사회학영문강독 제 12 강 전광희교수 jkh96@cnu.ac.kr
강독내용 사회학자 Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Ralf Dahrendorf 실증주의 Positivism 사회진화론 Social Evolution 사회갈등이론 Theory of Social Conflict 사회정학과사회동학 Social Statics and Dynamics 사회학영문강독제12강 12/22/2014 2
Auguste Comte (1798-1857) 프랑스의사회학자, 철학자, 수학자 실증철학강의, 통속천문학의철학적개론, 심증적정신론등의저작 파리공대에서수학을전공, 사회학이란명칭을창시, 그의영향을받은영국의 Herbert Spencer 와함께, 사회학의아버지로알려짐 1817 년유토피아사회주의자인 Henri de Simon 의가르침을받고, 조수로근무하였으나 1824 년그와결별함, 1844 년사망까지 John Stuart Mill 과친교를맺고, 그의소개로 Herbert Spencer 에큰영향을주었음 생애를재야의학자로사회학을바탕으로인류교 (Religion of Humanity) 를창시하여, 그의실증주의철학은종교이념으로승화하는경향을보임 사회학영문강독제12강 12/22/2014 3
Positivism Positivism is the philosophy of science that information derived from logical and mathematical treatments and reports of sensory experience is the exclusive source of all authoritative knowledge,[1] and that there is valid knowledge (truth) only in this derived knowledge. Verified data received from the senses are known as empirical evidence. Positivism holds that society, like the physical world, operates according to general laws. Introspective and intuitive knowledge is rejected. Although the positivist approach has been a recurrent theme in the history of western thought the modern sense of the approach was developed by the philosopher and founding sociologist Auguste Comte in the early 19th century. Comte argued that, much as the physical world operates according to gravity and other absolute laws, so also does society 사회학영문강독제12강 12/22/2014 4
Law of Three Stages The Theological stage refers to explanation by personified deities. During the earlier stages, people believe that all the phenomena of nature are the creation of the divine or supernatural. The Metaphysical stage is the extension of the theological stage. Metaphysical stage refers to explanation by impersonal abstract concepts. People often tried to believe that God is an abstract being. The Positivity stage, also known as the scientific stage, refers to scientific explanation based on observation, experiment, and comparison. Positive explanations rely upon a distinct method, the scientific method, for their justification. During this stage, humans tried to establish cause and effect relationships. Positivism is a purely intellectual way of looking at the world; as well, it emphasizes observation and classification of data and facts. 사회학영문강독제12강 12/22/2014 5
Hierarchy of Sciences Comte proposed a hierarchy of the sciences based on historical sequence, with areas of knowledge passing through these stages in order of complexity. The simplest and most remote areas of knowledge mechanical or physical are the first to become scientific. These are followed by the more complex sciences, those considered closest to us. The sciences, then, according to Comte's "law", developed in this order: Mathematics; Astronomy; Physics; Chemistry; Biology; Psychology; Sociology. A science of society is thus the "Queen science" in Comte's hierarchy as it would be the most fundamentally complex. Through social science, Comte believed all human social ills could be remedied. 사회학영문강독제12강 12/22/2014 6
Comte s Sociology Comte separated social statics from social dynamics. Social statics are concerned with the ways in which the parts of a social system (social structures) interact with one another, as well as the functional relationships between the parts and to the social system as a whole. Comte therefore focused his social statics on the individual, as well as such collective phenomena as the family, religion, language, and the division of labor. 사회학영문강독제12강 12/22/2014 7
Comte s Sociology-Continued Comte placed greater emphasis on the study of social dynamics, or social change. His theory of social dynamics is founded on the law of the three stages; i.e., the evolution of society is based on the evolution of mind through the theological, metaphysical, and positivist stages. He saw social dynamics as a process of progressive evolution in which people become cumulatively more intelligent and in which altruism eventually triumphs over egoism. This process is one that people can modify or accelerate, but in the end the laws of progressive development dictate the development of society. Comte's research on social evolution focused on Western Europe, which he viewed as the most highly developed part of the world during his times. 사회학영문강독제12강 12/22/2014 8
Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) 영국빅토리아시대의철학자, 생물학자, 인류학자, 그리고고전적자유주의정치이론가 스펜서는진화 ( 進化 ) 를자연계, 생물유기체, 인간심성, 인간문화, 인간사회등의모든객체의점진적발전으로파악하는포괄적개념으로설정하였다. 스펜서는다윈의 종의기원 (Origin of the Species) 를읽고, 적자생존 (survival of the fittest) 라는개념에착안하였는데, 이것은자연도태 (natural selection) 를설명하는아이디어를제시하여주었음 사회학영문강독제12강 12/22/2014 9
