ロマン主義の諸相 宗教 哲学 科学 Part III

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Transcription:

ロマン主義の諸相 宗教 哲学 科学 Part III

反対は? Idealism ( 観念論 ) 経験論 (empiricism) John Locke Essay on Human Understanding (1690) tabula rasa David Hume A Treatise on Human Nature (1739) perception と impression

William Blake, Visions of the Daughters of Albion (1793) Arise my Theotormon I am pure. Because the night is gone that clos d me in its deadly black. They told me that the night & day were all that I could see; They told me that I had five senses to inclose me up. And they inclos d my infinite brain into a narrow circle. And sunk my heart into the Abyss, a red round globe hot burning Till all from life I was obliterated and erased.

William Wordsworth, Tintern Abbey (1798) Once again Do I behold these steep and lofty cliffs, Which on a wild secluded scene impress Thoughts of more deep seclusion.

Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Dejectoin: An Ode (1802) we receive but what we give And in our life alone does Nature live: Ours is her wedding-garment, ours her shroud!

ドイツ観念論 Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) 反駁 Descartes & Leibnizの哲学 反駁 LockeやHumeの経験論とくにHumeの因果論に反発

Critique of Pure Reason (1781) 純粋理性批判 認識能力 = 素材 ( 質料 = 経験 ) + 形質 ( 形相 = 純粋直観 純粋な悟性概念 )

transcendental idealism 超越的 ( 先験的 ) 観念論 ア プリオリ (a priori) な認識 = 対象が与えられる以前に対象に関して何かを確定するような認識 すべての現象にたいして私たちは主観的 ( 経験的 ) な認識をしているわけではない 必然性に基づき 先験的な 概念に普遍的なものとして ある範疇に組み込んで認識していることもある

noumena と phenomena

シラー シュレーゲル兄弟 ノヴァーリス ヘルダーリン コウルリッジ トマス カーライル

汎神論 Pantheism polytheistic paganism

Baruch (Benedict) Spinoza, The Ethics God = Nature 神即自然 (deus sive natura)

Friedrich Schlegel: I hardly understand how one can be a poet unless one honours, loves, and appropriates Spinoza. (Conversations on Poetry) Schelling, the notion of a living organic universe Heinrich Heine: Spinoza is my comrade in unbelief.

Wordsworth with an eye made quiet by the power Of harmony, and the deep power of joy, We see into the life of things.

Joseph Priestley, Disquisitions relating to Matter and Spirit (1777) 物質がそれ自身のうちに発動力を持っている 精神と物質というデカルトの二元論を克服 Cf. ライプニッツ ハートリーの観念連合 すべて神の力へと集約 神 = 無限の力の源泉を想定する

Albert Einstein I believe in Spinoza s God, who reveals himself in the orderly harmony of what exists, not in a God who concerns himself with the fates and actions of human beings.

科学 Romantics against science? e.g. Blake on Newton

Keats, Lamia (1820) There was an awful rainbow once in heave: We know her woof, her texture; she is given In the dull catalogue of common things. Philosophy will clip an Angel s wings, Conquer all mysteries by rule and line, Empty the haunted air, and gnomed mine-- Unweave a rainbow.

Schelling nature as a living organic universe Spinozism of physics Interested in chemistry, electricity, and magnetism 重力と磁力 ( 遠隔で働く力 )

Volta and Galvani Priestley Humphrey Davy 電気実験 Mary Shelley, Frankenstein

Romantic Science という呼称は 可能か? Richard Holmes, The Age of Wonder (2008) 自然の神秘に対する wonder とその仕組みを解明する wonder

William Herschel, 天王星 (Uranus) の発見

James Hutton, 地殻変動の発見

William Smith, 地層の発見

Linnaeus 植物学の分類 Joseph Banks (James Cook s expedition, 王立キュー ガーデン 王立協会 ) Erasmus Darwin, The Botanic Garden (1789-91) Beatrix Potter, Peter Rabbit

William Hodges

Joseph Priestley, 酸素の発見

火薬のプリーストリ 現在真理が黙々とひろがっていることは しばらくは鎮静しているが適切な事情のもとでは最大の力をもって作用する自然の原因にさえなぞらえられる われわれはいわば誤謬と迷信というふるい建物の下に一粒一粒火薬をおいているのであって 火薬は火花がたった一つ散るだけでも即座に爆発し その結果 幾世代もかかってつくられた建物は一瞬にして しかも同じ基礎が二度とつくられないほど効果的に 転覆してしまうことであろう ( バーミンガムの国教会牧師エドワード バーン宛の公開書簡 )

バーミンガム暴動 (Birmingham Riot, 14 July 1791)

Thomas Beddoes Pneumatic Institute 笑いガス (nitrous oxicide= 二酸化窒素 ) Coleridge + Southey