TUNIS S NEW MOSQUES CONSTRUCTED BETWEEN 1975 AND 1995: MORPHOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE

TUNIS S NEW MOSQUES CONSTRUCTED BETWEEN 1975 AND 1995: MORPHOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE Imen Cherf Najla Allan Bouhoula Natonal School of Archtecture and Urbansm Unversty of Carthage Tuns, Tunsa Imencherf_arch@yahoo.com Natonal School of Archtecture and Urbansm Unversty of Carthage Tuns, Tunsa Najla.allan@gmal.com Receved: March 27 th 2015 ; Accepted: Aprl 27 th 2015; Avalable Onlne: June 15 th 2015 Abstract The mosque has always been a promnent unt that used to structure the old Islamc ctes. Its archtecture through the Muslm world has always aroused the nterest of many researchers. Actually, mosques are stll bult whle undergong the changes whch occurred on the modern socetes. However, only few research who have been nterested n the new mosques. Ths paper targets the archtecture of mosques bult n Tuns governorate between 1975 and 1995. Through a morphologcal analyss of 24 mosques we were able to determne ther dentty and ther morphologcal structure. Accordng to ther form and poston, we dscovered classes of specmen and classes of segments. Our corpus presents several constants and varatons that we can explan though the ntroducton of some extrnsc attrbutes. In fact, these archtectural objects possess some morphologcal specfcatons related to some urban, functonal and hstorcal factors. Keywords: New mosque; Tuns governorate; morphologcal structure; form; poston Introducton The mosque s consdered as the man manfestaton of Islamc art. There are many researches that were nterested n these archtectural objects. These studes have been essentally focused on the former mosques. Some of them took an nterest n ther spatal structure [1] others focused n ther stylstc [2][3][4][5]. Nevertheless, some researches were nterested n the contemporary mosques [6][7]. Whereas researches on Tunsan mosques have remaned lmted to that whch concernng the ancent mosques [8][9][10][11]. In ths research we are nterested n dentfyng the morphologcal structure of the mosques spaces constructed n Tuns s govemorate between 1975 and 1995 [12].Ths s why we used the method of morphologcal analyss whch allows the comprehenson of the morphologcal organzaton of the man-made objects [13]. Ths method reveals the rules that govern the conformatons. Thus, whle revealng the constants and changes forms, t allows to determnate the dentty classes of studed objects. So we can dentfy the dstnctve features through analyss and morphologcal decomposton resultng n an ntellgble classfcaton. Appled to a corpus of 24 mosques, ths method allows us to defne ther characterstcs n a systematc dentfcaton process. It s therefore appled to understand the combnatoral systems of forms. In fact, we assume that there s a logcal formal organzaton of mosques bult n Tuns from 1975 to 1995 that we are tryng to reveal and explan through the plans and the facades. We can then relate the ntrnsc morphologcal knowledge wth other felds of knowledge; ths may provde extrnsc explanatons n what we have observed. So we can dentfy the relatonshp that may exst between these archtectural objects and ts physcal, temporal and cultural context. General Context of Study To better understand our object of study, we propose frst a defnton of the mosque. In fact the Arabc word "Masjd", Mosque, combnes the root of the word "Sajda" that means prostrate by puttng the forehead to the ground and the locaton prefx m. So t refers to a place for nclnaton conformed to the atttude of prayer. The mosque s a worshp place reserved for communal Muslms prayer. Wth tme and gradually wth the expanson of Muslm communty, the term "Masjd" was reserved to the lttle mosque, the neghborhood or local mosque Journal of Islamc Archtecture Volume 3 Issue 3 June 2015 ISSN 2086-2636 e-issn 2356-4644 115

