Contents Introduction &User Guide...xiii An Essential Historical Background...xvii Religion and the Law A Abington School District v. Schempp... 1 ABOLITION... 3 ABORTION... 5 ACCOMMODATION OF RELIGIOUS BELIEF...10 ACCOMMODATIONIST (OR NONPREFERENTIALIST)...13 ACLU Nebraska Foundation v. City of Plattsmouth...14 ADOPTION...19 ADULTERY...20 Aguilar v. Felton...21 Allegheny County v. American Civil Liberties Union...23 AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION...24 AMERICANS UNITED FOR SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE...25 AMISH EXCEPTION...26 ANTI-DEFAMATION LEAGUE...27 ASYLUM...28 ATHEISM...30 B Baker v. Fales...33 BANKRUPTCY...34 BECKER AMENDMENT...36 BELIEF-CONDUCT DICHOTOMY...40 BIBLE DISTRIBUTION AT PUBLIC SCHOOLS...42 BIBLE,READING OF...44 BILL OF RIGHTS...45 BLACK CHURCH...46 BLAINE AMENDMENT...48 BLASPHEMY...48 BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS...51 Board of Education v. Allen...52 Board of Education v. Grumet...53 Board of Education v. Mergens...55 Board of Trustees v. McCreary...56 v
vi Bob Jones University v. United States...58 Boerne, City of v. Flores...59 Bowen v. Kendrick...62 Bowen v. Roy...63 Bradfield v. Roberts...63 Braunfeld v. Brown...64 Bronx Household of Faith v. Board of Education for the City of N.Y....65 Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson...68 C CALIFORNIA MISSIONS PRESERVATION ACT...69 CANON LAW...70 Cantwell v. Connecticut...71 CAPITAL PUNISHMENT...73 Catholic Charities of the Diocese of Albany v. Serio...76 CEREMONIAL DEISM...77 CHAPLAINS...78 CHARITABLE CHOICE PROVISION...79 CHARITABLE CORPORATION...82 CHARITABLE DEDUCTION...84 CHARITABLE IMMUNITY...85 CHARITABLE TRUST...88 CHARITY...91 CHILD BENEFIT THEORY...95 CHILD CUSTODY...97 CHRISTIAN LEGAL SOCIETY...97 CHRISTIAN NATION...98 CHRISTIAN SCIENTIST CHURCH...98 CHURCH AND STATE... 100 CHURCH ARSON... 102 CHURCH AUTONOMY... 103 CHURCH AUTONOMY DISPUTES... 103 CHURCH AUTONOMY DOCTRINE... 108 CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST OF LATTER-DAY SAINTS (MORMON CHURCH)... 109 Church of Latter-day Saints v. Amos... 112 CHURCH RECORDS... 114 CHURCH TRIBUNALS... 116 CIVIC RELIGION... 117 CLERGY... 118 CLERGY,BENEFIT OF... 118 CLERGY MALPRACTICE... 119 CLERGY SEX ABUSE... 121 COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AGREEMENTS AND RELIGION... 127 Committee for Public Education and Liberty v. Regan... 129 COMMON LAW AND CHRISTIANITY... 130 CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTOR... 132 CONTRACEPTION... 139 COUNCIL ON AMERICAN-ISLAMIC RELATIONS (CAIR)... 142 CRIMINAL CONDUCT... 145
vii CULT... 146 CULTURE WARS... 147 Cutter v. Wilkinson... 149 D Davis v. Beason... 151 DEFENSE OF MARRIAGE ACT (DOMA)... 152 DEPROGRAMMING CASES... 156 DISESTABLISHMENT... 158 DIVISIVENESS DOCTRINE... 159 DIVORCE... 161 Doremus v. Board of Education... 167 DRUGS AND RELIGION... 169 DUE PROCESS CLAUSE... 172 E ECCLESIASTICAL CORPORATION... 175 ECCLESIASTICAL COURT... 176 ECCLESIASTICAL DISPUTES... 177 ECCLESIASTICAL LAW... 178 Edwards v. Aguillard... 179 Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow... 181 Employment Division v. Smith... 184 ENDORSEMENT TEST... 184 Engel v. Vitale... 188 ENLIGHTENMENT... 191 Epperson v. Arkansas... 191 ESTABLISHED CHURCH... 192 ESTABLISHMENT CLAUSE... 193 ETERNAL LAW... 201 EVANGELICAL MANIFESTO... 202 Everson v. Board of Education... 203 EXCESSIVE ENTANGLEMENT... 