Unit 3 CMM: Regional and Interregional Interactions (c. 600 C.E. to c. 1450) WHAP Course Articulation (Unit 3) Unit 3 Regional and Interregional Interactions c. 600 C.E. to c. 1450 20% Key Concept 3.1 A deepening and widening of networks of human interaction within and across regions contributed to cultural, technological, and biological diffusion within and between various societies. I. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks. A. Existing trade routes including the Silk Roads, the Mediterranean Sea, the Trans-Saharan routes, and the Indian Ocean basin flourished and promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities. B. Communication and exchange networks developed in the Americas. Illustrative examples, communication and exchange networks: Mississippi River Valley, Mesoamerica, Andes C. The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods was encouraged by significant innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies including the caravanserai, compass use, the astrolabe, and larger ship designs in sea travel and new forms of credit and the development of money economies. Illustrative examples, new forms of credit and money economies: bills of exchange, credit, checks, banking houses, use of paper money D. Commercial growth was also facilitated by state practices, including the Inca road system; trading organizations, such as the Hanseatic League; and state-sponsored commercial infrastructures, such as the Grand Canal in China. E. The expansion of empires including China, the Byzantine Empire, various Muslim states, and the Mongols facilitated Afro Eurasian trade and communication as new people were drawn into their conquerors economies and trade networks. II. The movement of peoples caused environmental and linguistic effects. A. The expansion and intensification of long- distance trade routes often depended on environmental knowledge and technological adaptations to the environment. Illustrative examples, environmental knowledge and technological adaptations: 1) the way Scandinavian Vikings used their longships to travel in coastal and open waters as well as in rivers and estuaries; 2) the way the Arabs and Berbers adapted camels to travel across and around the Sahara; 3) the way Central Asian pastoral groups used horses to travel in the steppes B. Some migrations had a significant environmental impact, including migration of Bantu-speaking peoples who facilitated transmission of iron technologies and agricultural techniques in Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as the maritime migrations of the Polynesian peoples who cultivated transplanted foods and domesticated animals as they moved to new islands. C. Some migrations and commercial contacts led to the diffusion of languages throughout a new region or the emergence of new languages. Illustrative examples, diffusion of languages: the spread of Bantu, Turkic, and Arabic languages III. Cross-cultural exchanges were fostered by the intensification of existing, or the creation of new, networks of trade and communication. B. Islam, based on the revelations of the prophet Muhammad, developed in the Arabian Peninsula. The beliefs and practices of Islam rejected interactions among Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians with the local Arabian peoples. Muslim rule expanded to many parts of Afro Eurasia due to military expansion, and Islam subsequently expanded through the activities of merchants, missionaries, and Sufis. C. In key places along important trade routes, merchants set up diasporic communities where they introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous culture. Illustrative examples, diasporic communities: Muslim merchant communities in the Indian Ocean region; Chinese merchant communities in Southeast Asia; Sogdian merchant communities throughout Central Asia; Jewish communities in the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean basin, and along the Silk Roads. D. As exchange networks intensified, an increased number of travelers within Afro Eurasia wrote about their travels. Illustrative examples, travelers: Ibn Battuta; Marco Polo; Xuanzang E. Increased cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of literary, artistic, and cultural traditions, as well as scientific and technological innovations. Illustrative examples, diffusion of literary, artistic, and cultural traditions: 1) spread of Christianity throughout Europe; 2) influence of Neo-Confucianism and Buddhism in East Asia; 3) spread of Hinduism and Buddhism into Southeast Asia; 4) spread of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia; 5) influence of Toltec/Mexica and Inca traditions in Mesoamerica and Andean America
