ח שׁ = darkness, obscurity under BDB 865a. Root חשׁ = be, grow dark.

1 Exodus 14 (14:19) 652a. pull out or up, set out, journey under BDB = נסע 334a. encampment, camp under BDB = מ ח נ ה 29b. after, behind under BDB א ח ר stand. take one s stand, = עמד pillar, column under BDB 765a. Root = ע מּוּד appear, (perhaps) cover; =ענן "cloud-mass, cloud" under BDB 777b. Root =ע נ ן present oneself; intervene as an obstacle. Grammatical note = Locative מפני (from, from before). The preposition מפני can be used with a verb of motion to indicate that movement begins near or in front of the object of the preposition and moves away from there. This is also called the ablative use of.מפלי See Williams 375. (14:20) ח שׁ = darkness, obscurity under BDB 865a. Root חשׁ = be, grow dark. 21a. be or become light, Hiphil light up, cause to shine, shine under BDB = אור Note form long waw-consecutive. (14:21) Rare. dry land, dry ground under BDB 387a. = י בּ שׁ ה 327a. wall under BDB = חוֹמ ה 411b. right (hand), south under BDB = י מ ין שׂ מ אל the left (north) under BDB 969b. Akk = שׂ מ אל Šumeelu. Arb timālu(n). OArm.שמאל Palm.סמאל Sab שׁמאל north, unlucky. (14:23)

2 mount = רכב "chariotry, chariot, mill-stone; riders" under BDB 393a. Root = ר כ ב and ride, ride..פ ר שׁ horseman under BDB 832a. Arb fārisu(n). Arm = פ ר שׁ (14:24) watch (division of time) under BDB 1038a. Rare. Note the = א שׁ מ ר ת or א שׁ מוּר ה unusual א noun preformative. = Niphal lean over (and look), look down, overhang under BDB 1054b. Arm שׁקף sky. rocky pinnacle, rock. Arb saqfu(n) ceiling, roof, שׁ ק יפ א make a noise, move noisily, confuse, discomfit under BDB 243a. Note = המם form המם Qal 3ms waw-consecutive of final geminate. Usually difficult to parse. (14:25) 1 ויסר turn. = meaning dubious perhaps אפן wheel under BDB 66b. Root = אוֹפ ן 939b. chariot under BDB = מ ר כּ ב ה 624a. drive, conduct under BDB = נהג.כבד heaviness under BDB 459b. Hapax. Root = כ ב ד ת here. = Hiphil put to flight; hide under BDB 630b. Except Qal נוס 2 במצרים (14:26) stretch out, spread out, extend, incline, bend, Hiphil turn, incline under = נטה BDB 939b. Arb nṭw - naṭā stretch out. 1 SamPent, Septuagint, Syriac ויּ א ס ר so? 2 Thus Leningrad Codex, several manuscripts and editions have soph passuq (end of verse mark).

3 Important verse. Let the water return on top of the Egyptian forces. (14:27) Akk pānu.פנת turn under BDB 815a. Arb fani(y) pass away, banish. Sab = פנה.פנם face. Ph daybreak. Literally turning of the morning = לפנות בקר 3 נסים 450b. perennial, ever-flowing under BDB = א ית ן 654b. II = "shake, shake out or off", Piel shake out, shake off under BDB נער Arb naġira, naġara boil, be in violent commotion, be very angry. (14:28) 491a. = Piel cover under BDB כסה be = חול חיל strength, efficiency, wealth, army under BDB 298b. Root = ח י ל firm, strong. 983b. Niphal remain, be left over under BDB =שׁאר Grammatical note = Separative מן (from). Also called its ablative use, the preposition מן can indicate a location or state from which something moves away. See Williams 315. (14:29) Interesting. Compare 14:22. 4 ומשׂמאלם (14:30). נ ס ע ים SamPent 3 4 Thus Leningrad Codex, several manuscripts and editions have end of verse mark.

4 = Hiphil deliver, Niphal be liberated, saved under BDB 446a. Arb wasiʿa ישׁע be capacious, Ph PN.ישע Sab.יתר Note strange ת = Arb s. Interesting summation of everything that just happened. So Yhwh saved Israel. šafatu(n) lip, speech, edge under BDB 973b. Akk šaptu lip, edge. Arb = שׂ פ ה lip, šafā(n) edge. (14:31) 52b. confirm, support under BDB = אמן 5 ביהוה (15:1) 1010b. 6 sing (denominative?) under BDB = שׁ יר now. song under BDB 1010a. Common noun. Learn it = שׁ יר 7 ליהוה proud. 8 be boastful, = אתגאה "rise up" under BDB 144a. Arm = גאה rama(y) I = "cast, shoot" under BDB 941a. Akk ramû = throw, lay. Arb רמה.רמא throw, shoot. Arm Grammatical note = Preterite in prose after.אז The particle אז is often followed by a verb that is spelled like the imperfect but appears to have a past time meaning. Such verbs might be preterite rather than imperfect. See Williams 177c. Rw Williams is hedging a little here. Some (most?) Hebraicists believe there once was a prefixed preterite verb in ancient Hebrew. It did not end in an original short vowel. In Standard Biblical Hebrew and later the prefixed preterite 5 Septuagint read τω θεω so (feared) God. 6 SamPent,אשׁרו Version (?) read 1p. 7 Septuagint* reads τω θεω so to God. 8 SamPent,גוי it (?) 21 b.

