Period 3 (Solberg APWH) REGIONAL AND TRANSREGIONAL INTERACTIONS C. 600-1450
TRADE ROUTES GET BIGGER & BETTER! Old trade routes keep on getting more extensive as transportation & tech improve Powerful trading cities emerge in Afro-Eurasia Timbuktu Swahili city-states Baghdad Venice Exchange networks in Americas develop Mississippi Valley, Andes, Mesoamerica
NEW TRADE ROUTES & NEW PRODUCTS! Mesoamerican and Andean trade routes develop Luxury goods such as porcelain from China, gems from India, and exotic animals from Africa become more common on existing trade routes Better caravan organization & travel (caravanserai) New compasses & astrolabes Larger ships in the Indian Ocean Credit systems, banking houses for loans
TRADE EXPANDS States encourage commercial growth within the state Ex. Building the Grand Canal in China Inca road system Minting coins & paper money in the Caliphates & China Northern European membership in the Hanseatic League Empires expanded and drew new people into their exchange networks Tang & Song China Byzantine Empire Mongol Empire (Pax Mongolica) Umayyad & Abbasid Caliphates
MIGRATION ALONG & AROUND TRADE ROUTES Pastoral groups and nomads adapt to and alter environments Viking long ships are developed to travel rivers Berbers breed camels to travel the Sahara Central Asian pastoralists use horses along the steppes of the Silk Roads
MOVEMENT OF PEOPLES Trade & migration led to the diffusion of existing languages and the creation of new ones: Arabic is spread throughout the Caliphates Bantu languages & farming techniques spread south of the Sahara Swahili
MOVEMENT OF PEOPLES Some migrations had a significant environmental impact: Bantu migrations spread iron & farming throughout sub-saharan Africa Polynesian migrations brought food and domesticated animals to new islands Merchants set up diasporic communities where their cultural traditions blended with indigenous culture (Ex. Muslim merchants in Indian Ocean)
CROSS-CULTURAL EXCHANGES Islam (Muhammad) developed in the Arabian Peninsula It reflected elements of other monotheistic belief systems and local Arabian customs Islamic armies conquered lands & expanded the religion through merchants & missionaries Travelers such as Ibn Battuta told of the vast differences and integration of different cultures.
CULTURAL DIFFUSION Literature, art & religion spread along these trade routes as people make new contacts with each other Hinduism & Islam in SE Asia Buddhism in East Asia Christianity in Europe Science & Technology too! Greek & Indian math is used by Arabic scholars Printing & gunpowder spread from China to the Middle East to W. Europe And food! Bananas to Africa Champa Rice from Vietnam to China
AND DON T FORGET DISEASES AGAIN Black Death follows trade & military routes from Central Asia to China to W. Europe A result of Pax Mongolica
CONTINUITY & CHANGE IN AND WITHIN STATES Out with the Roman and Han Empires. In with the Byzantine and Sui, Tang & Song Empires! Both rely on traditional sources of power (i.e. land ownership & patriarchy) and new innovations to better suit the changing times Ex: Buddhism in Tang China, Orthodox Christianity in the Byzantine Empire
NEW FORMS OF RULING EMERGE Islamic Caliphates (Abbasid/Fatamid) in Middle East and Iberian Peninsula Feudalism in W. Europe & Japan Mongol Khanates in Russia, China, Mid East City-States (Swahili) in East Africa & Mesoamerica (Maya) Aztec & Inca Empires develop out of many networks of smaller states Japan adopts writing, tea, some Confucianism from china These places adapted many local cultures & traditions!
FEUDALISM
CONTACTS & CONFLICTS=CULTURE TRANSFER Chinese technology from Tang & Song dynasties reached the Abbasid Caliphate through the trade routes (ex. Paper) Mongols created Pax Mongolica and encouraged transfer of ideas along Silk Roads (ex. Gunpowder) The Crusades failed to keep Muslims out of the Holy Lands but exposed Western Europeans to new technologies and ideas that spurred the Renaissance
ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY INCREASES New technologies = better agriculture Chinampas in Mesoamerica Horse collar & plow in W. Europe Waru-waru in Andes Chinese porcelain & Persian/Indian textiles are demanded by foreigners leading to increased production Iron & Steel production expands in Song & Yuan China
URBAN ROLLER COASTER RIDES! Urban decline and revival is prevalent Reasons for decline: Invasion (Constantinople) Disease (Venice, Chang an) Decline of agricultural productivity (Mayan?) The Little Ice Age in Europe Reasons for Revivals Opposites of the above! Less disease, warmer weather & relative peace=more labor for food production
LABOR ORGANIZATION IS MORE DEFINED Free peasant agriculture in almost every region Liked to revolt in China when demands became too high Nomadic pastoralism continues Guild organization in W. Europe Slavery (IN Africa, E. Mediterranean, Turkic mamluks) Serfdom (Europe & Japan) Labor Taxation (Incan mit a system) Military obligations (ex. Mongol Empire)
CLASS STRUCTURE & GENDER Class hierarchy & caste systems persisted Patriarchy persists too, however.. Women in some areas exercise more power and influence Japanese court ladies Nomadic Mongol women SE Asian merchant community women West African matrilineal societies
FAMILY LIFE Religious expectations in Christianity, Buddhism, Islam and NeoConfucianism changed gender roles & family life as these religions spread. Ex. Shari a law replaces old Persian laws regarding wives and children. Footbinding in China with the rise of Neoconfucianism (Song Dynasty)