IV. There was continued diffusion of crops and pathogens, including epidemic diseases like the bubonic plague, along trade routes. Illustrative examples, diffusion of crops: bananas in Africa, new rice varieties in East Asia, the spread of cotton, sugar, and citrus Key Concept 3.2 State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity in various regions. I. Empires collapsed in different regions of the world, and in some areas, were replaced by new imperial states or political systems. A. Following the collapses of empires, imperial states were reconstituted in some regions, including the Byzantine Empire and the Chinese dynasties (Sui, Tang, and Song), combining traditional sources of power and legitimacy with innovations better suited to their specific local context. Illustrative examples, traditional empires, imperial states were sources of power and legitimacy: patriarchy, religion, land-owning elites Illustrative examples, innovations: new methods of taxation; tributary systems; adaptation of religious institutions B. In some places, new political entities emerged, including those in various Islamic states; the Mongol khanates; new Hindu and Buddhist states in South, East, and Southeast Asia; city-states; and decentralized government (feudalism) in Europe and Japan. Illustrative examples, city-states: those on the Italian peninsula, East Africa, and Southeast Asia C. Some states synthesized local with foreign traditions. Illustrative examples, synthesis by states: Persian traditions that influence Islamic states; Chinese traditions that influence states in Japan D. In the Americas, as in Afro Eurasia, state systems expanded in scope and reach; networks of city-states flourished in the Maya region and, at the end of this period, imperial systems were created by the Mexica (Aztecs) and Inca. II. Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers. A. Technological and cultural transfers were taking place: between Tang China and the Abbasids; across the Mongol Empire; between Muslims and Christians in the Mediterranean region during the Crusades; during Chinese maritime activity led by Ming Admiral Zheng He. Illustrative examples, technological and cultural transfers: 1) the spread of Islamic scientific knowledge to Mongol China; 2) the transfer of Greco-Islamic medical knowledge to Western Europe; 3) the transfer of foods, technologies, textiles, and music from the Islamic world to Europe via Al-Andalus Key Concept 3.3 Changes in trade networks resulted from and stimulated increasing productive capacity, with important implications for social and gender structures and environmental processes. I. Innovations stimulated agricultural and industrial production in many regions. A. Agricultural production increased significantly due to technological innovations. B. Demand for luxury goods increased in Afro Eurasia. Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and merchants expanded their production of textiles and porcelains for export; industrial production of iron and steel expanded in China. Illustrative examples, technological innovations: the chinampa field systems; Waru waru agricultural techniques in the Andean areas; improved terracing techniques; the horse collar; three field rotation; swamp draining II. The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of significant decline and periods of increased urbanization buoyed by rising productivity and expanding trade networks. A. Multiple factors contributed to the decline of urban areas in this period, including invasions, disease, and the decline of agricultural productivity. B. Multiple factors contributed to urban revival, including the end of invasions, the availability of safe and reliable transport, the rise of commerce and warmer temperatures between 800 C.E. and 1300, increased agricultural productivity and subsequent rising population, and greater availability of labor. III. Despite significant continuities in social structures and in methods of production, there were also some important changes in labor management and in the effect of religious conversion on gender relations and family life. A. The diversification of labor organization that began with settled agriculture continued in this period. Forms of labor organization included free peasant agriculture, nomadic pastoralism, craft production and guild organization, various forms of coerced and unfree labor, government- imposed labor, and military obligations. B. As in the previous period, social structures were shaped largely by class and caste hierarchies. Patriarchy continued; however, in some areas, women exercised more power and influence, most notably among the
Mongols and in West Africa, Japan, and Southeast Asia. C. New forms of coerced labor appeared, including serfdom in Europe and Japan and the elaboration of the mit a in the Inca Empire. Peasants resisted attempts to raise dues and taxes by staging revolts. The demand for slaves for both military and domestic purposes increased, particularly in central Eurasia, parts of Africa, and the eastern Mediterranean. Illustrative examples, regions where free peasants revolted: China, the Byzantine Empire D. Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Neo-Confucianism were adopted in new regions and often caused significant changes in gender relations and family structure. Illustrative examples, changes in gender relations and family structure: 1) divorce for both men and women in some Muslim states; 2) the practice of foot binding in Song China; 3) female monastic orders in Christianity and Buddhism Chapter 7 Vocabulary: Commerce and Culture (text, videos, class, outside sources) Silk Roads Swahili civilization Black Death Sand Roads Indian Ocean trading network (Sea Road) American trade networks Southeast Asian civilizations (e.g., Srivijaya, Khumer) Chapter 9 Vocabulary: The World of Islam: Afro-Eurasian Connections (text, videos, class, outside sources) Quran umma Pillars of Islam Sharia Umayad caliphate Abbasid caliphate ulama Sufism Sikhism Ibn Battuta Timbuktu al-andalus Mansa Musa madrassas House of Wisdom Chapter 10: The Worlds of Christendom: Contraction, Expansion, and Division (text, videos, class, outside sources) Nubian Christianity