Norton Media Library Western Civilizations Their History & Their Culture Sixteenth Edition Volume 1 by Judith G. Coffin Robert C. Stacey
I. Introduction A. B. C. Rome as bridge between Mediterranean and Ancient Near East A distinctive civilization The mission of the Romans
II. Early Italy and the Roman Monarchy A. Geographical influences B. Rich enough to be attractive Difficult to defend The Etruscans 3. Non-Indo-Europeans Etruscan Confederacy The Etruscan legacy a. The arch and vault b. A religion based on the worship of gods in human form c. Women participated in public life d. Gladiatorial combat e. Centered urban life around massive stone temples
II. Early Italy and the Roman Monarchy (cont d) C. Greek settlements and influences 3. C. Greeks arrive as early as 8th century B.C.E. Greek alphabet The pantheon of the gods The Rise of Rome 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Entered Italy between 2000 and 1000 B.C.E. Rome founded as early as the 10th century B.C.E. The Tiber River The Latin Right a. Commercium (regarding contracts) b. Connubium (regarding intermarriage) c. Migratio (regarding migration) and transfer of citizenship Early Government The Rape of Lucretia The Etruscan king Tarquin the Proud is overthrown (510 B.C.E.)
III. The Early Republic A. Constant warfare B. C. Etruscan territories to the north Greek poleis in the south Accommodating conquered populations Did not impose heavy burdens on conquered peoples Conquered people had to contribute soldiers to the Roman army 3. Extending the Latin Right The government of the early Republic 3. Slow political evolution Substituted two consuls for the king a. Consuls had full executive and judicial authority b. Each consul could veto the other Senate had control over public funds
III. The Early Republic (cont d) D. Patricians and Plebeians 3. 4. 5. 6. Patrician wealth, power and influence Plebeian grievances The Struggle of the Orders a. The Tribunes b. The Law of the Twelve Tables i. Published the laws ii. Perpetuated ancient customs c. The concilium plebis Slow shift to an aristocracy of wealth rather than birth The equestrians a. Men who had wealth and influence but chose business over politics b. Some became equestrians but underwrote political careers of relatives Was the Roman Republic democratic?
III. The Early Republic (cont d) E. Culture, religion, and morality 3. 4. 5. Limited education fathers taught sons (sports, practical arts, military virtue) Chief occupations war and agriculture Religion a. Roman gods Greek gods i. Jupiter/Zeus, Neptune/Poseidon, Venus/Aphrodite b. Reverence of ancestors c. Household gods d. Religion tied up with political life e. The Roman priesthood i. Served as priests and politicians Roman morality: patriotism, duty, masculine self-control, respect for authority Primary duty to Rome and to family
IV. The Fateful Wars with Carthage A. The Punic Wars 3. The First Punic War (264-241 B.C.E.) a. Roman fear of Carthaginian expansion b. Carthage cedes Sicily to Rome c. Rome seizes Corsica and Sardinia The Second Punic War (218-202 B.C.E.) a. Carthaginian expansion in Spain b. Rome declares war c. Hannibal (247-182 B.C.E.) d. The victory of Scipio Africanus e. Carthage abandons all territory save Carthage The Third Punic War (149-146 B.C.E.) a. Carthage must be destroyed b. Romans massacre Carthaginians
IV. The Fateful Wars with Carthage (cont d) B. Territorial expansion Increase in Roman territory (Sicily, North Africa, and Spain) Policy of westward expansion 3. Greece and Macedon become Roman provinces (146 B.C.E.)
