FOREWORD....................................................... ABBREVIATIONS............................ v VII XV BIBLIOGRAPHY............................ XIX GENERAL INTRODUCTION....................... 1 CHAPTER ONE JEWISH ESCHATOLOGICAL TEMPLE HOPES IN THE SECOND TEMPLE PERIOD AND THE RESPONSES TO THE TEMPLE DESTRUCTION IN 70 C. E. Introduction............................. 7 1. Jewish Eschatological Expectations of the Temple....... 7 1.1. Eschatological Temple in the OT.............. 8 1.1.1. Isaiah......................... 9 1.1.2. Tobit......................... 11 1.1.3. Sirach........................ 13 1.1.4. 2 Maccabees.................... 14 1.1.5. Concluding Remarks................ 16 1.2. Eschatological Temple in the Apocrypha......... 16 1.2.1. 1 Enoch....................... 17 1.2.2. Jubilees....................... 19 1.2.3. Testament of Benjamin............... 20 1.2.4. Psalms of Solomon................. 22 1.2.5. Concluding Remarks................ 23 1.3. Eschatological Temple in the Dead Sea Scrolls...... 24 1.3.1. Identity of the Scroll Community.......... 24 1.3.2. Attitude of the Scroll Community towards the Temple 28 1.3.3. Scrolls Dealing with the Eschatological Temple.. 31 1.3.3.1. Temple Scroll............... 31
VIII 1.3.3.2. 4QFlorilegium............... 35 1.3.3.3. Concluding Remarks............ 42 1.4. Conclusion.......................... 42 2. Jewish Responses to the Destruction of the Temple in 70 C. E. 44 2.1. Apocalyptic Responses to the Destruction of the Second Temple............................ 48 2.1.1. The Fourth Book of Ezra.............. 48 2.1.1.1. Explanation of the Disaster........ 50 2.1.1.2. Messiah and the Messianic Kingdom... 51 2.1.1.3. The Heavenly Jerusalem.......... 53 2.1.1.4. Concluding Remarks............ 54 2.1.2. The Second Book of Baruch............ 55 2.1.2.1. Explanation of the Disaster........ 55 2.1.2.2. The Messiah and the Messianic Kingdom. 57 2.1.2.3. Eschatological Hopes Concerning the Temple................... 59 2.1.2.4. Concluding Remarks............ 62 2.2. Continuation of the Private Sacrifices........... 63 2.2.1. Reasons in Favour of the Possibility of Private Sacrifices....................... 63 2.2.2. Reasons behind the Final Cessation of Sacrifices. 68 2.2.3. Concluding Remarks................ 70 2.3. Bar Kokhba Revolt..................... 70 2.3.1. Bar Kokhba as Messiah?.............. 73 2.3.1.1. Attestation from the Name Bar Kokhba.. 73 2.3.1.2. Attestation from Rabbi Aqiba s Exclamation 74 2.3.1.3. Archaeological Attestation......... 76 2.3.1.4. Attestation from the Christian Sources.. 77 2.3.2. Concluding Remarks................ 78 2.4. Rabbinic Responses..................... 79 2.4.1. Identity of the Rabbis and the Nature of Rabbinism 80 2.4.2. Jamnian Academy.................. 83 2.4.3. The Mishanic Responses............... 85 2.4.3.1. The Explanation of the Disaster...... 85 2.4.3.2. Hope for the Restoration.......... 86 2.4.3.3. Insistence on the Temple Related Activities 88 2.4.3.4. Emphasis on Extra-Temple Activities... 92 2.5. Conclusion.......................... 95
IX CHAPTER TWO SYNOPTIC PARALLELS OF THE TEMPLE ACTION IN JOHN Introduction............................. 97 1. Contexts of the Synoptic Accounts of the Temple Action... 99 1.1. Royal Entry of Jesus in the Synoptics........... 100 1.1.1. Jesus Entry in Mark................ 100 1.1.1.1. Jesus Enters as King............ 100 1.1.1.2. Jesus Entry has Messianic and non- Messianic Elements............ 104 1.1.1.3. Concluding Remarks............ 110 1.1.2. Royal Entry of Jesus in Matthew.......... 110 1.1.2.1. Jesus Entrance is in Fulfilment of the Scriptures.................. 111 1.1.2.2. Jesus Enters Jerusalem as King...... 112 1.1.2.3. Jesus Enters Jerusalem as Messiah.... 113 1.1.2.4. Concluding Remarks............ 115 1.1.3. Jesus Royal Entry in Luke............. 115 1.1.3.1. Jesus Enters as King............ 116 1.1.3.2. Jesus Enters as the Messiah........ 