MIZRACHI MATTERS בס"ד SHABBAT PARASHAT HA AZINU - SHABBAT SHUVA (Vol 9, No 1) Friday, 26 September (2 Tishrei) SHABBAT Candle Lighting no later than 6:03pm To sponsor the newsletter please call Minchah at 6:05pm 2 the Mizrachi office on 8317 2504 1. Beit Yehuda 2. Beit HaRoeh 3. Beit Midrash 4. Bnei Akiva 5. Elsternwick 6. Midrashah 7. Rabbi s Home 8. Goldberger Hall 9. Nachalat David Z manim SHABBAT 27 SEPTEMBER 3 TISHREI SUNDAY 28 SEPTEMBER TZOM GEDALIAH 7:30am 1 7:30am 1 9:30am 1-4 8:30am 1 9:00am 3 MONDAY 29 SEPTEMBER 5 TISHREI 1 TUESDAY 30 SEPTEMBER 6 TISHREI 1 WEDNESDAY 1 OCTOBER 7 TISHREI 1 THURSDAY 2 OCTOBER 8 TISHREI 1 FRIDAY 3 OCTOBER EREV YOM KIPPUR 6:00am 6:00am 6:00am 6:00am 6:15am Shacharit 7:00am 1 7:00am 1 7:00am 1 7:00am 1 7:10am 1 9:00am 3 9:00am 3 9:00am 3 9:00am 3 9:00am 3 Dawn 4:49am 4:48am 4:46am 4:44am 4:43am 4:41am 4:40am Tallit & Tefillin 5:09am 5:08am 5:06am 5:05am 5:03am 5:01am 5:00am Fast Begins 4:48am Sunrise 6:01am 6:00am 5:58am 5:56am 5:55am 5:53am 5:52am Sh ma (גר"א) 9.06am 9:05am 9:04am 9:03am 9:02am 9:02am 9:01am Earliest Mincha 12:42pm 12:42pm 12:42pm 12:41pm 12:41pm 12:41pm 12:41pm Mincha Fast Beg & Light Candles Before Kol Nidrei 1 3:00pm 6:09pm 6:10pm 1 6:15pm 2-4, 7 Minchah followed 5:55pm 1, 3 5:50pm1 by Ma ariv Ma ariv 6:45pm 1 6:10pm1 6:10pm 1 6:10pm 1 6:10pm 1 Sunset 6:21pm 6:22pm 6:23pm 6:24pm 6:25pm 6:26pm 6:27pm Fast Ends 7:01pm Night 7:03pm 7:04pm 7:05pm 7:06pm 7:07pm 7:07pm 7:08pm SECOND 9:30pm 3 9:30pm 3 9:30pm 3 9:30pm 3 MA ARIV Selichot 10:45pm 3 10:45pm 3 10:45pm 3 10:45pm 3 10:45pm 3 10:45pm 3 Shiurim Mishnah Yomit Events R Bert Mond 8:45am 3 Not this week R Leor Broh 9:00am 2 Rabbi Kennard 9:30am 6 Drashot R Yaakov Sprung 1 R Leor Broh 2 R Chezy Deren 9 Rabbi Sprung s Shabbat Shuva Shiur Displacement 4:40pm 1 8:45am 3 9:45pm 3 8:15am 3 R Dovid Segal Gemara B iyun 8:30pm 2 R Chezy Deren Contemporary Halacha 7/93 Hotham St 8:30pm Michal Kaufman (Lewis house) 9:00pm 9:45pm 3 8:15am 3 R Yaakov Sprung Chumash Shiur for women 10:00am 6 9:45pm 3 8:15am 3 Weekly Parashah Shiur for ladies & girls 11:00am 7 Morrice St R Tzvi Telsner R Yaakov Sprung Gemara B iyun for uni men returning from Yeshivot 6:30pm 6 R Yaakov Sprung Masechet Brachot 8:00pm 6 9:45pm 3 8:15am 3 R Yaakov Sprung Shiur for men 8:30pm 7 9:45pm 3 8:15am 3 Meilah 4:4-5 Meilah 4:6-5:1 Meilah 5:2-3 Meilah 5:4-5 Meilah 6:1-2 Meilah 6:3-4 Meilah 6:5-6 5:30pm 1 Between Mincha Between Mincha Between Mincha Between Mincha Between Mincha and Ma ariv 1 and Ma ariv 1 and Ma ariv 1 and Ma ariv 1 and Ma ariv 1 5:55pm1 Gan Shabbat 10:30 11:30am Children s Tefillah Groups 10:15 11:30am Bnei Akiva 4:30pm Kinnus Teshuvah Shiur Klali 3 6:15pm 1 8:45pm with R Danny Mirvis "Achat Sha alti": Understanding LeDavid Hashem Ori Shiur Klali 3 9:00pm with R Grunstein Topic: Is saying Gut Shabbos this weekend ruining our affliction? Seudah Shlishit R Danny Mirvis Thoughts from Ha'azinu for the Asseret Yemei Teshuva Shiur Klali 3 8:45pm with R Danny Mirvis "Rav Kook on Teshuva From philosophy to practical advice Chillen Cholent 9:45pm 3 Yahrtzeits Harry Mainzer (Father) Irit Kave (Mother) Robert Lissauer (Father) Renata Gilbert, Ruth Gershov, Eva Slonim, Rosanna Leibler Hanna Friedman (Mother) Suzanne Steiner (Father) Sam Menahem & Ruth Parasol (Father) Rita Tugendhaft (Father) Solly Joss (Brother)
