 47, 52, 53, 57 59, 61, 63 66, 77 79, 81 83, 98, 108, 109, 123 146, 167 169, 171, 177, 190 191, 194, 196 199, 211, 215, 222, 223, 227, 240, 253, 257, 264, 273, 279, 283, 288 295, 300, 303, 337, 347, 352, 353, 355 373 Parisian, 109 Future occurrence, 11, 225 230, 234, 240 occurrence questioned, 11, 226 228, 230, 232, 240 G Gallo-Romance, 108, 109, 118, 119, 159, 162, 170, 182 Gaul, 3, 5, 40, 56, 153 155, 157, 158, 182 Gender feminine, 33, 284, 288 masculine, 285, 289 Genitive with à, 19, 22 23, 26, 28, 29, 36, 38 with de, 19, 23 24, 26, 28, 34, 36 juxtaposition postposed, 24 25 preposed, 25 27 prepositional, 19 24, 26, 28 30, 33 34, 36 40 Genre, 3, 7, 8, 10, 68, 124, 126, 129 131, 133, 135, 136, 139, 140, 142 144, 146, 173, 254 258, 263, 299, 300, 304 317, 319, 322 German, 7, 96, 127, 153, 164, 264, 279, 329, 330, 332, 341, 368 Gesture preservation, 9, 101 Government and binding, 28, 346 Grammaticalization, early stages, 47, 49, 58, 59 Greece, 212, 218 Greek, demotic, 12, 212, 215 H Human, 11, 23, 26, 28, 34 36, 38, 41, 63, 68, 69, 77 78, 80, 81, 177, 224, 226, 227 null object, 6, 68, 77 78, 80, 81, 83 Hypothetical constructions,11, 372
380 I Icelandic, 7, 333, 334, 337 339, 347 Iconicity, 4, 283, 285 286, 293 295 Idealism, 152, 153, 158, 164 Imparisyllabic, 37, 41 Indefinite article, 2, 4, 22, 41, 45 59, 365 feature, 25, 30, 35, 52, 59, 265, 272 Indicative, 123 130, 132 135, 137 146, 151, 222, 223, 225 227, 240, 246, 247, 286, 287, 290, 291, 293, 294, 301, 320, 321, 351, 353, 354, 356, 358, 359, 362 369, 372 In fi nitive, 54, 70, 83, 130, 155, 221, 222, 240, 338, 351, 353 Interpretable feature, 27, 29 31, 34, 265, 272 Intralinguistic, 12, 187 Invariance nominal, 292 verbal, 292 Inversion Germanic, 334 subject-verb, 261 Irrealis, 11, 124, 127 129, 132 135, 138 146, 264, 372 Isochrony, 9, 99 103 Italo-Romance, 12, 212 214, 218 Italy Northern, 155 Southern, 170, 212 J Jerusalem, Kingdom of, 12, 207 214, 217, 218 Jongleur, 304, 305 Juridical language, 194 199, 201 K Koiné, 12, 207 214, 217, 218 KP, 31 37, 41 L Latin classical, 6, 21, 37, 40, 125, 153, 154, 159, 169, 170, 183, 364 late, 20, 34, 37, 39, 46, 56, 98, 108, 109, 159, 171 vulgar, 153, 154, 159 Left periphery, 5 7, 68, 78 80, 83, 327 347 Levantine, 12, 209 212, 214, 216 218 Lexical diffusion, 5, 88, 151, 152, 163, 164 Lexicography, 194, 196 198 Lexicon, 12, 13, 161, 175, 182, 202 Listener, 9, 11, 89, 97 99, 102, 110, 111, 114, 115, 304, 305, 307, 311, 312, 314, 316 Localized unfaithful mapping (LUM), 117 Lotharingia, 209, 211 Lotharingian, 198, 208, 209 LUM. See Localized unfaithful mapping (LUM) Luxemburg, 193 M Markedness, 8, 9, 99, 101, 103, 107 121, 126, 127, 133, 134, 136, 140, 285, 286, 291 Marker, presentative, 47 Meaning, invariant, 11, 222 224, 226 228, 230, 232, 234, 235, 239, 240 Mediterranean, Eastern, 215 Microsyntagma, 210 Minimalism, 2, 27, 346 Minimal link condition, 338 Modality, 46, 48, 128, 129, 133, 135, 138, 144, 229, 246, 251 252, 266, 333, 355, 365 Modern French, 1, 19, 45, 61, 98, 108, 123, 167 168, 190 191, 211, 222, 253, 264, 283, 300, 337, 352 Monophthongization, 95, 96 Mood conditional, 11 indicative, 125, 132, 134, 135, 137, 139 142, 144, 145 subjunctive, 10, 123, 127, 128, 354, 362, 365, 374 Mora, 90, 92, 94, 95 Morphology, 4, 5, 29, 31, 37, 39, 97, 151, 152, 159, 168 169, 172, 173, 175, 178, 180, 223, 283, 285, 293, 294, 356, 364, 366, 371 Morpho-phonology, 5, 283, 295 298 Mysticism, political, 151, 152, 157 158 N Narrator, 8, 300, 304 308, 311, 312, 314 320, 322 Natural morphology system-dependent, 4, 283, 294 system-independent, 4, 283, 294 Negation, 8, 39, 46, 218, 221, 244, 250 251, 258, 263, 265, 273, 337, 362, 366, 367 Negative, 5, 6, 221, 239, 250, 261 279, 338, 339, 358, 362, 371