118 1.1.3.3. Jesus Entry Culminates in a Lament over the Destruction............... 119 1.1.3.4. Concluding Remarks............ 123 1.2. The Narrative of the Cursing and Withering of the Fig Tree 124 1.2.1. The Fig Tree Story in Mark............. 124 1.2.1.1. The Image of the Fig Tree......... 126 1.2.1.2. It was not the Season for Figs....... 129 1.2.1.3. Intertwining of the Temple Incident between the Fig Tree Story............. 135 1.2.1.4. Concluding Remarks............ 139 1.2.1.5. Mountain Moving Saying......... 140 1.2.2. The Fig Tree Story in Matthew........... 145 1.2.2.1. Concluding Remarks............ 148 2. Synoptic Parallels of the Temple Action............ 149 2.1. The Original Meaning of the Temple Action....... 150 2.1.1. Protest against the Herodian Monumentalization.. 151 2.1.2. Protest against the Sacrificial System........ 154
X 2.1.3. Protest against the Trade in the Temple...... 156 2.1.3.1. Protest against the Trade as a Source of Desecration................. 159 2.1.3.2. Protest against the Trade as a Source/ Means of Exploitation........... 160 2.1.4. Protest against Misusing the Court of the Gentiles. 161 2.1.5. Protest against the Worship without Ethics.... 164 2.1.6. Protest against the Temple Priesthood....... 165 2.1.6.1. Revolutionary Act against the Pro-Roman Sacerdotal Aristocracy........... 166 2.1.6.2. An Act of Zeal against the Pollution of the Priests................... 168 2.1.6.3. Protest against the Corrupt and Greedy Priesthood................. 170 2.1.7. Symbol of Destruction................ 173 2.1.8. Eschatological/Messianic Act............ 177 2.1.9. Conclusion...................... 181 2.2. The Temple Action in Mark................ 183 2.2.1. The Location of Jesus Action........... 184 2.2.2. Why were the Traders in the Temple?....... 186 2.2.3. Why were the Money Changers in the Temple?.. 188 2.2.4. Jesus Prohibition against skeõov......... 190 2.2.4.1. Prohibition in View of Purity....... 191 2.2.4.2. Prohibition in View of the Destruction.. 194 2.2.5. Explanatory Words of Jesus in Mark........ 196 2.2.5.1. House of Prayer for all the Nations.... 200 2.2.5.1.1. For the Gentiles......... 201 2.2.5.1.2. Against Sacrifices....... 204 2.2.5.2. Cave of Robbers.............. 206 2.2.5.2.1. Protest against Economic Corruption or Unethical Behaviour 206 2.2.5.2.2. A Symbol of Destruction.... 208 2.2.6. Conclusion: The Meaning of the Temple Action in Mark......................... 211 2.3. The Temple Action in Matthew.............. 213 2.3.1. Redactional Elements in the Matthean Story.... 213 2.3.2. Omission of the Phrase p sin to v qnesin.... 215 2.3.3. Conclusion: The Meaning of the Temple Action in Matthew....................... 217 2.4. The Temple Action in Luke................ 222 2.5. Conclusion.......................... 230
XI CHAPTER THREE JESUS, THE ESCHATOLOGICAL TEMPLE: EXEGESIS OF JN 2,13-22 Introduction............................. 233 1. Narrative Context: Sign at Cana................. 234 2. Textual Unit........................... 236 3. Literary Structure......................... 239 4. Textual Analysis......................... 241 4.1. The Setting of the Scene.................. 243 4.1.1. tò pásxa...................... 243 4.1.2. t n ˆIoudaíwn................... 244 4.2. The Scene in the Temple.................. 246 4.3. Action in the Temple.................... 248 4.3.1. The Identity of the pántev............. 249 4.3.2. Significance of Jesus action............ 251 4.4. The Father s House and the House of Trade........ 253 4.4.1. Jesus Prohibition.................. 254 4.4.1.1. Addressees of the Prohibition....... 254 4.4.1.2. Object of the Prohibition.......... 256 4.4.1.3. Meaning of the Prohibition........ 257 4.4.1.3.1. Allusion to Zechariah..... 258 4.4.2. Claims of Jesus................... 264 4.5. The Zeal that Consumed Jesus............... 267 4.5.1. Gloss or Aside?................... 267 4.5.2. Sudden Insight or Later Interpretation?...... 269 4.5.3. The Johannine Interpretation of Jesus Act in the Light of Ps 69,9................... 272 4.5.3.1. The Meaning of the Ps 69, 9 in its Original Context................... 272 4.5.3.2. Source of the Citation........... 275 4.5.3.3. The Johannine Interpretation........ 276 4.5.3.3.1. The Temple Action is a Messianic Act............ 277 4.5.3.3.2. The Temple Action would Lead to Jesus Death......... 278 4.5.3.3.3. The Temple Action Points to Jesus Zeal for the Eschatological Temple............. 280 4.6. The Demand of the Jews for a Sign........... 282 4.6.1. Identification of the Jews.............. 283