MIZRACHI S VIRTUAL NOTICEBOARD Food at Mizrachi When packing up snacks for your children to bring to shule, please be aware that Mizrachi is a nut free and sesame seed free zone. Please do not send nuts, including Bamba, crackers with sesame seeds etc. We wish a hearty Mazal Tov to Rickel Broh (Melb) and Mendel Cohen (Sheepshead Bay, N.Y) on their engagement Mazal Tov to the parents R' Leor & Tirzah Broh (Melb) R' Shlomo Zalman & Tzipporah Cohen (N.Y) Z zğŭƶɵğůθdŝŭǀ ĂƌŽŚ;D Ğůď Mrs Beila Bronstein Mrs Chava Cohen *** We wish a hearty Mazal Tov to Gideon & Avital Harkham (née: Feiglin) on the birth of their twins (in Sydney) Son & Daughter Mazel tov to the grandparents Yitzchak & Michelle Feiglin (Melb) Ben & Chaya Harkham (Syd) Mazel tov to the great-grandparents Ruth Feiglin (Melb) Nathan & Nechama Werdiger (Melb) Nagi Harkham (Syd) /ĨLJŽƵŚĂǀ ĞĂŶŽĐĐĂƐŝŽŶŽƌĂŵŝůĞƐƚŽŶĞĞǀ ĞŶƚƚŚĂƚLJŽƵǁ ŽƵůĚůŝŬĞƚŽďĞŵĞŶƟŽŶĞĚŝŶD ŝnjƌăđśŝd ĂƩ ĞƌƐ please email it to devora@mizrachi.com.au by 12:00pm on Thursdays
From the Rav s Desk: HILCHOS OF ROSH HASHANA & YOM KIPPUR EREV ROSH HASHANA It is customary for one to perform HATTARAS NEDARIM (vow annulment) in the presence of a Tribunal of three men. This procedure should be utilized during the Aseres Yemai Teshuva if neglected before Rosh Hashana. It is customary for men to immerse themselves in the Mikvah in the afternoon (after Chatzos, halachik midday). ROSH HASHANA It is customary, after Hamotzi, at the beginning of the evening meal, to dip an apple in honey, recite a Borai P ri Ha etz and eat it. The Yehi Ratzon Shetichadeish Alenu Shana Tova U Mesuka (i.e. asking G-d for a good and sweet year), should then be said. Other customs include: Eating the following foods that serve as simanim, harbingers for the year to come: Pomegranates, that our Zechuyot be multiplied as the seeds of a pomegranate. Eating dates, that our enemies be silenced. Eating only sweet things. Refrain from eating nuts because of the Hebrew numerical value equivalent to sin. Eating carrot tzimmes, that our merits be multiplied. Eating squash, that the evil decree shall be torn and our merits presented before You. Eating leeks, that our enemies be vanquished. Eating the head of a fish or sheep, that Klal Yisroel may be the head of nations, not the trailing people. Eating fish, that we should multiply as fish. Eating beets or spinach, that all enemies shall be removed. On the first day of Rosh Hashana (or second day when the first is Shabbos), it is customary to recite Tashlich during the afternoon by a body of natural water. One should try to refrain from sleeping during the afternoons of Rosh Hashana unless one s waking moments would be spent in idle conversation. During the Aseres Yemai Teshuva, beginning with Rosh Hashana, additions/changes are inserted in the Shemonah Esrai to underscore our prayers to the King of Kings for life and prosperity. One should be most careful to recite all Tefilos directly from the Siddur during this period so as not to err or delete. Males over the age of thirteen must hear the Shofar blasts on Rosh Hashana. Women long ago accepted hearing the shofar as a custom as well. Because the two days of Rosh Hashana are considered a single Halachik day, the recitation of Shehechiyanu on the second night is questionable. Therefore, during Kiddush, one should wear a new article of clothing or set a new fruit in front of him so that the Shehechiyanu of Kiddush may relate to this as well. In the absence of a new fruit or article, the bracha should be recited none the less. EREV YOM KIPPUR Many perform and recite Kapparos with either a rooster or hen (depending upon the gender of the individual), slaughter it and eat it. The more prevalent custom is to use money and donate it to the poor. Mincha along with the Viddui (confession) should be attended before the last meal prior to the fast. Men should attend the mikva immediately before mincha or after the Seuda Hamafsekes. The special prayer of Zachai should be recited before Kol Nidre. Every man should arrive at shul while it is still day, in order to put on one s tallis with a bracha. It is customary to light yahrzeit candles for deceased relatives. The kittel has been accepted as the most proper article of clothing to be worn by adult males on Yom Kippur. YOM KIPPUR The following activities are prohibited: 1. Any of the 39 forbidden melachos of Shabbos. 