PREFACE I INTRODUCTldN CONTENTS IS I. Kant and his critics 37 z. The patchwork theory 38 3. Extreme and moderate views 40 4. Consequences of the patchwork theory 4Z S. Kant's own view of the Kritik 43 6. The novelty of Kant's doctrine 46 7. Novelty and obscurity 48 8. The reasons for Kant's obscurity 49 9. Kant's use of language So 10. Some reservations sz II. Kant's claim 54 u. Kant as a thinker 55 BOOK I KANT'S PROBLEM II APPEARANCE AND REALITY I. Primary and secondary qualities z. Relation of appearances to reality 3. Mental states 4. Difficulties S. Historical background 6. Idealism and science 7. Kant's realistic tendencies 8. Kant's arguments III SYNTHETIC A PRIORI JUDGEMENTS I. The Copernican revolution z. A priori knowledge 3. Temporal priority 4. Types of a priori knowledge S. Analytic and synthetic judgements 6. Analytic judgements 7. Synthetic judgements 8. Kant's problem 9. The reality of Kant's problem 59 61 63 64 67 68 70 71 75 76 77 80 8z 84 86 87 89
22 CONTENTS BOOK II SPACE AND TIME IV SENSE AND SENSIBILITY I. The Transcendental Aesthetic 2. Intuition 3. Sense and understanding 4. Outer and inner sense S. The form of intuition 6. Pure intuition V SPACE AND TIME-THE METAPHYSICAL EXPOSITION 93 93 98 99 101 103 I. Kant's question 107 2. Metaphysical and transcendental expositions 107 3 The Metaphysical Exposition 109 4 Space and time not empirical but a priori ideas 110 s Space and time not concepts but intuitions 114 6. Oneness of space and time I I 5 7 Infinity of space and time 118 8. Intuition and conception 122 9 Different kinds of abstraction 124 VI SPACE AND TIME-TRANSCENDENTAL EXPOSITION AND CONCLUSIONS I. Transcendental Exposition of space and time 127 2. Synthetic and analytic argument 130 3 Conclus.)fls 13 0 4 The Newtonian view 132 S The Leibnizian view 133 6. The Kantian view 134 7 Temporal priority 136 8. Form and matter 137 9 Empirical reality, transcendental ideality 143 VII SPACE AND TIME-KANT'S ASSUMP TIONS I. Universality of space 2. Universality of time 3. Universality of space and time 4. Necessity of space and time
VII CONTENTS 23 SPACE AND TIME-KANT'S ASSl!MP TIONS-continued 5. Modem mathematical theory 6. Kant's view of algebra 7. The necessity of a priori construction 8. Modern geometries VIII SPACE AND TIME-KANT'S CONCLU SIONS ISS 157 158 160 I. The connexion of space and time with sensibility 164 2. The subjectivity of space and time 165 3. A rough analogy 168 4. Subjectivity and knowledge of necessity / 169 5. The arguments against Leibniz and Newton 171 6. The theory of Kant 175 7. Human experience 178 8. Space and time in relation to things-inthemselves 180 9. Time and things-in-themselves 181 10. Value of Kant's argument 183 BOOK III FORMAL AND TRANSCENDENTAL LOGIC IX FORMAL LOGIC X I. Formal Logic 2. Divisions of Formal Logic 3. Formal Logic is entirely a priori +- The matter of concepts 5. Different types of concept 6. The form of concepts FORMAL LOGIC (CONTINUED) 187 188 190 192 196 198 I. The forms of judgement 204 2. Are the forms of judgement universal and necessary? 206 3. Kant's central argument 209 4. Some criticisms 209