204 F FAITH HEALING... 207 FAITH-BASED INITIATIVES... 211 FAMILY LAW... 212 FEDERALISM... 213 FETAL RIGHTS... 216 FIRST AMENDMENT (U.S. CONSTITUTION)... 217 FLAG SALUTE CEREMONY... 222 FOREIGN POLICY... 224 Frazee v. Illinois Department of Employment Security... 225 FREE EXERCISE CLAUSE... 226 FREEDOM OF RELIGION... 229 FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT, RELIGIOUS FREEDOM AS A... 230 G Gillette v. United States... 233 Goldman v. Weinberger... 235 Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal... 239
viii GOVERNMENT AID TO PRIVATE SCHOOLS... 242 GOVERNMENT AID TO RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS... 244 Grand Rapids School District v. Ball... 252 GRASSLEY INVESTIGATION OF TELEVANGELISTS... 254 H HATE CRIMES... 257 Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness... 260 Hernandez v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue... 262 HOLIDAY DISPLAYS... 264 HOME SCHOOLING... 268 HOMOSEXUALITY... 271 HUMAN RIGHTS CAMPAIGN... 275 I IN GOD WE TRUST... 277 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM ACT OF 1998... 281 J JEHOVAH S WITNESSES... 283 Jimmy Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization... 285 Johnson v. Robison... 286 Jones v. Wolf... 288 JONESTOWN... 289 JUDAISM... 289 JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS AND RELIGION... 291 JUDICIAL DEFERENCE AND RELIGION... 292 JURY SERVICE AND RELIGION... 292 K KENNEWICK MAN CASE... 297 L Larkin v. Grendel s Den, Inc.... 299 Larson v. Valente... 300 Lemon v. Kurtzman... 303 Levitt v. Committee for Public Education... 308 Lynch v. Donnelly... 309 Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association... 312 M JAMES MADISON S MEMORIAL AND REMONSTRANCE AGAINST RELIGIOUS ASSESSMENTS... 315 Marsh v. Chambers... 317 MARYLAND TOLERATION ACT (1649)... 319 MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONIAL CHARTERS (1629, 1691)... 320 McCollum v. Board of Education... 320 McCreary County v. ACLU... 322 McDaniel v. Paty... 322 MEDICAL TREATMENT... 324 MILITARY CHAPLAINS... 326 Minersville School District v. Gobitis... 329 MINISTERIAL EXEMPTION... 331 MOMENT OF SILENCE... 332 MOMENT OF SILENCE CASES... 333
ix MORMON CASES... 336 Mueller v. Allen... 339 MUSLIM CHARITIES... 341 MUTUAL ABSTINENCE... 346 N NATIVE AMERICAN RELIGIONS... 349 NATURAL LAW... 354 NEGLIGENCE AND RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS... 356 NEUTRALITY STANDARD... 362 NEW RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT (NRM)... 363 NONPROFIT CORPORATION... 364 Norwood v. Harrison... 368 O O Lone v. Estate of Shabazz... 371 ORIGINAL INTENT... 372 P PAGANS/WICCANS... 375 PEOPLE FOR THE AMERICAN WAY /PEOPLE FOR THE AMERICAN WAY FOUNDATION... 377 PHARMACISTS CONSCIENCE CLAUSE... 378 Pierce v. Society of Sisters... 381 PLACE OF WORSHIP... 383 PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE... 384 POLYGAMY... 388 PRISONS AND PRISONERS... 393 PRIVACY... 395 PROPERTY TAX EXEMPTION... 399 PROSELYTIZING... 401 PROSPERITY GOSPEL... 403 PROTESTANTISM... 404 PUBLIC FORUM... 404 PUBLIC OFFICE... 408 PUBLIC SCHOOL CURRICULUM... 410 PUBLIC SCHOOL FACILITIES,ACCESS OF RELIGIOUS GROUPS TO... 413 PUBLIC SPACE AND RELIGION... 416 R RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, BASED ON RELIGION... 419 REGISTRATION OF RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS... 421 RELEASED-TIME PROGRAMS... 422 RELIGION AND POLITICS... 424 RELIGION,DEFINITION OF... 426 RELIGION IN THE WORKPLACE GUIDELINES... 429 RELIGIOUS BELIEF,DEFINITION OF... 431 RELIGIOUS BELIEF,SINCERITY AND TRUTH OF... 433 RELIGIOUS BROADCASTING... 435 RELIGIOUS COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES... 439 RELIGIOUS DISCRIMINATION... 444 RELIGIOUS DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT... 446 RELIGIOUS ESTABLISHMENT... 450