2. Eating & drinking 3. Washing 4. Anointing oneself with any form of ointment & lotions, etc. 5. Wearing leather shoes 6. Marital relations Upon arising in the morning and after washroom use, one should wash his hands till the knuckles. In Havdalah no Birchas B somim (spices) is normally recited, excepting Yom Kippur concluding on Motzei Shabbat, as in this year, when B somim is used. The ner (havdalah candle) must be kindled from a fire that was in existence during Yom Kippur. It is a minhag to begin building the sukkah on Motzay Yom Kippur. FASTING ON YOM KIPPUR Sick on Yom Kippur? States the Mishnah B rurah (Orach Chayim 4218, s k 5) The Poskim (decizors of Jewish Law) have written if a sick person wishes to act severely and fast, notwithstanding his obvious need for food, to him do G-d s words apply, surely will I [hold you] account[able] for your blood. (Genesis 9/5) Not all people, unfortunately, are well enough to fast even on Yom Kippur. Such people are not only exempt from doing so, but are not permitted to endanger their lives in the attempt. I once turned to a member s aged, frail parent and forcefully informed him that he was going about his avoda, his Yom Kippur service of HaShem, incorrectly. Your avodah, I told him, is to daven with all your heart and experience, fueled by the intake of food in specific, regimented amounts (if possible in such fashion). Your eating is unquestionably not alien to, but a formidable part of your service to HaShem. If you are taking serious medication and/or are instructed by your physician to eat on Yom Kippur, don t simply ignore his/her words. Please ask a sh ailoh and don t assume. Assumptions are often incorrect.
MESSAGE TO THE AUSTRALIAN JEWISH COMMUNITY FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE ECAJ Our community has experienced a very difficult time during and in the aftermath to Israel s Operation Protective Edge. We have seen a paradigm shift in attitudes towards Israel and by extension the Jewish community, including an unprecedented upsurge in antisemitic incidents and public hate speech. Alarmingly, this has manifested itself in some of the mainstream media and has been accompanied by hate-filled, ignorant and toxic commentary in social media and on our streets, including threats and acts of violence. The Executive Council of Australian Jewry as the elected representative organisation of the Australian Jewish community, together with its constituents (the NSW and Queensland Jewish Boards of Deputies, the Jewish Community Councils of Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia and the ACT and Tasmanian Jewish communities) and its affiliates (AUJS, WIZO, NCJWA, Maccabi, B nai B rith, JNF, Council of Orthodox Synagogues, FAJEX and the Union for Progressive Judaism) and others, have been at the forefront of protecting and advancing the community s and Israel s interests. The work of the ECAJ during the last year was dominated by four broad issues: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Israel s war with Hamas in Gaza and the consequent spike in levels of anti-israel and antisemitic discourse and activity in Australia; the heightened threat to the physical security of the Jewish community in the wake of these developments; the campaign against the proposed weakening of Federal legal protections against racial vilification contained in Part IIA of the Racial Discrimination Act; and the erosion in support for Israel within the Australian Labor Party, especially in New South Wales, leading to a weakening of the crossparty consensus on Israel that has been a feature of Australian politics since at least the mid-1950 s.