24 CONTENTS X FORMAL LOGIC-continued 5. Kant's ideal 6. The form of synthetic judgements 7. Discursive and analytic thinking 8. Judgement is synthesis 211 21 3 216 219 XI TRANSCENDENTAL LOGIC I. Transcendental and Formal Logic 222 2. The nature of Transcendental Logic 223 3. Transcendental knowledge 226 4. The transcendental use of knowledge 230 S. Can Transcendental Logic supersede Formal Logic? 232 6. Divisions of Transcendental Logic 233 7. Kant's 'architectonic' 235 8. The Transcendental Analytic 237 9. The Analytic of Concepts 238 10. The Metaphysical and Transcendental Deductions 239 II. The Subjective and Objective Deductions 241 BOOK IV THE METAPHYSICAL DEDUCTION OF THE CATEGORIES XII CONCEPTION AND JUDGEMENT I. Divisions of the Metaphysical Deduction 245 2. The meaning of 'function' 245 3. Outline of the argument 248 4. The concept 249 5 Thejudgement 251 -t-6. The categories 256 7. The schematised categories 260 XIII CONCEPTION AND SYNTHESIS I. Pure intuition and the categories 2. The nature of synthesis 3. Synthesis and analysis 4. Two factors in knowledge 5. Synthesis and the concept 6. Pure synthesis and the category 7. The conditions of a priori knowledge
CONTENTS 25 XIV THE METAPHYSICAL DEDUCTION I. The general nature of the argument 280 2. Unity in judgement 281 3. Unity and synthesis 2 83 4. The pure concept of the understanding 286 5. Analytic and synthetic unity 287 6. The analytic unity 288 7. The synthetic unity 289 8. The categories and the forms of judgement 293 9. The clue to the discovery of the categories 297 10. Analytic and synthetic judgements 3 00 XV THE CATEGORIES I. The categories 303 2. Trichotomy of the categories 305 3. The categories and generic concepts 306 4. The predicables 307 s. Is the list of categories complete? 308 BOOK V THE TRANSCENDENTAL DEDUCTION -I NT ROD U C TOR Y E X P 0 SIT ION XVI THE PROBLEM I. Divisions of the Transcendental Deduction 313 2. Principles of a transcendental deduction 313 3. Empirical and transcendental deductions 314 4. Space and time and the categories 316 s. Psychological development in time 317 6. Necessity for a transcendental deduction 319 7. Difficulty of deducing the categories 322 8. Reasons for this difficulty 323 9. Illustration of the difficulty 326 10. Appeal to experience is useless 327 II. The patchwork theory 328 12. Intuition and understanding 329 13. Animal consciousness 332
26 CONTENTS XVII THE METHOD OF SOLUTION \... / / 1. The Copernican revolution 2. Empirical ideas 3. A priori ideas 4. Pure intuition and pure concepts 5. The object 336 337, 338 338 34 0 6. The concept of an object in general 341 7. The method of the Objective Deduction 342 8. The principle of transcendental deduction in general 344 9. The method of the Subjective Deduction 344 XVIII THE PROVISIONAL EXPOSITION 1. The method of exposition 2. Repetitions 3. The Objective Deduction 4. The Subjective Deduction 5. The threefold synthesis 6. Plan of the argument 348 349 350 352 353 356 XIX THE THREEFOLD SYNTHESIS 1. The importance of time 357 2. The synthesis of apprehension 359 3. The synthesis of reproduction 363 4. Three kinds of imagination 366 5. Transcendental affinity 367 6. The pure transcendental synthesis of repro- ~~~ 3~ 7. The synthesis of recognition 374 8. Clear and obscure ideas 377 9. Empirical and transcendental apperception 379 XX THE OBJECT AND THE CONCEPT 1. Kant's method of exposition 2. The object 3. The formal unity of consciousness 4. Synthesis and concepts 5. Concept and rule 6. Empirical concepts 7. Necessary reproduction