V. Society and Culture in the Late Republic A. Transformations 3. B. New wealth poured into Rome Increasing social and economic inequality Small farmers leave the land for the cities Economic and social changes 3. 4. Slavery a. Increase in slave population b. 200,000 Greek and Carthaginian slaves by end of 2nd century B.C.E. c. Using slaves as agricultural laborers No transition to industrialism No incentive for technological initiative Equestrians make contact with Eastern markets a. Operated mines, built roads, collected taxes, principal moneylenders
V. Society and Culture in the Late Republic (cont d) C. Family Life and the Status of Women 3. 4. 5. D. Introduction of free marriage New rules for divorce Wives gained greater legal independence Upper class Romans adopt Greek customs Latin and Greek language Epicureanism and Stoicism Lucretius (98-55 B.C.E.) a. On the Nature of Things b. Removing the fear of the supernatural c. Matter is a combination of atoms d. Everything is a product of mechanical evolution e. Peace and a pure heart
V. Society and Culture in the Late Republic (cont d) D. Epicureanism and Stoicism (cont d) E. Stoicism a. Introduced around 140 B.C.E. b. Cicero (106-43 B.C.E.) i. Father of Roman eloquence ii. Tranquility of the mind is the highest good iii. Indifference to pain and sorrow iv. Bringing the best of Greek philosophy to Rome Religion 3. 4. 5. Spread of Eastern mystery cults A more emotional religion Egyptian cult of Osiris (Serapis) Great Mother (Egypt) Mithraism (Persia)
VI. The Social Struggles of the Late Republic (146-30 B.C.E.) A. B. C. Disorder, war, assassinations, and insurrections Spartacus slave uprising (73-71 B.C.E.) Tiberius Graachus (168-133 B.C.E.) 3. D. Proposed land grants to landless Proposed law restricting size of estate to be owned by each citizen The murder of Tiberius Gaius Graachus (159-123 B.C.E.) 3. 4. Enacted laws for the less-privileged Stabilized price of grain in Rome Suggested full citizenship to Italian allies The murder of Gaius
VI. The Social Struggles of the Late Republic (146-30 B.C.E.) (cont d) E. The Aristocratic reaction E. Marius (157-86 B.C.E.) a. Elected consul in 107 BCE, re-elected six times b. Abolished property qualification for the army c. Army became more loyal to him than to the Republic Sulla (138-78 B.C.E.) a. Appointed dictator (82 B.C.E.) b. Exterminated his opponents c. Extended the power of the Senate Pompey (106-48 B.C.E.) Espoused cause of the people Elected consul (52) by the Senate
VI. The Social Struggles of the Late Republic (146-30 B.C.E.) (cont d) G. Julius Caesar (c. 100-44 B.C.E.) 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. The Rubicon Destroys the forces of Pompey at Pharselus (48) Cleopatra and Egypt Dictator for ten years (46) then declares himself dictator for life Death of Caesar Ides of March (44 B.C.E.) Treated the Republic with contempt The Julian calendar Realized the importance of territory in northern Europe (Gaul, Britain)
VII. The Principate and Early Empire (27 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) A. Octavian (64 B.C.E.-14 C.E.) 3. 4. Joined forces with Marc Antony and Marcus Ledipus Murder of Cicero Crushing the republican opposition Brutus and Cassius punished 5. The Battle of Actium (31 B.C.E.)
VII. The Principate and Early Empire (27 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) (cont d) B. The Augustan system of government 3. 4. 5. Senate votes (27) Octavian as emperor calls him Augustus ( worthy of honor ) Augustus rules as princeps ( first citizen ) Republican institutions intact but power resides with Augustus Controls the army, freely determined all government policy Achievements a. New coinage system b. Public services c. Abolished the farming out of the collection of taxes d. Defender of traditional values
VII. The Principate and Early Empire (27 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) (cont d) B. The Augustan system of government (cont d) 6. Augustus to Trajan a. Continued expansion b. Holds northern border at the Rhine and Danube c. The Roman Peace (Pax Romana) d. Tiberius (14-37) and Claudius (41-54) e. Nero (54-68) and Domitian (81-96) f. The "Five Good Emperors" i. Nerva (96-98) ii. Trajan (98-117) iii. Hadrian (117-138) iv. Antoninus Pious (136-171) v. Marcus Aurelius (161-180)
VII. The Principate and Early Empire (27 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) (cont d) C. Romanization and assimilation 3. 4. 5. Pax Romana was not universal a. Roman massacres in Britain and Judea Assimilating the residents of conquered territories The spread of Roman cultural forms (amphitheaters, baths, paved roads) Rights of citizenship Borders and frontiers