Ethiopian Christianity Byzantine Empire Constantinople Justinian caesaropapism Eastern Orthodoxy Kievan Rus Prince Vladimir of Kiev Charlemagne Holy Roman Empire Roman Catholic Church Western Christendom Crusades Illustrative Examples (from the Course Articulation) 3.1.I.B) communication and exchange networks: Mississippi River Valley, Mesoamerica, Andes 3.1.I.C) new forms of credit and money economies: bills of exchange, credit, checks, banking houses, use of paper money 3.1.II.A) environmental knowledge and technological adaptations: 1) the way Scandinavian Vikings used their longships to travel in coastal and open waters as well as in rivers and estuaries; 2) the way the Arabs and Berbers adapted camels to travel across and around the Sahara; 3) the way Central Asian pastoral groups used horses to travel in the steppes 3.1.II.C) diffusion of languages: the spread of Bantu, Turkic, and Arabic languages 3.1.III.C) diasporic communities: Muslim merchant communities in the Indian Ocean region; Chinese merchant communities in Southeast Asia; Sogdian merchant communities throughout Central Asia; Jewish communities in the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean basin, and along the Silk Roads. 3.1.III.D) travelers: Ibn Battuta; Marco Polo; Xuanzang 3.1.III.E) diffusion of literary, artistic, and cultural traditions: 1) spread of Christianity throughout Europe; 2) influence of Neo- Confucianism and Buddhism in East Asia; 3) spread of Hinduism and Buddhism into Southeast Asia; 4) spread of Islam in Sub- Saharan Africa and Asia; 5) influence of Toltec/Mexica and Inca traditions in Mesoamerica and Andean America 3.1.IV) diffusion of crops: bananas in Africa, new rice varieties in East Asia, the spread of cotton, sugar, and citrus 3.2.I.A) traditional empires, imperial states were sources of power and legitimacy: patriarchy, religion, land-owning elites 3.2.I.B) city-states: those on the Italian peninsula, East Africa, and Southeast Asia 3.2.I.C) synthesis by states: Persian traditions that influence Islamic states; Chinese traditions that influence states in Japan 3.2.II.A) technological and cultural transfers: 1) the spread of Islamic scientific knowledge to Mongol China; 2) the transfer of Greco-Islamic medical knowledge to Western Europe; 3) the transfer of foods, technologies, textiles, and music from the Islamic world to Europe via Al-Andalus
3.3.I.B) technological innovations: the chinampa field systems; Waru waru agricultural techniques in the Andean areas; improved terracing techniques; the horse collar; three field rotation; swamp draining 3.3.III.C) regions where free peasants revolted: China, the Byzantine Empire 3.3.III.D) changes in gender relations and family structure: 1) divorce for both men and women in some Muslim states; 2) the practice of foot binding in Song China; 3) female monastic orders in Christianity and Buddhism Chapter 7 Questions (for Reassessment Ticket): Commerce and Culture Silk Roads 1. What lay behind the emergence of Silk Road commerce? What kept it going for centuries? 2. What made silk such a highly desired commodity across Eurasia? 3. What accounted for the spread of Buddhism along the Silk Roads? 4. What was the impact of disease along the Silk Road? Sea Roads 1. What were the effects of the monsoon winds on trade in the Indian Ocean? 2. Understand the role of Muslim merchants in the Indian Ocean network during the postclassical period (600 1450). 3. Understand the roles that Southeast Asian societies played in the Indian Ocean network. 4. What contributions did East Africa make to the Indian Ocean network? 5. What was the role of Swahili civilization in the world of Indian Ocean commerce? 6. What was the role of Great Zimbabwe civilization in the world of Indian Ocean commerce? Sand Roads 1. What key raw materials were carried within and out of Africa along the Sand Roads? 2. Understand the significance of the introduction of the camel into Africa from Southwest Asia? 3. What changes did trans-saharan trade bring to West Africa? Commerce and Connection in the Western Hemisphere 1. In what ways did networks of interaction in the Western Hemisphere differ from those in the Eastern Hemisphere? 2. Compare and contrast the American trade network with the Sand, Sea, and Silk Roads. Chapter 9 Questions (for Reassessment Ticket): The World of Islam: Afro-Eurasian Connections The Birth of a New Religion 1. In what ways did the civilizations that practiced Islam draw on other civilizations in the Afro-Eurasian world? 2. In what respects did Islam shape or transform those civilizations? 3. Understand the major features of Islam s roots. 4. In what ways did the early history of Islam reflect its Arabian origins? 5. Understand cross-cultural connections of major belief systems (e.g. Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam). 6. What did the Quran expect from those who followed its teachings? 7. How was Arabia transformed by the rise of Islam? The Making of an Arab Empire 1. Understand the extent of the spread of Islam between 600 1450. 2. Why were Arabs able to construct such a huge empire so quickly? 3. Understand the ways in which Islam applied the concept of people of the book to different peoples over place and time. 4. What accounts for the widespread conversion of Islam? 5. What is the difference between Sunni and Shia Islam? 6. Understand the locations and major features of the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates.