5 was marked with ו and the prefix of the verb was doubled. Hence the wawconsecutive. That the prefixed preterite did not end in an original short vowel explains why the waw-consecutive can appear different from a normal prefixed form. See Wright, Linguistic Evidence for the Pre-exilic Date of the Yahwistic Source, 22-24 for a short summary. There were two tenses in ancient Hebrew each with three modes. The prefixed form is the imperfect indicative and the waw-consecutive is the preterite indicative. This schema also helps explain heavy suffixes. 9 (15:2).עזז strength, might under BDB 738b. Root = ע ז I = make זמר melody, song (in praise of Yhwh) under BDB 274a. Root = ז מ ר ה music (in praise of God). 10 11 יהּ spacious? make wide, = ישׁע salvation under BDB 447a. Root = י שׁוּע ה Hapax? 12 I = Hiphil beautify under BDB 627a. נוה be high, exalted, rise, Polel raise, exalt under BDB 926b. Somewhat = רום unusual נהו energic nun (?) + 3ms suffix. Do such examples call into question what Robert Hetzron wrote about heavy suffixes in classical Hebrew? (15:3) 13 אישׁ 14 מלחמה 9 Robert Hetzron, "Third Person Singular Pronoun Suffixes in ProtoSemitic." Orientalia Suecana (1969) 18: 101-127. Save the reference! 10 A few manuscripts, SamPent, Vulgate י, ת Septuagint και σκεπαστης = וס ת ר ת י compare Deuteronomy 32:38. 11 Septuagint omits. 12 Septuagint (Syriac, Vulgate) και δοξασω αυτον. 13 SamPent, Syriac בוֹר,ג Septuagint συωτριβων. 14 SamPent,במלחמה Septuagint has plural, Syriac wqrbtn) = et bellator.

6 (15:4) fpc. Note form מ ר כּ בוֹת Qal. = Hiphil throw, cast; shoot under BDB 434b, 435a. Although here ירה choose. = בחר choicest, best under BDB104b. Root = מ ב ח ר III = adjutant, officer (best explained as third man in chariot) under BDB שׁ ל ישׁ 1026b. Rare. 1026b. I = third (part, of an ephah?), name of a measure under BDB שׁ ל ישׁ Hapax? Root שׁלשׁ = (meaning unknown). Akk.ט ב ע sink, sink down, Hiphil be sunk, settled under BDB 371b. Arm = טבע ṭebû sink in. Arb ṭabaʿa seal, stamp, imprint. 15 (15:5) = תהם deep, sea, abyss (almost always poetry) under BDB 1062b. Root = ת הוֹם Akk tiāmtu and others? = Piel cover under BDB 491a. We understand 3 rd כסה parse! Not easy to יכסי מו Rare 3mp suffix. Is this Archaic? מוּ returns before vocalic suffix. But י* Biblical Hebrew at work? 16?במצ לוֹת depth, deep under BDB 846b. Okay and why not = מ צוּל ה (15:6) (thence) (poetic) wide, great, = אדר glory, cloak under BDB 12a. Root = א דּ ר ת high, noble. Here Niphal. Note unusual י construct suffix?.כחח strength, power under BDB 470b. Root = כוֹח raḫāṣu. Amarna.רעץ shatter under BDB 950a. Very rare. Arm = רעץ. ט בּ ע = κατεποντισεν Septuagint -B82 (Syriac) 15 16 Cairo ; תכסיומו SamPent יכסמו compare Septuagint εκαλυψεν αυτους.

7 (15:7) up. rise גאה exaltation (pride?) under BDB 144b. Root = ג אוֹן bruise, throw down, break or tear down under BDB 248b. Arab harasa = הרס bray, pound, crush. קמי A little tricky to parse and an unusual way to express enemies literally your ones-who-arise. (burning of) anger under BDB 354b. How do we find what root this is = ח רוֹן under in BDB? Remember that וֹן is sometimes a noun sufformative. Try.חרה. מו Again the very unusual 3ms suffix יאכלמו up(?). be old, dried = קשׁשׁ I = "stubble, chaff" under BDB 905b. Rare. Root ק שׁ (15:8) I = Niphal be heaped up under BDB 790b. Hapax? Arm (arimu(n). Sab ערם dam. = plural of אערמהו and other נצב (Pun) = Niphal take one s stand, stand under BDB 662a. Ph נצב מצבא statue. Palm נצב set up. Zinj נצב forms monument. Nab Palm image. Akk (perhaps) naṣābu (Amarna). Arm.נ צ ב Arb naṣaba set up, erect. Sab נצב cippus. = II נדד "heap of waters" (of Red Sea or of Jordan) under BDB 622b. Root = נ ד high hill, hill rising high into the sky, earth-heap, sand-heap. flow, trickle, drop, distil (poetry) under BDB 633b. Arb nazala descend = נזל (milk into udder but also in general). 891a. thicken, condense, congeal under BDB = קפא (15:9) 673a. = Hiphil reach, overtake under BDB נשׂג

