European Land Holdings on the Eve of the French and Indian War (1754-1763) PERIOD 2: 1607-1754 The British are Coming: Jamestown and Puritan New England
DEFEAT OF SPANISH ARMADA Spain overextends itself; leaving it and parts of its empire in New World vulnerable turning point 1588 England invests in a powerful naval. A slow decline of Spanish empire in New World
ENGLAND ON THE EVE OF AN EMPIRE GROWING NATIONALISM AND UNITY Popular Elizabeth I ascends to throne (1558) Protestant Queen: unifies religion in England after King Henry VII s break from Catholic Church and Protestant Reformation England s Golden Age self-confidence, adventure, curiosity of the unknown Growing perceived overpopulation Developing capitalistic national economy; use of early corporations: joint stock companies INVESTORS WANT PROFIT$
CHARACTERISTICS OF (what will be) BRITISH NORTH AMERICA Variety of immigrants looking for Social mobility Economic prosperity (Chesapeake) Religious freedom (New England) AM INDIAN RELATIONS Tolerance at first; wars develop due to conflicts over land and culture Rarely intermarried SETTLEMENT PATTERNS Compact communities (New England) Young, single males (Chesapeake)
ENGLAND: A VERY ROUGH START ROANOKE ISLAND (1585) Sir Walter Raleigh leads military excursion to scope N Carolina for settlement. (1587) First families arrive (1590) returning supply ship finds Roanoke deserted. one of American history s great mysteries.
JAMESTOWN, VA (1607) (1606) James I issues charter to (joint stock company) Virginia Company to settle in new world.! charter: granted all the protection and rights under English rule
A Difficult Start Disease (malaria), unpotable water, food shortages, poor leadership gold over survival wrong settlers not used to hard work JAMESTOWN, VA
JAMESTOWN, VA The Starving Time (1609-1610) Leadership void, food shortage, cannibalism, lack of supplies, problems persist.and more settlers. While stealing food, Cpt Smith kidnapped by Powhatan Indians; saved by Pocahontas. (Winter, 1608) released, Smith returns to fort: 38/104 settlers alive, and more arriving. The Powhatan send food: a tenuous relationship. Captain John Smith 1580-1630 Work or starve Cpt Smith elected president; enforces hard work ethics. Virginia Company bankrupt; King James revokes charter, Virginia a royal colony under leadership of King.
King Nicotine John Rolfe returns to develop a cash cow for the mother-land TOBACCO: The Bewitching Weed Tobacco requires a lot land. a lot of expensive labor. depletes land quickly. Indentured servants and families encouraged to cross the Atlantic and 20 and odd negroes John Rolfe 1585-1622
MEANWHILE, BACK IN ENGLAND PROTESTANT REFORMATION Produces a new line of devote church reformers John Calvin writes Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) Establishes predestination: only the all-knowing God knew who would be saved. Not knowing your fate, people sought signs of conversion an intense personal experience with God. The elect expected to live sanctified lives
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ENGLAND Puritan Separatists The most radical, devout wanted a clean break from the (Anglican) Church of England. Some families leave for Holland for religious freedom, avoid persecution and escape economic recession...then some of these, along with Strangers risk settling near Jamestown Colony..but end up in Plymouth Massachussets
Plymouth Colony (1620) PURITANS SETTLE NEW ENGLAND Early Hardships: behind schedule, Mayflower arrives in November. A very difficult first winter Pilgrims-Wampanoag Treaty April, 1621; friendly relations, strong leadership leads to successful settlement Massasoit Wampanoag Chieftain Cpt. Miles Standish and the First Thanksgiving Gov. William Bradford
Mayflower Compact (1620) In the name of God, Amen. We whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord King James, by the Grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, etc. Having undertaken for the Glory of God and advancement of the Christian Faith and Honour of our King and Country, a Voyage to plant the First Colony in the Northern Parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one of another, Covenant and Combine ourselves together in a Civil Body Politic, for our better ordering and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute and frame such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and Offices from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the Colony, unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In witness whereof we have hereunder subscribed our names at Cape Cod, the 11th of November, in the year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord King James, of England, France and Ireland the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Domini 1620. the first, very rudiment Constitution a We the People agreement