7. In what ways were Sufi Muslims critical of mainstream Islam? 8. How did the rise of Islam change the lives of women? Islam and Cultural Encounter: A 4-Way Comparison 1. Understand the relationship between politics and religion. India: Anatolia: a. What similarities and differences can a. In what ways you identify in the spread of Islam to was Anatolia India, Anatolia, West Africa, and Spain? changed by its b. Understand the political and cultural incorporation features of the Delhi sultanate. into the Islamic c. Understand the interactions between world? different faiths, such as those between Hindus and Muslims. West Africa: a. Understand the features of Islam in West Africa that made it unique in the Muslim world. Spain: a. Understand how Spain viewed and treated the Other. b. Understand how the Spanish empire was built. The World of Islam as a New Civilization 1. Understand the features of the travels of Mansa Musa. 2. Compare features of leadership of major religions; you should use the ulama in Islam as an example. 3. What makes it possible to speak of the Islamic world as a distinct and coherent civilization? 4. Be sure to know the features, participants, and extent of the Muslim trade networks. 5. In what ways was the world of Islam a cosmopolitan civilization? 6. Understand the Islamic Green (agricultural) Revolution and the accompanying spread of technology and science across the Muslim world. Chapter 10 Questions (for Reassessment Ticket): The Worlds of Christendom: Contraction, Expansion, and Division Christian Contraction in Asia and Africa (Asian Christianity; African Christianity) ***Knowledge of the spread and extent of Christianity over time is essential for success on the AP exam! 1. In what ways did the history of Christianity unfold in various parts of the Afro-Eurasian world during the third-wave era? 2. What variations in the experience of African and Asian Christian communities can you identify? 3. Provide examples of accommodation and resistance among major belief systems (especially Christianity, in this case). 4. Explain the political and social effects of the Christian presence in Ethiopia over time. Byzantine Christendom: Building on the Roman Past (The Byzantine State; The Byzantine Church and Christian Divergence; Byzantium and the World; The Conversion of Russia) 1. Explain the social, political, and economic features and legacies of the Byzantine Empire. 2. Explain the continuities (whatever they may be) that carried over from the Byzantine Empire. 3. Explain the ways in which the Byzantine Empire diverged from the Roman Empire. 4. Explain the causes for the decline of the Byzantine Empire. 5. How did Eastern Orthodox Christianity differ from Roman Catholicism? 6. What were the causes for the split between within the Christian Church into Latin (Roman) Christianity and Eastern (Orthodox) Christianity in the 11 th Century. 7. Provide 1 or 2 examples of religious influence on architecture. 8. Explain the political, social, and economic connections between the Byzantine Empire and its neighbors. 9. What factors gave rise to the Russian state? 10. How did links to Byzantium transform the new civilization of Kievan Rus? Western Christendom: Rebuilding in the Wake of Roman Collapse (Political Life in Western Europe; Society and the Church; Accelerating Change in the West; Europe Outward Bound/Crusades) 1. Explain the effects of the fall of the Roman Empire on the Mediterranean region.
2. What replaced the Roman order in Western Europe? 3. Throwback! Explain the similarities and differences in political fragmentation between South Asia and Western Europe. 4. Throwback! Compare and contrast the relationships between governments and belief systems: for example, Compare and contrast Buddhism and Christianity and their relationships with governments in China and Western Europe. 5. How does the environment affect human activity? (interaction with the environment) 6. In what ways was European civilization changing after 1000? 7. What factors led to the revival of cities during Europe s Middle Ages? 8. Explain how feudalism worked. 9. Compare (and contrast!) leadership roles for women in the Roman Catholic and Buddhist faiths. 10. What was the impact of the Crusades in world history? 11. Explain the political, social, and economic causes and effects of the Crusades (you do NOT need to know the individual details of the individual Crusades). The West in Comparative Perspective (Catching Up; Pluralism in Politics; Reason and Faith) 1. What factors led to the revival of Western Europe in politics, economics, and culture. 2. In what ways did borrowing from abroad shape European civilization after 1000? 3. Provide several examples of Chinese technology that influenced Europe in the postclassical period (600 1450). 4. Why was Europe unable to achieve the kind of political unity that China experienced? What impact did this have on the subsequent history of Europe? 5. Explain the similarities and differences in the functions of cities in Eurasia in the postclassical period. 6. In what different ways did classical Greek philosophy and science have an impact in the West, in Byzantium, and in the Islamic world?