Neogrammarians, 1, 150, 152, 153 Neumann s Law, 156 Non-assertion, 146, 370 vs. assertion, 123, 127, 132, 143 Non-conservation, 89, 90, 95 96 vs. conservation, 89, 90 Norman, 208 Normandy, 118, 119, 162 Noun, 3, 5, 21, 24, 26 32, 35, 37 41, 46, 49, 52, 55, 57, 59, 156 157, 161, 168 170, 172 175, 177 182, 284 286, 288, 289, 293, 294, 299, 337, 340, 363 Noun phrase (NP), 4, 27, 28, 30, 34, 36, 38, 39, 53, 55, 56, 70 72, 82, 170, 172 174, 265, 277, 278, 328 Null cognate, 6, 65, 68, 74 75, 80 83 objects, 5, 6, 61 84 pronominal, 6, 62, 67 69, 73 76, 78, 80, 83, 262 subjects, 1, 7, 61, 63, 65, 66, 174, 177, 262, 276 278, 329, 330, 334, 337, 347 variable, 6, 62, 67, 68, 75, 76, 78, 80, 83, 84 O Object arbitrary, 6, 63, 64, 68, 77 78, 80, 81, 83 human, 6, 63, 68, 77 78, 80, 81, 83 null, 5, 6, 61 84 pronouns, 6, 71, 82 Obligatorification, 124 126, 143, 146 Occitan, 167, 207, 208, 212 215, 218 Occurrence questioned, 11, 226 228, 230, 232, 240, 272 Ockham s Razor, 4, 283, 297 298 Oïl, 208 213, 215, 217, 218 381 Persistence, 59 Phonological change, 5, 9, 151 153, 293 Phonology, 4, 8, 9, 37, 98, 102, 103, 107, 111, 114, 121, 151, 159, 163, 295 297, 363, 364 Picard, Eastern, 209 Picardy, 12, 118, 119, 209, 212, 218 P-map, 101, 102 Poems, 217, 226, 276 Polarity, 5, 6, 261 279, 362 Political mysticism, 151, 152, 157 158 Polysemy, 10, 352, 366, 368, 370, 374 Portuguese European Portuguese, 62, 81 Galician Portuguese, 214 Possessor animate, 23, 26, 31, 38, 39 inanimate, 23, 24 vs. perception, Pragmatic strengthening, 4, 50, 58 Pre-classical French, 130, 136 140 Preposition, 2 4, 20 22, 24, 26 34, 36 41, 45, 53 58, 73, 142, 169, 171, 183, 302 Production, 8, 9, 95, 97, 98, 103, 107 121, 201 Pronominal, null, 6, 62, 67 69, 73 76, 78, 80, 83, 262 Prose chronicles, 300, 306 romances, 267 269, 299, 300, 304 315, 317, 320 vs. verse, 254 256, 258 Prototype, 372 Proximate pole, 126, 130, 136, 140, 142, 143 Q Que alternation, 250, 256, 258 deletion, 244 P Palestine, 207, 215, 216, 218 Paradigmatizaion, 58 Parasitic delinking, 94 Parataxis, 7, 8, 243 258 Paris, 72, 181, 212, 226, 312, 313, 318, 367 Peloponnesus, 12, 213 Perception, 8, 10, 97, 101, 103, 107 121, 126, 135, 245, 311 vs. production, 9, 107 118 Perception-based analysis, 109 Periphery, left, 5 7, 68, 78 80, 83, 327 347 R Register formal, 57 informal, 8, 56 spoken, 253, 254, 257 written, 257, 258 Regrammation, 10, 123 146 Renaissance, 10, 123 146, 173 Rheto-Romance, 170 Romance, 1, 28, 61, 107, 150, 167, 190, 207, 221, 263, 291, 299, 327, 364 Russian, 55, 127, 365