THE PURITAN VISION Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630) A powerful Puritan Sense of Mission to build an ideal Christian society. John Winthrop 1588-1649 Lead by Winthrop with royal charter, 15,000+ leave in 1630s to found Boston during English Civil War: The Great Migration City on a Hill sermon: importance of Puritan settlement City on a Hill President Reagan, 1989
1630 s Puritan Great Migration Map 3.1b p45
Now the only way to avoid this shipwreck, and to provide for our posterity, is to follow the counsel of Micah, to do justly, to love mercy, to walk humbly with our God. For this end, we must be knit together in this work as one man. We must entertain each other in brotherly affection. We must be willing to abridge ourselves of our superfluities, for the supply of other s necessities. We must uphold a familiar commerce together in all meekness, gentleness, patience and liberality. We must delight in each other; make other s conditions our own; rejoice together, mourn together, labor and suffer together, always having before our eyes our commission and community in the work, as members of the same body.... The Lord will be our God, and delight to dwell among us, as his own people, and will command a blessing upon us in all our ways, so that we shall see much more of his wisdom, power, goodness and truth, than formerly we have been acquainted with. We shall find that the God of Israel is among us, when ten of us shall be able to resist a thousand of our enemies; when he shall make us a praise and glory that men shall say of succeeding plantations, the Lord make it like that of New England. For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us. So that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken, and so cause him to withdraw his present help from us, we shall be made a story and a byword through the world. We shall open the mouths of enemies to speak evil of the ways of God.... City on a Hill John Winthrop (1630) Matthew 5:14
THE NEW ENGLAND FAMILY Average 70 year life span; longevity contributes to family stability migrated as families marriage integrity; divorce very rare population grew through reproduction; married early; large families Women gave up property rights when married A patriarch society; but women had spheres of authority
PURITAN INFLUENCES ON LIFE THE PURITAN COMMUNITY Tightly knit societies; small villages and farms Organized, planned towns: Meeting House at center of town Town Meetings practicing self-government Puritan ministers and magistrates enforced strict code of moral conduct Close relationship between civil and religious authorities/laws Towns greater than 50 families required to provide elementary education (1636) Harvard Founded To ensure adequate supply of trained ministers Plan of the Palisado, the original layout of the Town of Windsor Windsor Historical Society - Gilmore Girls: New England Town Meeting
It being one chief project of the old deluder, Satan, to keep men form the knowledge of the Scriptures, as in former times by keeping them in an unknown tongue, it is therefore ordered that every township in this jurisdiction, after the Lord has increased them in number to 50 householders, shall then forthwith appoint one within their town to tech all such children as shall resort to him to write and read, whose wages shall be paid either by the parents or masters of such children, or by the inhabitants in general. The Massachusetts School Law of 1647
CONFLICT WITHIN THE PURITAN RANKS Respected Puritan Minister, arriving in Boston (1631) Taught person s conscience is beyond control of civil or church authority Banished from Mass Bay Colony, founds Providence Colony (Rhode Island) Respected right of Am Inds; paid for use of land Catholics, Quakers, Jews worshiped freely Roger Williams 1603-1683
CONFLICT WITHIN THE PURITAN RANKS Anne Hutchinson questioned Puritan authorities Taught antinomianism faith alone is necessary for salvation Placed on trial for sedition: banished; she and followers founded Portsmouth Colony 1644, Roger Williams granted charter from Parliament joining colonies creating Rhode Island Tolerated diverse beliefs a refuge for many - the sewer to the Puritans Anne Hutchinson 1591-1643
CONFLICT WITHIN THE PURITAN RANKS 1660s: one generation of Puritans later, fewer members were having conversions. To maintain church membership, more liberal clergy offer halfway covenant: partial church membership Short-term: creates schism within/among Puritan churches Long Term: Greater, more diverse participation
CONFLICT WITHIN THE PURITAN RANKS Rev. Cotton Mather (1663-1728) History Channel Documentary Salem Witch Trial Museum Salem Witch Trials (1692)