8 323b. divide, share under BDB = חלק 1021b. spoil, plunder under BDB = שׁ ל ל but again the unusual 3ms suffix. Literally I will be מלא We recognize תמלא מוֹ full (of) him. 17 out, = Hiphil "make empty, empty" under BDB 937b. Arb rāqa (y) = pour ריק forth. Arm ריק = empty, pour. Akk rêqu = empty. take possession of, inherit, disposess, Niphal be impoverished, come to = ירשׁ poverty (very rare) under BDB 439b. Note Hiphil prefix + rare alternate 3ms suffix. The phrasing of this verse is difficult. Literally I will make empty my sword, I will dispossess them = I will draw my sword, I will destroy them. (15:10) rare. 18 "blow" under BDB 676a. Arb nasafa (vulgar). Very = נשׁף + rare 3mp suffix. Should we be surprised by so many כסה Difficult to parse כסּמו object suffixes attached directly to verbs? Probably not. Although the forms are unusual. down, II = sink, be submerged under BDB 853a. Hapax? Akk ṣalālu = sink צלל sink to rest. )abār. lead under BDB 780a. Arb = ע פ ר ת noble. wide, great, high, = אדר majestic under BDB 12a. Root = א דּ יר (15:11) unusual. A little כמכה 19 נאדר 17 Septuagint εμπλησω; Syriac tbl( )nwn as in verse 12.. נשׁבת SamPent 18

9 20 בקדשׁ??? = praises Literally feared/awesome (of) נורא תהלת ordinary), separate (from the = פלא wonder under BDB 810a. Root = פ ל א distinguish. (15:12) Preterite in poetry. In poetry, particularly old poetry (or poetry that imitates an old style), some verb forms look like the imperfect or jussive refer to the past, so they may be preterite. See Williams 177b. (15:13) (eyes) lead, guide under BDB 634b. Arb naḥā = go in direction of, turn = נחה toward. = du(w) (a demonstrative) this, these, which, whom under BDB 262a. Arb = זוּ (used as an indeclinable relative pronoun in the Tayyite dialect). 145a. redeem, act as kinsman under BDB = גאל = Piel lead, guide to a watering-place or station, cause to rest there; bring to a נהל station, place or rest; lead, guide; refresh under BDB 624b. 21 strong. be = עזז strength, might under BDB 738b. Root = (עוֹז (and rarely עז נוה abode of shepherd, or flocks, (poetry) habitation under BDB 627b. Root = נ ו ה II =??? aim at, propose to oneself as aim, place to which one purposes journeying. Grammatical note = The relative pronoun זוּ who, which, that. The relative pronoun זוּ is rare (also spelled זוּ and (ז ה and occurs only in poetry. See Williams 129a. Ed = And that might be where demonstrative adjectives come from? 19 SamPent י,נ דר Syriac hdjr = magnificus.?בקדשׁים = εναγιοις Septuagint 20 נ ה ל תּ SamPent Mss, Targum Jonathan 21

10 (15:17) Hiphil prefixed + suffix. Although the unusual and בוא Note form תּ ב א מוֹ archaic(?) מוֹ suffix which is unusual. 642a. plant under BDB = נטע.נחל possession, property, inheritance under BDB 635a. Root I = נ ח ל ה 467b. fixed or established place, foundation (chiefly poetic) under BDB = מ כוֹן Root כון = be firm (only in derivative forms)..פעל Arb faʿala. OArm.פעל under BDB 821a. Ph (עשׂה do, make (poetic for = פעל Common root for do, make in other Semitic languages. What is it doing here? sacred place, sanctuary under BDB 874a. Recognize the root and the = מ ק דּ שׁ common noun preformative מ which often indicates place. 22 establish; be firm, Niphal be set up, established, fixed, Polel set up, = כון constitute, make; fix (so as to be ready) under BDB 465b. Akk kānu be firm, right. Akk kāna exist, occur, be. 23 אדני 24 ידי (15:18) כוננו מל II = be or become king or queen, reign under BDB 573b. Denominative. psalter. - Compare to similar expressions in the י הו ה י מ ל ע ל ם ו ע ד (15:20) 22 Syriac adds 2s suffix. 23 Cairo, several manuscripts, SamPent read. יהוה Not surprising. 24 Syriac tqnjhj bʾjdjk = ביי?תכונן Why the shift from accomplished to not accomplished action?

11 drum. timbrel, = תפף "timbrel, tambourine" under BDB 1074a. Root = ת ף writhe. whirl, dance, = חיל חול "dancing" under BDB 298a. Root = מ חוֹל ה (15:21) 25 שׁירו 26 גאה 25 Septuagint, Targum Jonathan, Vulgate have 1p so let us sing..גוי Compare 1 c so 26