CONI'ENI'S 2.7 XXI APPERCEPTION AND THE UNITY OF NATURE I. Necessary synthetic unity and apperception 396 2. Empirical and transcendental apperception 398 3. Inner sense and empirical apperception 400 4. Transcendental apperception 403 5. The unity of apperception 405 6. Apperception as the condition of experience 408 7. The unity of nature 411 XXII THE TRANSCENDENTAL OBJECT I. Apperception and the transcendental object 417 2. Transcendental object and thing-in-itself 420 XXIII APPERCEPTION AND THE CATEGORIES I. The order of exposition 2. The unity of experience 3. Unity in accordance with concepts 4. Categories and forms of thought 5. Apperception and the categories 6. The meaning of 'function' 7. Functions of synthesis 426 427 429 43 0 432 434 439 XXIV THE AFFINITY OF APPEARANCES I. The affinity of appearances 444 2. Transcendental and empirical affinity 446 3. The unity of nature 449 4. The one all-embracing experience 450 BOOK VI THE TRANSCENDENTAL DEDUCTION OF THE CATEGORIES XXV THE PROGRESSIVE EXPOSITION I. The authoritative exposition 2. The unity of apperception 3. The unity of the manifold 4. Empirical and transcendental consciousness 5. Principles of the understanding 6. Clear and obscure ideas 457 458 459 460 462 463
28 CONTENTS XXV THE PROGRESSIVE EXPOSITION-continued 7. The pure synthesis of imagination 464 8. Pure synthesis and experience 466 9. The transcendental synthesis of imagination 467 10. The transcendental unity of the synthesis of imagination 468 I I. Apperception and the understanding 469 12. Understanding and the categories 471 13. Understanding and appearances 472 14. Understanding and imagination 473 XXVI THE REGRESSIVE EXPOSITION I. The regressive exposition 476 2. Given appearances 476 3. The synthesis of apprehension 478 4. The synthesis of reproduction 479 5. Transcendental affinity 481 6. The transcendental synthesis of imagination 483 7. Transcendental imagination and experience 484 8. Transcendental imagination and apperception 486 9. The categories 488 XXVII UNDERSTANDING AND NATURE I. Understanding as a power of rules 2. Rules and laws 3. Kant's own definitions 4. The understanding as law-giver s. The final summary 6. The patchwork theory XXVIII THE OBJECTIVE DEDUCTION 492 493 495 496 497 498 I. The Deduction in the second edition 499 2. The Objective and Subjective Deductions 501 3. Summary of the Objective Deduction 502 4. Combination or synthesis 503 5. The synthetic unity of apperception 510 6. Apperception and objects of knowledge 516 7. The objective unity of apperception 518 8. Apperception and the form of judgement 521 9. The Objective Deduction 523 10. Ambiguity of the word 'given' 525
CONTENTS 29 XXIX THE SUBJECTIVE DEDUCTION I. The categories and human experience 526 2. The Objective and Subjective Deductions 528 3. Framework of the Subjective Deduction 529 4. Limits of knowledge through the categories 530 5. The categories and non-human intelligence 531 6. The categories and the form of time 532 7. The transcendental synthesis of imagination 535 8. Aim of the Subjective Deduction 537 9. The synthesis of apprehension 538 10. Apprehension involves space and time 539 I I. Space and time involve unity 540 12. The Subjective Deduction 541 13. The category of quantity 543 14. The category of causality 544-15. Understanding as lawgiver 545 xxx THE ARGUMENT OF THE DEDUCTION I. The analysis of experience 547 2. The demand of thought 549 3. The forms of thought 552 4. The subjective and objective sides of the Deduction 555 5. The nature of Kant's argument 558 6. The Copernican revolution 561 7. Difficulties in Kant's view 565 8. The Copernican revolution and the categories 567 XXXI THE FACTORS IN EXPERIENCE I. The unity of apperception 570 2. The unity of the object 57I 3. The synthesis of imagination 572 4. Is synthesis conscious or unconscious? 572 5. The false assumptions of the dilemma 575 6. Example of the transcendental synthesis 576 7. The development of experience 577 8. The necessity of synthesis 579 9. Co-operation of mind and reality 581 10. Empirical realism and transcendental idealism 582 II. Limits of the present argument 584