VIII. Culture and Life in the period of the Principate A. Exponents of Stoicism Seneca (4 B.C.E.-65 C.E.) and Epictetus (c. 60-120 C.E.) a. True happiness can be found by surrendering to the benevolent order of the cosmos b. Preached the ideal of virtue for virtue's sake c. Urged obedience to conscience d. The cosmos was divine ruled by Providence Marcus Aurelius (121-180 C.E.) a. More fatalistic, less hopeful b. Immortality was not peace c. People should live nobly d. Resign yourself with dignity to suffering and pain
VIII. Culture and Life in the period of the Principate (cont d) B. Literature The Golden Age extolling the virtues of Rome a. Virgil (70-19 B.C.E.) the Ecologues and the Aeneid b. Horace (65-8 B.C.E.) the Odes c. Livy (59 B.C.E.-17 C.E.) History of Rome d. Ovid (43 B.C.E.-17 C.E.) the Metamorphosis The Silver Age self-conscious artifice a. Petronius (fl. 1st century C.E.) b. Apuleius (fl. 2nd century C.E.) The Golden Ass c. Juvenal (c. 55-140 C.E.) the Satires d. Tacitus (c. 55-120 C.E.) Germania and Historiae
VIII. Culture and Life in the period of the Principate (cont d) C. Art and architecture 3. 4. 5. Art imported from conquered territories The wealthy wanted art for their homes as the demand increased, the Romans relied on copies Grand public architecture to delicate wall paintings The Pantheon and the Colosseum Engineering feats a. Roads and bridges b. Aqueducts c. Sewage systems
VIII. Culture and Life in the period of the Principate (cont d) D. Aristocratic Women Under the Principiate 3. 4. 5. D. Important roles played by upper-class women Independent status from their husbands The very wealthy a. Could own property b. Invest in commercial ventures c. They could not hold public office d. They could act as priestesses and civic patrons Some were educated in the liberal arts Sexual freedom Gladiatorial combats 3. Most visible sign of Rome, yet the most distasteful The Circus Attended by commoners and aristocrats
VIII. Culture and Life in the period of the Principiate (cont d) F. Roman law 3. 4. Product of the Principiate Wider field of jurisdiction Augustus appoints eminent jurists to deliver opinions on certain legal issues Three branches a. Civil law the law of Rome and its citizens (both written and unwritten) b. Law of the peoples early international law c. Natural law a product of nature and of philosophy
VIII. Culture and Life in the period of the Principiate (cont d) G. The economy of Italy during the Principiate 3. 4. Manufacturing increased Mass production of pottery, textiles, metal and glassware Merchants carried goods throughout the empire Sings of strain a. Upper class luxury b. Diminishing number of slaves c. Labor shortages on the latifundia d. Small farmers (colonni) tied to large agricultural estates e. Unfavorable balance of trade
IX. The Crisis of the Third Century (180-284) A. Commodus (161-192) 3. 4. 5. B. Both accommodated and terrified the Senate Few men of talent would work for him Alienated the army and the Senate Fought as a gladiator in the Colosseum Strangled by his wrestling coach The Severan Dynasty Septimius Severus (145-211) a. Controlled the army b. Eliminated the rights of the Senate c. Ruled as a military dictator d. Cheapened Roman citizenship Imperial women keep the dynasty and empire together
IX. The Crisis of the Third Century (180-284) (cont d) C. The barracks emperors C. 26 emperors between 235 and 284 The height of the third-century crisis 3. 4. Political chaos and civil wars Interruption of agriculture and trade Nearly confiscatory taxation of civilians Advance of Rome's external enemies: Germans, Persians and Goths
IX. The Crisis of the Third Century (180-284) (cont d) E. Neoplatanism The third century produced an overwhelming sense of anxiety Plotinus (204-270) a. Everything that exists proceeds from the divine b. The stream of emanations c. Matter is despised as the symbol of evil and darkness d. Mysticism i. Human soul through its union with matter is separated from its divine source ii. Highest goal is the mystical reunion with the divine e. Asceticism
X. The Roman Rule in the West: A Balance Sheet A. B. Explaining the decline and fall of Rome Political failures 3. 4. C. Lack of a clear law of succession Civil war Lack of constitutional means of reform Violence Economic crisis 3. Slavery and manpower shortage Little technological advance Wealth concentrated in the hands of few families 4. Undermining of civic ideals
X. The Roman Rule in the West: A Balance Sheet (cont d) D. Roman achievements 3. 4. 5. A long-lasting empire Created systems of communication, trade, and travel The Roman economy The Roman political system Extending the franchise to outsiders
XI. Conclusion A. B. C. D. E. F. A standard of comparison: ancient and modern Architecture Roman law Sculpture The transmission of Greek civilization to the West The cultural inheritance
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