Action in relation to the first and second issues is ongoing. On the third issue, I am pleased to report that our efforts were successful, and the threat to the legislation has passed for the time being. The ECAJ is working closely with the NSW Jewish Board of Deputies and the Jewish community s many friends within the ALP to address the fourth issue. Whilst this is not the place to provide detail of our extensive activities on behalf of the community, I am able to report in general terms on the following matters: Physical Security CSGs across Australia continue to perform invaluable work in monitoring the nature and level of threats to the community and protecting our institutions and those who use them. This includes calibrating alert levels, crisis management and liaison with federal and state law enforcement agencies and much more. Media Media bias against Israel, and the steady mainstreaming of antisemitism that it produces, have for a long time been vexed issues for our community. These issues came to a head during the year in several notorious instances. The ECAJ has held productive meetings with significant national media organisations over the last few weeks. For the first time in many years we are seeing signs of real engagement with our community by parts of the media that have long been hostile; admissions of bias instead of denial; and genuine disturbance at the implicit antisemitism in some of the coverage and the overt antisemitism it has provoked and legitimated. Sincere attempts are being made to redress these problems. Although it is too early to draw firm conclusions, it appears that our interventions are having a positive effect. We will, however, continue to monitor and where necessary react on issues of balance, fairness and accuracy in media reporting. Political Action The ECAJ and its constituents have met with members of Federal and State Parliaments, to discuss the community s concerns and propose steps to allay our justified concerns at the breakdown in social cohesion in the country and the threat to our security. Other organs of civil society We continue to maintain and develop understanding on issues of critical importance to the community, with a wide variety of groups. BDS - The boycott, divestment and sanctions (BDS) campaign against Israel had a brief resurgence during the Gaza War before dying down again. The ECAJ has continued to co-ordinate the national effort against BDS and other aspects of the global assault on Israel s legitimacy as the nation State of the Jewish people, and the denial of Jewish people-hood. We continue to monitor and track anti-israel activity in each State and territory and to issue to all interested Jewish organisations a weekly report of all past and upcoming BDS activities nation-wide. This has enabled us to maximize the effectiveness of our media and other responses to BDS and other anti-israel activities.
In all of the wide-ranging action undertaken by the ECAJ, we are motivated only to ensure as far as possible, that the community s position in this wonderful country of ours, is understood and protected. The ECAJ and its constituent and affiliate bodies have responded to the challenges our community faces in a manner that is strong, vigilant and dedicated whilst at the same time measured and sensible. Rest assured the ECAJ will continue to do so. Robert M Goot AM SC President
306 Hawthorn Road CAULFIELD SOUTH VIC 3162 P: (03) 9519 8600 F: (03) 9528 2933 admin@csgvic.com.au 24 Hour Emergency Number 1300 000 CSG Dear Community Member, As we approach the High Holy Day period of 2014, this year the Australian Terror Alert Level is higher than in past years. On Friday 12 September the alert level was raised from medium to high, meaning that a terror attack on Australian soil is likely. CSG s alert level remains on High (level 4 of 6), meaning that a terror attack against a Jewish community target is likely and a high level of vilification exists. Since the Australian Alert Level was raised there have been significant terror raids in NSW and QLD. Whilst no Victorian properties were raided, we know that close connections exist between Islamist extremists in different states. The details of the plot were gruesome, and reinforce the terror threat that Australians currently face. We have recently endured a 7 week period of heightened alert, during Operation Protective Edge, when our community felt the shockwaves of the conflict between Israel and Hamas. Locally there was a 6-fold spike in antisemitic incidents, and a bombardment of antisemitic comments on social media. It is clear that there are a number of individuals in the broader community who vent their anger over the Israeli-Palestinian conflict towards Jewish community members. Some of the individuals are actively being investigated by authorities. However, CSG believes despite the threats that currently exist, we must continue to proudly live a Jewish way of life. We must find a balance, continuing to publicly express our Judaism whilst maintaining our security awareness and acting with caution. With this in mind, we recommend that all community members follow the following security recommendations: 1. Do not congregate outside the shule. If you wish to converse do so inside the shule property, or else disperse as quickly as possible. 