30 CONTENTS VOLUME TWO BOOK VII THE SCHEMATISM OF THE CATEGORIES XXXII CATEGORY AND SCHEMA I. A summary of Kant's argument 17 2. Importance of the chapter on Schematism 20 3. The transcendental Doctrine of Judgement 21 4. Subsumption under the categories 24 5. The difficulty of subsumption under the categories 25 6. The transcendental schema 28 7. The restriction of the category through the schema 31 8. The schema in general 32 9. Special characteristics of the transcendental schema 37 10. Summary of conclusions 39 XXXIII THE TRANSCENDENTAL SCHEMATA I. Category and schema 2. The schema of quantity 3. The schema of quality 4. The schemata of relation 5. The schemata of modality 6. Kant's summary 7. The number of the schemata XXXIV THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SCHEMA I. Subsumption and syllogism 66 2. Category and schema 68 3. The transcendental synthesis of imagination 71 4. The schematism of the understanding 73 5. Value of Kant's doctrine 75 6. The possibility of reconstruction 77
CONTENTS BOOK VIII 3 1 THE PRINCIPLES OF THE UNDERSTANDING XXXV THE SUPREME PRINCIPLE OF SYNTHETIC JUDGEMENTS I. The nature of Kant's argument 81 2. The principle of analytic judgements 83 3. Different kinds of synthetic judgement 8...... The 'third thing' 86 s. The possibility of experience 90 6. The principle of all synthetic judgements 94 XXXVI THE PRINCIPLES OF THE UNDER STANDING I. Different kinds of principle 97 2. The Principles of the Understanding 98 3. Intuitive and discursive certainty 100 4. The proof of the Principles 103 s. Modern science and the Principles of the Understanding 106 BOOK IX THE MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLES XXXVII THE AXIOMS OF INTUITION I. The Principle of the Axioms 2. The proof in the first edition 3. The proof in the second edition 4. Successiveness of synthesis s. Intuition and object 6. The doctrine of the Aesthetic 7. The axioms of geometry 8. Quantitas and quantum 9. The formulae of arithmetic 10. The application of mathematics to objects of experience III 1I2 114 II7 II9 121 124 12S 129 131,
32 CONTENTS XXXVIII THE ANTICIPATIONS OF SENSE-PERCEP- TION 1. The Principle of the Anticipations 2. The proof in the first edition 3. The proof in the second edition 4. Intensive quantity 5. The synthesis of quality 6. The causality of the object 7. The doctrine of continuity 8. Empty space and time 9. Kant's conclusion 134 139 141 144 147 150 152 154 155 BOOK X THE ANALOGIES OF EXPERIENCE XXXIX THE PRINCIPLE OF THE ANALOGIES I. The formulation of the Principle 2. The argument in the first edition 3. The modes of time 4. The argument in the second edition 5. The assumptions of the argument 6. The conclusion of the argument 7. The general character of the proof 159 161 163 167 170 173 175, XL THE SPECIAL CHARACTER OF THE ANALOGIES I. The Analogies are regulative 2. The first meaning of 'Analogy' 3. The second meaning of 'Analogy' XLI THE FIRST ANALOGY 1. The Principle of permanence 2. The argument of the first edition 3. The argument of the second edition ){LII SUBSTANCE 1. In what sense is apprehension successive? 192 2. The permanent and time-determination 195 3. The permanence of time 199