x RELIGIOUS EXEMPTIONS... 452 RELIGIOUS EXPRESSION... 453 RELIGIOUS FREEDOM... 455 RELIGIOUS FREEDOM AMENDMENT (1997)... 456 RELIGIOUS FREEDOM RESTORATION ACT (1993)... 456 RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM... 459 RELIGIOUS GARB... 460 RELIGIOUS HOLIDAYS, GOVERNMENT CELEBRATION OF... 474 RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS... 476 RELIGIOUS LAND USE AND INSTITUTIONALIZED PERSONS ACT (RLUIPA)... 477 RELIGIOUS LIBERTY... 478 RELIGIOUS LIBERTY PROTECTION ACT... 483 RELIGIOUS OATHS... 484 RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATION... 485 RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION... 487 RELIGIOUS PLURALISM... 488 RELIGIOUS PROPERTY... 489 RELIGIOUS PROTECTION LEGISLATION... 489 RELIGIOUS PURPOSES... 490 RELIGIOUS SOLICITATION, REGULATION OF... 491 RELIGIOUS SYMBOLS AND LANGUAGE... 491 RELIGIOUS TERRORISM... 493 RELIGIOUS TESTS... 494 Reynolds v. United States... 497 ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH... 498 S SAME-SEX MARRIAGE... 503 SCHOOL CHOICE... 510 SCHOOL PRAYER... 513 SCIENTOLOGY... 519 SCOPES TRIAL... 519 SEPARATIONIST... 523 SEPTEMBER 11TH ATTACKS AND RELIGION... 524 SHARED-TIME PROGRAMS... 527 Sherbert v. Verner... 528 SIKHS... 531 SOCIAL GOSPEL... 533 Staley v. Harris Co.... 534 STANDING TO SUE... 537 Stone v. Graham... 539 SUICIDE... 539 SUNDAY CLOSING LAWS... 541 T TAX EXEMPTIONS AND RELIGION... 545 TEN COMMANDMENTS... 548 Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock... 551 TEXTBOOKS AND RELIGION... 553 Thomas v. Review Board... 556
xi Thornton v. Caldor... 557 Tilton v. Richardson... 559 TIME,PLACE, AND MANNER RESTRICTIONS... 561 TITHES/TITHING... 564 Tony and Susan Alamo Foundation v. Secretary of Labor... 566 Torcaso v. Watkins... 567 TORTS AND RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS... 568 TUITION TAX DEDUCTIONS OR CREDITS... 570 U UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION AND RELIGION... 573 UNENUMERATED RIGHTS... 574 UNITED NATIONS DECLARATIONS AND RESOLUTIONS ON RELIGION... 576 United States v. Ballard... 577 United States v. Lee... 579 V VACCINATIONS... 581 Van Orden v. Perry... 583 VIRGINIA STATUTE OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM (1777)... 585 VOUCHERS... 587 W WALL OF SEPARATION METAPHOR... 591 Wallace v. Jaffree... 594 Walz v. Tax Commission... 595 Watson v. Jones... 597 WELFARE REFORM ACT OF 1996... 599 Welsh v. United States... 600 West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette... 602 Widmar v. Vincent... 603 Wisconsin v. Yoder... 604 Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind... 607 Wolman v. Walter... 608 WORKPLACE RELIGIOUS FREEDOM ACT... 609 Z Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District... 615 ZONE OF PERMISSIBLE ACCOMMODATION... 617 ZONING... 617 Zorach v. Clausen... 622 Primary Documents... 625 Chronology... 745 Table of Cases... 767 Table of Statutes... 781 For Further Reading... 785 Index... 827 About the Author... 845 Acknowledgments... 847