XII 4.6.1.1. oï ˆIouda oi in the Fourth Gospel.... 283 4.6.1.2. oï ˆIouda oi in v. 18........... 289 4.6.2. The Significance of the Demand for a Sign.... 290 4.6.2.1. sjme a in the Fourth Gospel....... 291 4.6.2.2. sjme on in 2,18.............. 296 4.6.3. The Significance of the Jewish Demand for a Sign 297 4.7. Jesus Response, Jewish Misunderstanding and the Narrator s Comment........................... 300 4.7.1. Misunderstanding in the Fourth Gospel....... 300 4.7.2. Misunderstanding in 2,19-21............ 303 4.7.2.1. Ambiguous Statement (v. 19)....... 303 4.7.2.1.1. Metaphor or Double-meaning?. 309 4.7.2.2. Misunderstanding (v. 20)......... 312 4.7.2.3. Clarification: Jesus Body is the Temple of God (v. 21)................. 312 4.7.2.3.1. Significance of the Explanation 317 4.7.2.3.2. The New Temple: Jesus or His Church?............. 318 4.8. Remembrance and Belief of the Disciples......... 322 4.8.1. The Remembrance of the Disciples......... 323 4.8.2. The Belief of the Disciples............. 324 4.8.2.1. Objects of the Belief............ 324 4.8.2.2. Significance of the Belief......... 326 4.9. Conclusion.......................... 327 CHAPTER FOUR TEMPLE CLAIMS OF JESUS IN THE FOURTH GOSPEL Introduction............................. 331 1. The Temple Claim of Jesus in 7,37-38............. 332 1.1. The Background: The Feast of the Tabernacles...... 332 1.1.1. The Feast of the Tabernacles: Terminological Clarification........................ 333 1.1.2. The Feast of the Tabernacles: Four Important Dimensions..................... 334 1.1.3. The Feast of the Tabernacles: Water Rituals.... 335 1.2. Jesus Proclamation in 7,37-38 and its Implications.... 337 1.2.1. Punctuation: kaì pinétw or pinétw ö pisteúwn?. 338 1.2.1.1. Textual Evidence.............. 339 1.2.1.2. Patristic Evidence............. 340
XIII 1.2.1.3. Johannine Literary Style.......... 341 1.2.1.4. Concluding Remarks........... 345 1.2.2. êk t±v koilíav aûtoõ: Who is the Referent of aûtoõ?........................ 346 1.2.2.1. The Pronoun aûtoõ Refers to Jesus and Jesus is the Source............. 346 1.2.2.2. The Pronoun aûtoõ Refers to the Believer who is the Source............. 350 1.2.2.3. The Pronoun aûtoõ Refers to the Believer who is not the Source........... 352 1.2.2.4. Concluding Remarks............ 354 1.2.3. KaqÑv e pen grafß: Which is the OT Text in Question?...................... 355 1.2.3.1. Zechariah 14,8............... 358 1.2.3.2. Ezekiel 47,1-5............... 360 1.2.3.3. The Theme of Water from the Rock... 363 1.2.3.4. Concluding Remarks............ 366 1.2.4. The Day of Jesus Proclamation.......... 367 1.3. Conclusion.......................... 370 2. The Temple Claim of Jesus in 10,36............... 371. 372................ Testament in the Old ק ד שׁ 2.1. 2.2. giov in the New Testament................ 373 2.3. Johannine Use of ägiáhw.................. 373 2.3.1. ägiáhw in 17,19a in View of Death........ 375 2.3.2. ägiáhw in 17,19a in View of Mission....... 377 2.3.3. Concluding Remarks................ 382 2.4. Jesus Consecration in Jn 10,36.............. 383 2.4.1. Textual Unit..................... 383 2.4.2. The Feast of Hanukkah............... 384 2.4.3. Ωn ö pat r gíasen................ 386 2.4.3.1. ägiáhw as Consecration for a Mission.. 386 2.4.3.2. ägiáhw as Consecration as the New Temple 388 2.5. Conclusion.......................... 394 GENERAL CONCLUSION........................ 397