2. When walking to and from shule, walk in groups remaining on main roads and in welllit areas. 3. Every person can contribute to keeping our community safe. If you see suspicious activity, or an antisemitic incident taking place, immediately notify CSG security personnel at the closest shule or report it to CSG immediately: CSG EMERGENCY NUMBER 1300 000 CSG (1300 000 274) With your help, CSG will ensure that you, your family and our entire community is kept safe over this period and throughout the coming year. May we all be blessed with a happy, healthy and safe year ahead. Shana Tova, CSG Management Team
בס ד 25th, 2014 Rosh Hashana-Hazinu Lssue 559 1 Tishrei, 5775, September Shabbat MiTzion Torah Mitzion wishes all of Am Yisrael a Happy and Sweet New Year שבת מציון The Big Shofar Rav Avi Goldberg - Former Rosh Kollel, Memphis (2008-2011) Currently a teacher in "Himelfarb" high school, Jerusalem Happy New year It shall be on that day a great shofar will be blown, and those who are lost in the land of Assyria and those cast away in the land of Egypt will come together, and they will prostrate to Hashem on the holy mountain in Jerusalem. (Isaiah 27. 13) G-d and the G-d of our fathers. Below a great Shofar for our redemption. (Prayer for Rosh Hashanah) These two quotes were the opening of Rav Kook's speech on Rosh Hashanah 1933, in the Churva synagogue in the old city of Jerusalem. (Rav Kook, the first chief Rabbi of Modern Israel, passed away about two years later seventy nine years ago.) Rav Kook then continued to explain there are three types of a Shofar, and the prophet and we are calling specially for the great shofar, and that is what we do too in our prayers. The Shofar symbolizes our redemption, and three different levels of shofar could symbolize possible levels of redemption. A. The shofar of Rosh Hashanah should ideally by of a Ram states Rabbi Yossef )או"ח תקפ"ו, Karo in the Shulcahn Aruch א'(. B. Be diavad - post factum, all Shofars are Kosher. (ibid) C. A shofar from a non-kosher animal or from an animal that was used for idol worship of gentiles is Pasul Not permitted, but if one blew it he has fulfilled his obligation (but should not say a blessing over the Shofar). The Shofar, continued Rav Kook, is an expression of the power and force that awakens and pushes us towards the redemption. In previous years and previous redemptions as well as now there are parts of the nation that awakened out of sanctity, feeling the call of the Torah and Jewish belief towards a better situation of our nation in Israel. These parts of the nation are the Great Shofar that we pray for, and the prophet mentioned. There are times and eras that the wish is weakened, and there is not much of an excitement for holiness in void, but at least the simple human nature is left. This simple human nature that originates also in the source of sanctity causes a natural wish for the nation to become free and establish a state like all other nations. This is the regular Shofar that is Kosher, but is not ideal. A third level also exists. A small shofar that is used only by force, when there is no other kosher one. If there is no excitement for redemption, and even the natural national feeling does not exist anymore, our enemies might come and force us towards redemption. Our biggest enemies might be the small shofar that forces us if we don t listen to the great big Shofar (holiness) or to the natural medium shofar (national). One who hears such a shofar fulfills his obligation but doesn t make a blessing over such a mitzvah fitting to the Halachic rule that we don t say a blessing over cursed species (Mishna Brachot Ch. 6 Mishna 4). As we come to Rosh Hashana, especially after this past summer with its difficulties and obstacles, we are praying that G-d saves us from hearing the small shofar, and also to the medium Shofar, the almost totally secular one, we are not yearning. During this coming year, the year in which we are actually celebrating the sanctity of the land of Israel by keeping the Shmita (sabbatical year for the land), we hope that the level of sanctity raises. We pray to hear the big great Shofar, the Shofar of the full redemption that comes from the source of sanctity. "ובכן, תן כבוד ה' לעמך, תהילה ליראיך, ותקווה טובה לדורשך ופתחון פה למייחלים לך. ש מ ח ה ל א ר צ ך ו ש ש ו ן ל ע י ר ך וצמיחת קרן לדוד עבדך. " Shlichim in Montevideo teaching about the Talit Kollel Night in Washington with record attendance Montreal- The first meeting of Beit-Midrash Nashim with a shiur by Rav Shoham Munich - the first activity with the new shlichim Shabbat Times Jerusalem Begin 17:55 End 19:06
