Index ancient DNA studies of, 165 66, 195 96 in ancient Maya, 170 Ashkenazi Jews CMH present in, 84 descent of, 13, 270 percentage of Jewish population as, 95 Q-P36 marker as founding lineage in, 85 87 Tay-Sachs disease and, 273 beards as a genetic indicator, 58 blood groups four classes of, 2 as key to population relationships, 3, 200 of Lembas and Falasha Jews, 14 Native American studies of, by Michael Crawford, 194 of Peruvian mummies, 10 Zegura s genetic studies of, 6 Book of Mormon demographics, 74 existence of other peoples in the land in, 42 44, 123, 224 49 historical analysis of the Book of Mormon in, 27 29 Book of Mormon geography, 29 31, 124 actual location in Americas of, 31, 32 historical analysis of, 27 29 Latter-day Saint revelation on, 38 41 migration from Mesoamerica in, 32 34 traditions of Latter-day Saints about, 35 37 Book of Mormon language, 49 chromatin, 135 36 euchromatin, 201 heterochromatin, 201 codon, 137 Cohen Modal Haplotype (CMH), 83 85, 105 Lemba and, 9 10, 83 84,
284 The Book of Mormon and DNA Research cystic fibrosis, gene studies of, 139, 143 DNA testing forensic vs. ancestry, 71 72, 76 77 founder event, 13 genetic drift and, 170 Icelandic studies and, 89 lack of diversity in, 158 59 local colonization hypothesis and, 121 Native American populations and, 195 96 small size of in the Book of Mormon, 122 genetic drift definition of, 145 47 differentiating between natural selection and, 154 effects of, 121, 122 23, 149 50, 156 57 genome organization, 134 39 global colonization hypothesis, 118 20 glottochronology, 2, 98, 154 61 violation of by Book of Mormon peoples, 160 61 Hebrew language parallels to Native American languages (see Uto-Azecan), 210 use of by Nephites, 209 use of in ancient America, 48 51 Thor Heyerdahl s theory of relationships, 3 Human Genome Project, 111, 137 Icelandic DNA study, 75 Ishmael (in the Book of Mormon) Cohen markers and, 84 as forefather of Lamanites, 37, 86, 234, 279 founder effect of, 13 as Josephite, 309 Lamanite king descendant of, 275 nonrandom mating and, 161 Ishmael (son of Abraham), 259 60 Israelite, definition of, 258 68, 297 98 Jaredites global colonization hypothesis and, 118 19 migration of, 222 24 Latter-day Saint commentary on, 227 37, 284 85 Jew, definition of, 268 73 Kennewick man, 8, 90, 169, 172, 173 74
Index 285 Lamanites cultural legacy of, 192 93, 211, 213, 247 definition of, 37 39, 99 100, 244, 258, 274 76, 279 81 genetic signature of, 127 28 global colonization hypothesis and, 118 20 and, 178, 235 lineage history of, 116 17 local colonization hypothesis and, 120 Native Americans descendants of, 79 80, 83, 124, 131 32, 282 85 Lehite, definition of, 273 84 Lemba peoples, Jewish origin of, 9, 13 14, 16, 83 85, 105, lexicostatistics, 2 local colonization hypothesis, 121 26 malaria, correspondence of with sickle-cell anemia, 148 49 meiosis, 139 40, 142, 153 mitochondrial DNA Amerindian haplogroups in, 7, 98 composition of, 137 39 definition of, 5, 134 35 diversity in Native Americans of, 82 energy production information, 60 of Eve, 102, 168 genetic drift in, 149 50 of haplotypes of, 167 of, 156 of Ishmael s wife, 23 Jewish studies using, 80, 80 82 Joseph Chang s study of, 285 88 of lineage of Asenath, 82 of maternal lineage, 71, 137, 142 44, 153 54 minor role of in tracking ancestry, 74, 203 mutation of, 164 Native American study of, 194 95 recombination of, 163 studies using, and Y chromosomes, 75 Maya studies in, 170 Y-chromosome data, differences between, 174 75 mitosis, 139 40 molecular-clock hypothesis, 145 Mulekites Cohen studies and, 84 genetic signature of, 75 76, 150, 151, 152, 282, violation of by, 160 61 intermarriage among, 226 27, 297
286 The Book of Mormon and DNA Research migration of, 38, 56 Native American origins and, 83, 96 Native American languages, 48 50 Native American origins, 193 200 Joseph Smith on, 220 24 natural selection blood group composition and, 3 4 definition of, 148 differentiation between genetic drift and, 154 effect of on genetic signature, 125 as violation of Hardy-Weinberg assumption of, 157 Nephites definition of, 37 38, 231 32, 243, 274 75, 279 genetic history of, 116 17 land of, 29 31, 35 language of, 226 nonrandom mating among, 178 79 population of, 236 neutral theory definition of, 145 deleterious mutations and, 147 48 nuclear genome definition of, 134 35 mitosis and meiosis in, 139 40 mutation in, 164 nucleosome, 135 36 definition of, 135 nucleotide, 137 mutation in, 144 45 phenotype variants in Mesoamerican art, 57 58 Quechua, Semitic origins of, 50 recombination, 125, 138, 140 tendency to error in, 141 ribosome, 137 scientific analysis, six stages of, 1 2 Sephardic Jews Cohen studies in, 84 percentage of Jewish population as, 95 Tay-Sachs disease and, 273 sickle-cell anemia correspondence of, with malaria, 148 49 Tay-Sachs disease, 272 73 transoceanic migrations, 41 43 Asia to Ecuador, 54 Greenland to Vinland, 55 Indonesia to Madagascar, 54 Mesoamerican traditions of, 45 47 Venezuela to Florida, 54 universal genetic code, 134
Index 287 Uto-Aztecan, Semitic origins of, 15, 50, 210 X chromosome inheritance of, 135, 156, 201 recombination of, 163 Y chromosome ambiguity in human data of, 172 74 Asian origins of, 194 in Asian source populations, 172 in Cohen studies, 16, 83 84, genetic drift and, 149 50 and, 156 57 Jewish and Native American studies of, 85 92, 105 lack of genetic variation of, 171 of Lehi, 23 minor role of in tracking ancestry, 74 paternal lineage of, 71 studies of mitochondrial DNA and, 75