사회진화론 Spencer 의저술에는진화 (evolution) 라는아이디어가관통하고있다. 사회진화론은그의저술에서시작하는것으로, 제 1 원리 (First Principle) 은현실세계의모든영역에뿌리내리고있는진화론적원리를상세하게설명한다. 흔히사용되는용어인적자생존 ((survival of the fittest) 란용어는진화라는용어와함께, Charles Darwin 이아니라, Herbert Spencer 가만든말이라고해야할것이다. 사회학영문강독제12강 12/22/2014 10
Herbert Spencer 의사회학 스펜서의사회학은 Auguste Comte 의실증주의와사회학사상에큰영향을받은사회학의창시자중 1 인으로유명하다. 스펜서의사회학에서는유기체의메터퍼를이용하여, 사회를 system 으로파악하고, 그것을유지하고, 분배하고, 규제하는각시스템으로구분하여, 사회시스템의구조와기능을분석상의중심개념으로한다. 이때문에, 그의이론은사회유기체설이라고부른다. 미국의사회학자 Talcott Parsons 는 1937 년 The Structure of Social Action ( 사회적행위의구조 ) 머리말에서 Spencer 무용론을이야기했지만, Spencer 는사실상구조기능주의 (structural functionalism) 의선구자라고해야할것이다. 사회학영문강독제12강 12/22/2014 11
Spencer s General Model of Evolution 사회학영문강독제12강 12/22/2014 12
Spencer on statics and dynamics In 1851 Spencer s first book, Social Statics, or the Conditions Essential to Human Happiness appeared. ( Social statics the term was borrowed from Auguste Comte deals with the conditions of social order, and was preliminary to a study of human progress and evolution i.e., social dynamics. ) In this work, Spencer presents an account of the development of human freedom and a defense of individual liberties, based on a (Lamarckian-style) evolutionary theory. 사회학영문강독제12강 12/22/2014 13
Ralf Dahrendorf(1829-2009) 독일계영국사회학자, 철학자, 정치학자, 자유주의정치인 영국 London School of Economics 학장및작위수여에의한영국상원의원 다렌도르프는계급갈등을사회분석의중심에위치시킨학자로서, 당대의가장영향력있는사상가로간주된다. 그의저서에는산업사회의계급갈등 (Class Conflict in Industrial Society) 과사회이론논문집 (Essays in the Theory of Society) 가있다. 사회학영문강독제12강 12/22/2014 14
Dahrendorf s Major Books 사회학영문강독제12강 12/22/2014 15
Class Conflict in Industrial Society Drawing on aspects of both Marxism and structural functionalists to form his own beliefs, Dahrendorf highlighted the changes that have occurred in modern society. Specifically, with democracy came voting for political parties, and increased social mobility. He believes that the struggle for authority creates conflict. Furthermore, he believes that traditional Marxism ignores consensus and integration in modern social structures. Dahrendorf s theory defined class not in terms of wealth like Marx, but by levels of authority. Dahrendorf combines elements from both of these perspectives to develop his own theory about class conflict in post capitalist society. 사회학영문강독제12강 12/22/2014 16
Dahrendorf s Theory of Classes Dahrendorf developed, cultivated, and advanced conflict theory. This new theory attempted to bring together structural functionalism and Marxism Dahrendorf states that capitalism has undergone major changes since Marx initially developed his theory on class conflict. This new system of capitalism, which he identifies as postcapitalism, is characterized by diverse class structure and a fluid system of power relations. Thus, it involves a much more complex system of inequality than Marx originally outlined. Dahrendorf contends that postcapitalist society has institutionalized class conflict into state and economic spheres. For example, class conflict has been habituated through unions, collective bargaining, the court system, and legislative debate. 사회학영문강독제12강 12/22/2014 17
Relationship to other theorists Unlike many of the other works published by social theorists in the 1950s, Dahrendorf s work acknowledges the same class interests that worried Marx. Like Marx, Dahrendorf agreed that conflict is still a basic fact of social life. Dahrendorf believed that class conflict could have beneficial consequences for society, such as progressive change. Dahrendorf is recognized for being one of the best departures from the structural functionalist tradition of the 1950s. Dahrendorf criticized and wanted to challenge the false, utopian representation of societal harmony, stability, and consensus by the structural functionalist school. Nevertheless, Dahrendorf still shares key ideas with structural functionalists, such as a general faith in the efficacy of political and economic institutions. Like Weber, Dahrendorf criticizes Marx s view that the working class will ultimately become a homogeneous group of unskilled machine operators. 사회학영문강독제12강 12/22/2014 18
참고문헌 Auguste Comte, Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte (1855), translated by Harriet Martineau, Kessinger Publishing, Paperback, 2003 ; Also available from the McMaster Archive for the History of Economic Thought, Volume One Volume Two Volume Three Herbert Spencer (1862), System of Synthetic Philosophy, in ten volumes First Principles Ralf Dahrendorf (1959), Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press Ralf Dahrendorf (1968) Essays in the Theory of Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press 사회학영문강독제12강 12/22/2014 19
참고문헌 The Economist (2008) Ralf, Baron Dahrendorf, thinker and politician, died on June 17th, aged 80 (http://www.economist.com/node/13895016) 사회학영문강독제12강 12/22/2014 20