index references to illustrations are printed in boldface type A art actium battle of 52 jewish 178 180 182 roman 182 184 agrippa see herod agrippa 188 I1 or 11 II alexander janneus janness Janneus 117 auxiliary soldiers 337 39 346 alexander the great B as conqueror 99 babatha banatha archive 234 287 and hellenistic culture 229 30 bandits see robbers in injerusalem 104 7 baptism 282 84 amphoral amphorae see jars bar kokhba 234 254 287 antigonus baths see miqveh capture of by herod 119 ben sira wisdom of executed 50 content of 292 96 and hyrcanus hercanus Hyrc 48 325 fragment of 311 as rival of herod 118 119 i origin and history of 231 289 antiochus antilochus Antiochus IV rv epiphanes Epiphanes 100 101 ben yair eleazar 108 as leader at masada 404 6 antipas see herod antipas sherd bearing name of 371 antipater antipates Antipater speech of 18381 84 39596 96 as assistant to hyrcanus hercanus Hyrcanus 322 323 C family of 43 47 caesarea maritina maritima Maritima 88 91 poisoning of 47 camp roman at masada 345 political history of 117 canon hebrew antonia fortress 50 9294 94 development of 302 8 antony marc at masada 313 defeated by octavian 326 organization of 30810 312 13 executed antigonus 50 central palace 50 andjudea 52 53 325 claudius 332 aramaic language 228 29 232 33 cloth markings on 252 253 255 arbela 116 118 19 coins of new testament archelaus 327 328 minting of 249 50 aristobulus Aristobulus table of equivalencies of 246 insurrection of 323 value of 239 vied for throne 46 322 coponius colonius Co 328 arms and armor 339 340 540 341 crassus governs syria 323 24 342 44 see also weaponry cypros 44 25356 25556 56 427
428 masada and the world of the new testament D genizah 29 30 270 274 75 289 diaspora jews favor herod 57 294 divination grayware 188 92 in ancient israel 36769 69 greek language 228 29 232 in ancient world 366 566 67 guttman Sh shmania maria 409 10 in hellenistic and roman times gymnasiums 101 102 369 70 H and arim urim and thummim Thummim hasmonean hasmonaean Hasmonean dynasty chart of 45 368 69 hasmonean hasmonaean Hasmonean revolt 117 E hebrew language 228 29 232 ecclesiasticus see ben sira hellenism wisdom of and alexander the great 106 8 en gedl attacked by sicardi sicarii Sicarii 208 and art 103 380 influence of in judea 99 108 excavation of masada 18 32 and writings 102 3 ezekiel 292 herod agrippa 1 I 90 91 327 ezra recanonizing the law 307 10 herod agrippa 11 II 397 herod antipas F and beheading ofjohn the festus 90 baptist 86 flavius silva 131 372 380 as tetrarch 327 footwear herod phillip 327 and biblical symbolism 202 5 herod the great of egypt and ancient near east as administrator of galilee 117 197 99 appealed to octavian 52 53 greek 197 appointed king by roman of masada 196 199 202 205 senate 118 roman 197 99 andarbelaarbela arbeia 116 118 19 symbolic removal of 202 5 building projects of 50 57 59 6175 7685 97120 G as client king 48 49 323 gabinius Gabinius restores order in judea 325 27 323 constructs temple 57 59 gaius caligula 331 32 death of 62 64 galilee executed family members as focal point of jewish 54 55 resistance 113 122 genealogical chart of 39 in hellenistic times 113 17 and greek culture 62 in new testament times 120 23 historians on 38 40 42 in old testament times 113 15 impact of on galilee 11720 and parables ofjesus 121 and jewish tradition 55 60 samaritan conflict with 122 and marc antony 52 53 continued gammadia 252 253 56
index 429 herod the great cont jewish war 121 23 332 34 marriages of 47 48 johnofgischala and masada 35 36 325 327 john the baptist in new testament 42 43 and herod 86 and non jewish subjects 61 and djesus christ 204 5 of Gischala 134 35 136 37 and octavian 326 27 and practice of baptizing 282 palace of at masada 23 27 283 234236 josephus rises to power 43 48 and against aaion apion 305 392 and sanhedrin 47 54 biographical history of 392 sons of 121 classical historiography of stormed jerusalem 50 39396 96 wealth of 74 81 as commander of jewish and wine from italy 209 troops 122 herodium herodius Herodium 85 86 comments on hebrew canon hezekiah bandit chief 305 6 capture of by herod 118 copying errors in works of 398 herods hernds attack on 120 credibility of 372 73 383 historiography 102 3 393 99 392 99 hercanus hyrcanus Hyrc on greek language 230 31 disfigured 48 on herod the great 38 40 as high priest 321 23 325 internal bias of 397 98 vied for throne 46 321 22 andjewish and6 antiquities 392 394398 99 idumean idumaean militia andjewish revolt 135 36 and simon bar glora 136 37 and zealots zealous Zealots 135 36 israel modem and masada 403 17 andjewish nndjewish war 393 98 and mass suicide nearjotapata Jotapata 386 87 objectivity of 412 13 records fictional visit of alexander 104 7 J and vita 392 jabnehjamnia 310 312 13 405 yigael yadin badin on 17 18 jaddus105 jars 66 210 211 214 jotapata Jotapata roman siege on 123 jericho86 jaddus 105 6 josiah and book of the law 307 Jericho 86 88 386 87 jerome 303 4 jubilees Jubilees book of 289 292 295 97 jerusalem fall of 65 judaism and hellenism 231 32 jesus christ judas maccabeus maccabees Maccabeus 99 100 see also and caesars caesara Caesars tax 240 50 maccabees and john the baptist 204 5 judas of galilee visited jericho 88 attacks sepphoris Sepp 120 in works ofjosephus 398 99 as founder of sicardi sicarii Sicarii 137 38 see also parable 378379 578 379 579