CONTENTS 33 XLII SUBSTANCE-continued 4. Substratum and substance 5. Can substance be perceived? 6. The quantum of substance 7. Material substance 8. The conservation of matter 9. The empirical criterion of substance 10. The concept of change II. Science and experience XLIII THE SECOND ANALOGY 201 204 2 07 209 2 13 215 2 17 218 I. The Principle of causality 221 224 225 2. The six proofs of causality 3. The first proof 4. The object and its temporal relations 5. The second proof XLIV THE SECOND ANALOGY (CONTINUED) 230 238 I. The third proof 245 2. Origin of the concept of causality 248 3. The fourth proof 249 4. The fifth proof 253 5. The sixth proof 257 XLV THE ARGUMENT FOR CAUSALITY I. Kant's presuppositions 262 2. Kant's argument 263 3. Objective and subjective succession 265 4. The conditions of experience 268 5. The process to experience 271 6. Causality and time 273 7. Particular causal laws 275 8. The transcendental synthesis of imagination 278 XLVI CAUSALITY AND CONTINUITY 'I. Kant's concept of causality 281 2. The successiveness of cause and effect 2 83 3. The continuity of change 2 84 4. The law of continuity 288 5. Continuity as the formal condition of VOL. r. apprehension 2 89 :l
34 CONTENTS XLVII THE THIRD ANALOGY I. The Principle of interaction 2. The meaning of coexist'!dce 3. The proof in the second edition 294 297 298 XLVIII THE THIRD ANALOGY (CONTINUED) I. The proof in the first edition 310 2. Interaction and sense-perception 316 3. Interaction and the unity of apperception 319 4. Interaction and coexistence 324 5. Kant's proof of interaction 329 BOOK XI THE POSTULATES OF EMPIRICAL THOUGHT XLIX POSSIBILITY I. The Principles of possibility, actuality, and necessity 335 2. The interdependence of the categories of modality 339 3. Thought and its object 342 4. The First Postulate 345 5. Possibility in relation to different types of concept 346 6. The possibility of experience 354 L ACTUALITY AND NECESSITY I. The Second Postulate 357 2. The Third Postulate 362 3. Some traditional conceptions 364 4. Leibnizian possibility 366 5. The meaning of the word 'Postulate' 368 6. The competence of Kant's exposition 370 BOOK XII TRANSCENDENTAL IDEALISM LI EMPIRICAL REALISM I. Problems of the Critical Philosophy 2. Descartes and Berkeley 375 376
CONTENTS 35 LI EMPIRICAL REALISM-continued 3. The Refutation of Idealism 377 4. Turning the tables on idealism 381 s. Empirical realism and transcendental idealism 384 6. Sense and imagination 385 LII INNER SENSE AND SELF-KNOWLEDGE I. The paradox of inner sense 387 2. Understanding, imagination, and inner sense 390 3. Illustrations of Kant's doctrine 393 4. Inner sense and the phenomenal self 398 5. Apperception and self-knowledge 401 LIII SELF-KNOWLEDGE AND KNOWLEDGE OF OBJECTS I. The existence of the self 2. The existence of the object 3. Reality of inner and outer sense 4. Ideality of inner and outer sense 5. Time and inner sense 6. Inner sense and the phenomenal self 7. Appearance and illusion 8. Difficulties of inner sense 9. A rough analogy LIV THE TRANSCENDENTAL USE OF CON- CEPTS 404 40 6 410 411 4 1 3 4 1 5 416 418 424 I. Empirical realism and transcendental idealism 426 2. The empirical use of concepts 427 3. The transcendental use of concepts 429 4. Mathematical concepts 431 5. The categories 432 6. Kant's conclusion 435 LV NOUMENON AND TRANSCENDENTAL OBJECT I. Phenomena and noumena 2. Alleged knowledge of noumena 3. The transcendental object 4. Origin of belief in noumena s. Kant's conclusion in the first edition 439 440 442 445 447
CONTENTS LVI PHENOMENA AND NOUMENA I. Categories and knowledge of noumena 45 0 2. The positive and negative meaning of 'noumenon' 45:1 3 Can we know the thing-in-itself? 453 4 Thought and intuition 455 5. The concept of 'noumenon' as a limiting concept 456 6. Understanding not limited by sensibility 458 7. The union of understanding and sensibility 459 8. The limits of knowledge 460 EPILOGUE 463 GENERAL INDEX 465 INDEX OF ANNOTATED PASSAGES 5 0 5