382 S Scandinavian, 337 Schwa, 89 92, 95, 98 101, 284, 288 Semantics, 10, 11, 13, 27, 31, 50, 52, 55, 57, 125, 129, 133 135, 139, 172, 175, 187, 190 193, 195, 196, 198 201, 216, 224, 240, 263, 265 267, 279, 338, 341, 351, 352, 356, 362, 363, 365, 366, 369, 371, 373, 374 Sememe, 193, 194, 196 200 Semiosis, 12, 13, 187, 190, 191, 193, 200, 202 Semiotic sign modelling, 201 Signi fi ant, 57, 58, 66, 91, 157, 218, 238, 291, 321, 334 Signi fi é, 12, 191, 192, 195, 198, 201, 202, 223 Slavic, 90, 92 Sound change, 4, 5, 8, 9, 107 121, 149, 150, 152, 154, 164, 221, 296, 297 Spain, 170 Speaker, 8 13, 32, 37, 38, 40, 41, 68, 74, 79, 83, 87 103, 110, 111, 114, 115, 126 128, 130 132, 135, 136, 138, 139, 143, 144, 151, 162, 167, 173, 178, 190, 191, 193, 196, 197, 202, 207, 211, 213, 214, 218, 222, 227, 229, 230, 240, 300, 301, 303, 321, 342, 352, 353, 355, 360 362, 365 367, 369, 372 Speci fi c, 2 4, 6, 12, 20, 22, 25, 34, 35, 41, 48, 50, 51, 55, 58, 64, 98, 100, 101, 110, 111, 117, 118, 128, 135, 170, 171, 179, 182, 188, 191 193, 196, 197, 200, 201, 207 209, 212, 215, 218, 223, 226, 234, 240, 244 250, 252, 257, 258, 297, 299, 300, 303, 308 313, 315, 322, 338, 363, 372 Speci fi er, 29, 273, 332 334, 336, 339, 341, 347 Speech, 7, 8, 69, 83, 98, 142, 149, 154, 178, 180, 188, 217, 255, 257, 299, 300, 304 313, 315, 320 322, 352, 368 Split CP, 7 Stylistic fronting, 7, 328, 330 339, 341, 342, 344 347 Subjunctive, 7, 123, 189, 221, 246, 287, 320, 351 Suppletion, 151, 155, 160, 164, 289 Suppletive leveling, 4, 5, 151, 152, 154 156 Swedish, old, 338 Swiss Romance, 167, 168, 182 Syllable, 37, 87, 88, 91, 94, 96 99, 101, 118, 119, 155, 168 Syncope, 150, 152, 154 158, 160, 161, 287 Syntactic, change, 167, 253, 258 Syntax, 5 7, 10, 37, 63, 256, 258, 263, 265 268, 270 273, 276, 277, 279, 366 Synthetic, 222 vs. analytic, 37, 40 Syria, 207, 215, 216, 218 T Tense future, 70, 138, 223 past, 305, 307, 311 present, 83, 291, 293, 294, 302, 305, 311, 318, 360 sequence of, 7, 359, 360 Text types, 170, 171, 173, 175, 177, 178 Thought, 7, 8, 25, 49, 137, 164, 170, 230, 251, 265, 276, 299, 300, 307, 308, 310 317, 320 322, 327, 328, 342, 344, 346, 358, 360, 369, 371 Topic, 2, 7, 8, 13, 62, 67, 68, 77, 80, 82, 83, 180, 274, 279, 310, 315, 327, 328, 332, 333, 337, 339, 341 347 Topicalization, 74, 79, 332 334, 336, 337, 339, 341, 342, 345 TP, 6, 7, 263, 265, 267, 271, 273 276, 278, 279, 328, 330 333, 336, 347 Tripoli, county of, 207, 213 Turbulency, 114, 115 U Uninterpretable, feature, 27, 30 32, 34, 35, 264, 265, 272 V V1, 263, 279, 341 V2 generalized, 328, 334, 336, 339, 347 non-generalized, 346 V3, 5 7, 263, 270, 271, 278, 328, 333, 339 342, 346 V4, 5 7, 263, 270, 271, 328, 333, 339 342, 346 Variant social, 5, 153, 163 structural, 5, 153, 162, 163 stylistic, 368, 369 Variational linguistics, 3, 12, 167, 168, 187 191, 202 Velar palatalization first, 107, 108 second, 107, 108, 118, 120
Venetian, 214, 215 Verb, 5, 27, 53, 61, 98, 118, 124, 156, 174, 213, 222, 244, 261, 287, 301, 328, 354 Verse, 3, 6, 10, 66, 68, 126, 133, 140, 142, 177, 183, 188, 263, 276 278, 299, 300, 306, 310, 312 320, 341, 345 vs. prose, 254 256, 258 Vowel initial, 88 length, 96, 97, 180 nasalized, 97 stressed, 89 syncope, 154, 155, 161 tense, 291 W Walloon, 96, 208 210, 218 Word order V1, 263, 279, 341 V2, 5, 6, 65, 66, 261 268, 270 272, 274 279, 327 331, 333, 334, 336, 337, 339 341, 342, 344, 346, 347, V3, 5 7, 263, 270, 271, 278, 328, 333, 339, 341, 342, 364 V4, 5 7, 263, 270, 271, 328, 333, 339, 341, 342, 346 383 X XP, 7, 265, 274, 277, 278, 328, 330, 332, 333, 337, 341 Z Zuni, 119