Rosh Hashana-Hazinu Page 2 Shana Tovah, A New Year, A New Opportunity and Ktivah Ve'Chatima Tova! Emanuel Elstein - Former Shaliach, Washington (2003-2004) and Memphis (2010-2012) Currently CFO of Torah Mitzion Parashat Haazinu is the end of Moshe s monumental speech, just before he passes on the mantle of leadership to his disciple, Yehoshua. Moshe chooses to end his speech with a reminder of the covenant between G-d and the people of Israel; A pact that was made with Abraham and continues till this day. The covenant has two aspects אם כבנים אם כעבדים On the one hand we are slaves, servant of the king of kings. We fulfill his commandments because it his will. We are rewarded and punished based on our performance and adherence to his mitzvot. On the other hand we are sons of Hashem,.בנים אתם לה' א-לוקיכם A relationship between a parent and a child is totally different than that a master and slave. As sons we (hopefully) do G-ds will because we want to, because we love our father in heaven. It is a connection that will never be severed. The love and caring never goes away, no matter how many time we argue or fight. Sometime our child has to leave the house, to get away and feel independent. Sometimes we even kick him out. But the connection remains. We can get very angry, and sometimes children need to be punished, but in the end the love, the connection, remains. So too our relationship with our father in the heavens continues. Even if we sin, even if we anger him, He s still our father. We can be punished, even exiled. But we can never totally disconnect. And yet, like our relationship with a child, things change over time. Every year is a new year, a new opportunity to strengthen and deepen our relationship. The Torah says about Eretz Yisrael: ארץ אשר עיני ה' אלהיך בה מרשית השנה ועד אחרית שנה The eyes of Hashem, your G-d, are always upon it, from the beginning of the year to year s end The Tanya (Igerret 14) asks If it s from the beginning of the year till the end of the year why not just say always, or all the time? He answers that Hashem is constantly shining his divine goodness down upon us; there is constant hashgacha, divine providence. However, during different times of the year there are different Hearot, different aspects of Hashem's attributes that are closer or more manifest to us. There are different filters and prisms that color Hashem s light in a different hue. Each holiday has a unique spiritual meaning to it, as we reconstruct and relive its historical and spiritual significance. But beyond that, not just every holiday - every year has its own light, its own special and unique significance. The spiritual opportunities of this year are not the same as last year s. "From the beginning of the year till its end" there is a special light, a unique spirituality in the air that is different from the previous and the following year. This is true not only regarding Eretz Yisrael and Am Yisrael as a collective, but also on the personal level of every Jew and his relationship with his Father in Heaven. Every year has its own special light, every year is a once in a lifetime opportunity to do or accomplish something that couldn t be done last year and won t be possible next year either. So as we start this New Year, 5775 years after the creation, we have to ask ourselves: What opportunities does G-d have in store for me this year? How can I grow some more? How is this year going to be different from last year? Unfortunately, the answers for such fundamental and inherently personal question are not always clear, and it is not easy to change. We need to plan in advance. Opportunity knocks on our door every year, but we need to open it. If at work we have a major, critical, yearlong project to manage, we ll have countless meeting and brainstorming sessions. We ll prepare, make contingency plans in advance and look for opportunities and potential pitfalls So too for our next year of life, the single most important project we ll ever deal with, we have to plan and prepare in advance. We must set attainable goals, note progress and double check to see that we re meeting our own standards. Now is the time to make sure that we make the most of the upcoming year, and the unique opportunities Hashem sends us.
Rosh Hashana-Hazinu Page 3 Torah MiTzion was established in 1995 with the goal of strengthening Jewish communities around the globe and infusing them with the love for Torah, the Jewish People and the State of Israel. Over the past eighteen years Torah MiTzion's shlichim have inspired and enriched their host communities through a wide range of formal and informal educational programs.