CONTENTS Preface, xi Introduction: Philosophy and the Study of Philosophy 1 PART ONE BELIEF AND KNOWLEDGE Preview 25 Appendix 28 1 I PETER UNGER, A Defense of Skepticism 30 2 I JOHN HOSPERS, A Critique of Skepticism 36 3 I CHARLES SANDERS PEIRCE, The Fixation of Belief 46 4 I w. K. CLIFFORD, The Ethics of Belief 53 5 I WILLIAM JAMES, The Will to Believe 59 Study Questions 64 Further Readings 65 25 PART TWO SCIENCE, COMMON SENSE, AND THE WORLD Preview 67 6 I SIR ARTHUR EDDINGTON, Two Tables 70 7 I L. SUSAN STEBBING, "Furniture of the Earth" 73 (v) 67
vi I Contents 8 I W. T. STACE, Science and the Physical World 82 9 I c. H. WHITELEY, Physical Objects as Not Reducible to Perceptions 87 Study Questions 94 Further Readings 95 PART THREE FREEDOM, DETERMINISM, AND RESPONSIBILITY Preview 97 10 I ROBERT BLATCHFORD, The Delusion of Free Will 102 11 I w. T. STACE, The Problem of Free Will 108 12 I RICHARD TAYLOR, Freedom and Determinism 115 13 I JOHN HOSPERS, Free-Will and Psychoanalysis 126 14 I KARL MENNINGER, The Crime of Punishment 137 15 I c. S. LEWIS, The Humanitarian Theory of Punishment 144 Study Questions 150 Further Readings 151 97 PART FOUR BODIES, MINDS, AND PERSONS Preview 153 16 I c. E. M. JOAD, The Mind as Distinct from the Body 158 17 I WILLIAM S. ROBINSON, Why I Am a Dualist 164 18 I RICHARD TAYLOR, The Case for Materialism 172 19 I A. A. LUCE, Mind Without Matter 183 20 I JOHN B. WATSON, Behaviorism 190 Study Questions 197 Further Readings 198 153
Contents I vii PART FIVE PERSONS, MACHINES, AND IMMORTALITY 201 Preview 201 21 I A. M. TURING, Computing Machinery and Intelligence 205 22 I KEITH GUNDERSON, The Imitation Game 216 23 I CLARENCE DARROW, The Myth of Immortality 222 24 I C. J. DUCASSE, Is Life After Death Possible? 229 Study Questions 236 Further Readings 237 PART SIX THE EXISTENCE OF GOD Preview 239 25 I JULIAN HARTT, Theism and the Existence of God 245 26 I ERNEST NAGEL, The Case for Atheism 252 27 I BERTRAND RUSSELL, Why I Am Not a Christian 262 28 I T. H. HUXLEY, Agnosticism 274 29 I H. L. MENCKEN, Memorial Service 277 30 I ANTONY FLEW, R. M. HARE, BASIL MITCHELL, Theology and Falsification 280 Study Questions 288 Further Readings 290 239 PART SEVEN GOD, FAITH, AND EVIL Preview 291 31 I H. J. McCLOSKEY, God and Evil 295 32 I JOHN HICK, The Problem of Evil 314 33 I RICHARD TAYLOR, Faith 322 34 I RICHARD ROBINSON, Religion, Reason, and Faith 325 291
viii I Contents Study Questions 334 Further Readings 335 PART EIGHT MEANING AND EXISTENCE Preview 337 35 I DAVID F. SWENSON, The Dignity of Human Life 340 36 I KURT BAIER, The Meaning of Life 348 37 I A. J. AYER, Philosophy and the Meaning of Life 359 38 I KAI NIELSEN, Philosophy and the Meaning of Life 364 Study Questions 373 Further Readings 374 337 PART NINE MORAL VALUES: GROUNDS AND NORMS 375 Preview 375 39 I HARRY BROWNE, The Morality Trap 378 40 I JAMES RACHELS, Egoism and Moral Skepticism 387 41 I JEREMY BENTHAM, Utilitarianism 394 42 I PAUL W. TAYLOR, A Problem for Utilitarianism 402 43 I R. M. MACIVER, The Deep Beauty of the Golden Rule 407 44 I JONATHAN BENNETT, The Conscience of Huckleberry Finn 414 45 I EMIL BRUNNER, Good and the Will of God 423 46 I KAI NIELSEN, God and the Good 425 Study Questions 431 Further Readings 432 PART TEN ETHICAL JUDGMENTS Preview 435 435
Contents I Ix 47 I BERTRAND RUSSELL, Science and Ethics 439 48 I BRAND BLANSHARD, The New Subjectivism in Ethics 446 49 I RUTH BENEDICT, Anthropology and the Abnormal 453 50 I W. T. STACE, Ethical Relativism 460 Study Questions 469 Further Readings 470 PART ELEVEN THE STATE AND SOCIETY Preview 473 51 I CHARLES FRANKEL, Why Choose Democracy? 476 52 I JOHN HOSPERS, The Libertarian Manifesto 486 53 I CARL COHEN, Socialism 493 54 I MICHAEL OAKESHOTT, On Being Conservative 499 Study Questions 507 Further Readings 508 473 PART TWELVE LIBERTY VS. AUTHORITY Preview 511 55 I LORD PATRICK DEVLIN, Morals and the Criminal Law 514 56 I H. L. A. HART, Immorality and Treason 527 57 I B. F. SKINNER, Designing a Culture 533 58 I MELVIN R. SCHUSTER, Some Problems for Skinner 539 Study Questions 546 Further Readings 547 511 GLOSSARY 549 INDEX 555