THE LOGIC OF INVARIABLE CONCOMITANCE IN THE TATTVACINTĀMANI

THE LOGIC OF INVARIABLE CONCOMITANCE IN THE TATTVACINTĀMANI

С. GOEKOOP THE LOGIC OF INVARIABLE CONCOMITANCE IN THE TATTVACINTĀMANI GANGEŚA S ANUMITINIRŪPANA AND VYĀPTIVĀDA WITH INTRODUCTION TRANSLATION AND COMMENTARY ~~~-------------------------~-- SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

ISBN 978-94-010-3513-2 ISBN 978-94-010-3511-8 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-3511-8 1967 AII rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means without permission from the publisher Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover lst edition 1967

TO THE MEMORY OF MY PARENTS TO MY WIFE AND CHILDREN

PREFACE The history of Indian logic is roughly divided into three periods: old Nyäya, Buddhist logic and new Nyäya. Each period is characterized by the production of some outstanding Sanskrit text. The main texts of the first and second period have been translated into, and explained in, European languages. But the principal text of the third period, Gangesa's Tattvacintämani, is still not accessible through a Western language. The present book is intended to fill up this gap to some extent. The object of this study is to present both to sanskritists and to logicians an essential part of Indian logic as laid down in the first two sections of the Anumänakhanda of the Tattvacintämani. No attention will be paid here to the doctrines of Gangesa's predecessors and the theories developed by his commentators. Though this study is not concerned with comparative philosophy, Western logic will be employed for the purpose of interpretation. Under Western logic I bring both traditional logic and modern logic, which, in my opinion, form one discipline of reasoning. This may account for my use of some Latin terms belonging to scholastic thought. Transliteration and translation have been made from the text of the Anumitinirüpana and Vyäptiväda in the Bibliotheca Indica edition of Gangesa's Tattvacintämani (with Mathuränätha's commentary), Part II Anumänakhanda from Anumiti to Bädha, Calcutta, 1892. A photostatic copy of that text precedes the transliteration, translation and commentary. For those who are familiar with the symbols of mathematical logic a symbolic interpretation is given at the end of the commentary of most of the passages dealing with logical formulations. Knowledge of the symbolism is not required for the understanding of the commentary. The use of symbols is explained in the last paragraph of the Introduction. I wish to express my deepest gratitude to Dr. J. F. Staal, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Amsterdam, for his guidance of my work and for his willingness to accept this study as an academic dissertation. VII

PREFACE In particular I must thank him for the generous care with which he has read the manuscript and improved it by his corrections. I am greatly indebted to Dr. A. Scharpé, Professor of Sanskrit at the Universities of Gent and Amsterdam, for his interest in my work and for his helpful suggestions. I should like to thank Mr. H. Boegborn, candidate of English at the University of Amsterdam, who has revised the English text, and Mrs. G. H. Kingma-Gijsbertsen, who has typed the manuscript. If my work has any scientific value, I owe this to the example of the great scholars I have the privilege to call my teachers, of whom I wish to remember here the late Professor Louis Renou and the late Professor Evert W. Beth. C. GOEKOOP Aerdenhout, The Netherlands, March 1967. VIII

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Chapter I. Principal Elements of Navya-nyäya Logic 3 1. Relations which are occurrence-exacting 3 2. Relations which are non occurrence-exacting 6 3. Absence and incomplete occurrence 8 4. Definition 10 5. Inference 11 6. Quantifiers and limitors 12 7. Accident 14 Chapter II. Gangesa's Theory of Pervasion 16 8. Gangesa, the author of the Tattvacintämani 16 9. The Anumitinirüpana and Vyäptiväda as sections of the Book on inference 16 10. The Theory of pervasion 17 11. The types of definition of pervasion 19 12. The formal character of Gangesa's definitions of pervasion 21 13. The use of symbols for interpreting Gangesa's logic 23 List of symbols 35 ANUMITINIRÜPANA AND VYÄPTIVÄDA BY GANGESOPÄDHYÄYA TRANSLITERATION, TRANSLATION AND COMMENTARY Anumitinirüpana and Vyäptiväda Section I. General observations about inference 55 Section II. Theory of pervasion 60 Chapter I. Five definitions of pervasion as non-deviation 60 Chapter II. Two definitions of pervasion called Lion-Tiger Definition 64 IX

CONTENTS Chapter III. Absence limited by a property whose loci are different from its counterpositive 66 Chapter IV. Preliminary refutation of a series of definitions of pervasion 70 Chapter V. The conclusive definition of pervasion 109 Chapter VI. Universal absence 116 Chapter VII. Pervasion between particulars 119 BIBLIOGRAPHY 155 SANSKRIT INDEX 157 ENGLISH INDEX 161 X