430 masada and the world of the new testament judea M acquired by rome 319 20 maccabees as client kingdom of rome dynasty of ends 323 326 27 genealogical chart of 45 after herod 327 30 machaerus machaerius Machaerus 86 history of 36 38 malichus galichus Mali 47 linguistic history of 228 31 marc antony see antony marc local leaders in 320 22 masada roman administration of 320 35 excavation of 18 32 unrest in 321 327 28 myths on 403 20 julius caesar roman camp at 345 defeated pompey 324 scripture at 313 andjudea Judea 323 25 as shrine 409 11 K siege of 404 5 keys siege ramp at 345 history of 154 68 surroundings of 21 masada myth the 7 from masada 154 163 166 168 be 40320 40520 melito 304 5 L menahem 130 31 404 lamps metal used for locks 159 64 166 decoration of 178 180 182 167 184188 miqveh hand formed 172 and christian baptism 282 84 illustrations of 173 175 175 176 construction of 278 81 173175176 179181183185 87 at masada 277 78 278 at qumran quaran 280 82 281 82188 iss 91 sites of 279 82 at masada 188 92 molded 174 177 82 wheel thrown 172 174 money changers 245 languages money weights of 80 81 influence ofjewish exiles on myths 231 33 about masada 403 20 of jesus and galilean disciples theories on 406 11 233 34 ofjudea 228 36 0 ofjudea228 latches and bolts 154 55 octavian 52 53 326 27 latin language 228 29 origen 304 latter day saint views on masada estraca ostraca excavation of 31 32 388417 19 legionaries see roman army P lots parable and divination 366 69 of talents 81 244 45 247 as feature of democracy of ten virgins 170 71 192 93 369 70373 74 of unforgiving servant 81 82 at masada 370 71 373 74 244248
index 431 parthia seizes judea 325 of ben sira 231 292 95 311 paul 90 91 93 of biblical texts 290 92 phasael Phasael governs jerusalem 117 of book of jubilees Jubilees 295 97 pilate and masoretic text 290 91 299 jesus on trial before 94 of sectarian texts 297 98 as prefect 329 sicardi sicarii polybius 394 as defenders of masada 358 59 pompey history of 130 32 in judea 46 320321 520521 321 22 andmenahem 130 31 killed by ptolemy 324 name of 10 prefects roman ofjudea 329 30 origination and object of Q qumran excavation of 280 82 287 scrolls 287 99 379 80 quaran 27 32 remains of excavation of see also robbers silva see flavius silva simon bar giora biora 136 37 R spears in new testament 344 ritual baths see miqveh stoning robbers jesus christ on 357 58 under administration of herod under law of moses 352 55 117 19 mishnaic procedures on as distinct from thieves 356 57 142 43149 50 in new testament 355 58 legal concept of 142 43 in old testament 352 55 146 49 and paul 358 mode of operation of 144 145 and stephen 358 in new testament 148 50 and witnesses 3553 353 5555 3 55 social banditry 147 49 and woman taken in adultery roman army 357 58 arms anus anns of 339 340 341 342 44 strabo 64 membership of 337 39346 59346 59546 546 suicide rome benyairon benyyair alron 18 381 83 395 96 involvement of in judea early latter day saint 319 35 perspective on 388 89 and jewish war 332 34 greco roman perspective on and judaism 56 383 84 rule of benefits of 330 31 hebrew perspective on 384 87 andjewish law 372 405 S and lottery 373 74 386 sanhedrin and herod 47 54 and motives at masada 380 89 scroll fragments new testament on 387 of apocryphal and pseudepigraphical texts 292 97 zeno on 383 seneca on 384 84
432 masada and the world of the new testament swords in new testament 343 44 water storage at masada 22 23 synagogue 36 excavation of 29 30 269 70 weaponry 350 351 52 353 354 history of 270 75 illustrations of 270 274 see also arms and armor wine in ancient palestine 209 13 T first century uses of 213 17 talents at masada 208 9 parable of 81 244 45 247 production of 209 10 value of 79 247 in social situations 220 21 taxes onjudea 77 80 as symbol of atonement 219 20 temple complex at jerusalem as symbol of fruitfulness 217 18 antonia fortress in 92 94 as symbol of vineyard 221 23 platform of 91 terms for 210 12 royal portico of 92 varieties of 212 13 temple of herod in 94 96 wood used for locks 155 60 15615815916oi6i 161 igl igi temples and synagogues 270 74 156158159160 textiles at masada 253 54 writings remnants of at masada theft 23436 36 as distinct from robbery Y 142 43148 50 yadin badin yigael legal concept of 142 43 career of 15 17 146 49 and discovery of cave of in new testament 148 50 thucydides 40 393 96 times and seasons 388 417 18 letters 287 and discovery of miqveh 277 78 tithing on excavation of masada in old testament 262 65 17 1820 32 vessels at masada 261 62 262 and masada discoveries 287 89 titus 94 397 photograph of 16 U and qumran quaran scrolls 287 urim arim and thummim Thummim 368 69 2 zacharias 95 96 V zealots zealous vespasian 123 397 and eleazar bar simon 132 volunteer excavatory excavators 18 19 30 in galilee 121 22 3132 32 and idumeans Idumeans 135 36 and jewish revolt 132 34 W andjohnofgischala of Gi 134 washing of feet 203 5 136 37