and where people gather for prayer fve tmes per day except on Frday when they head to the "masjd Djam" or smply "Al-Jam" that refer to the man or the great mosque, a meetng and a gatherng place where the "Imam" led the prayer and addresses a speech ("Khutbah") to the fathful. The man type of mosques dentfed n Tunsa s the hypostyle Mosque whch s characterzed by "Arab" or "Hypostyle" plan. The Great Mosque of Karouan n Tunsa s one of the oldest places of worshp n the Islamc world. Bult n 670 AD, t was the frst constructed mosque n North Afrca and has served as a model n the constructon of all later mosques n the Maghreb. These mosques have rectangular plans wth an enclosed courtyard and a covered prayer hall whose roof s supported by numerous columns and supports. Ths knd of mosque has the flexblty to expand accordng to the populaton growth. Fgure 1. Old aeral vew of the Great Mosque of Karouan datng from 1964 (Source: http://fr.wkpeda.org/wk/grande_mosqu%c3%a9e_de _Karouan#/meda/Fle:Vue_a%C3%A9renne_de_la_Gra nde_mosqu%c3%a9e_de_karouan.jpg) Fgure 2. Old photograph datng from 1890 showng the Bab Souka place and the mosque of Mohamed Bey Almourad (Source: http://commons.wkmeda.org/wk/fle:bab_souka_et _mosqu%c3%a9e.jpg) Even though Tunsa was part of the Ottoman Empre gong back to the 16th century, no mosque has been constructed accordng to the ottoman model only one attempt at the Mohamed Bey Al- Mourad Mosque (1692 AD) that was uncompleted (wthout mnaret). The Turksh contrbuton has remaned lmted to the addton of archtectural or decoratve elements. The man components of mosque n Tunsa are: -The prayer hall: t s a covered space and not necessarly enveloped, ntended to receve the fathful for the communal prayer. The orentaton s the only drectve requred for the place of prayer whch must be orented to the "qbla". The prayer hall brngs together some elements as the "Mhrab" (a nche defnng the drecton to whch fathful must turn toward for prayng) and the "Mnbar" (a pulpt whch s usually made of wood, t takes the form of a flght of steps. It s used by the "Imam" to address the fathful durng hs sermon "khutba" for Frday prayers.) -The gallery: t s colonnaded or arcaded portcoes, t surrounds one or more of the courtyard sde and ensure the passage from covered area to open space. -The courtyard: t s an uncovered area; t s a transent space between the outsde and the prayer hall. It allows extenson of area of prayer especally n warm perods. -The ablutons room: Ths s a space reserved for abluton; the fathful can be put n a state of rtual purty before performng hs prayer. It may be at the entry or n front of the buldng. A fountan placed n the mddle of the courtyard can also be used for abluton. -Mnaret: It s a tower used to call fathfuls to prayer fve tmes a day by a "muezzn" also the Mnaret seems to have a sgnalng role so t marks the locaton of the mosque n the agglomeraton and t ndcates the presence of Islam n the cty. Morphologcal Analyss Mosques constructed n the governorate of Tuns between 1975 and 1995 are archtectural forms consdered as "human facts" that can be the subject of a morphologcal study. Certanly all these specmens have the same "nomnal dentty" defned as sorts or knds of thngs that have the same name. But do not necessarly have the same morphologcal dentty. Hence the need to understand ther morphologcal characterstcs deemed to be sgnfcant and relevant. To properly conduct ths study corpus must be homogeneous, for ths all specmens have the same nomnal dentty, bult n the governorate of Tuns n the same perod (between 1975 and 1995). It must also be representatve as the specmens are dstrbuted evenly on the card and the date of 116 Journal of Islamc Archtecture Volume 3 Issue 3 June 2015 ISSN 2086-2636 e-issn 2356-4644

buldng permts s ncluded n the study perod. Then the corpus must be manageable contanng 24 mosques, a suffcent number to properly conduct ths study. In ths work the study materals are composed of Plans and facades. n the plane concdes wth the formal contnutes of the facade. Ths step appealed to an overall decomposton to project the codfcaton already establshed n the plan and then a Checkng of the correspondence between the contnutes n plan and those n facade. - The fourth and the fnal level s an essay of explanaton of the analyss s results by ntroducng extrnsc data such as orentaton, accessblty, shape and proporton of the plot, n order to understand the spatal conformaton of the mosque constructed n Tuns s governorate between 1975 and 1995. Fgure 3. The study materals (Source: drawn by the Ths analyss s conducted n 4 steps : -The frst s the study of the spatal structure for each specmen n the collecton, and t appeals to the observaton of space s occupancy modaltes to dentfy the spatal conformatons wthout materalzed lmts. That allows the determnaton of the spatal relatonshps accordng to the postons of elements. A structural modelng was used to determne the model or models of the morphologcal structure of mosques. Ths has contrbuted to the determnaton of the operatng mode accordng to whch the elements are artculated. - The second level concerns the study of the consttuent elements defned above. The am s to establsh a catalog of basc forms of these components. However, a consttuent element may be composed of a set of elements; n ths case t wll be subject to a decomposton study whch s based on the observaton and dentfcaton of obvous dscontnutes and comparatve decomposton accordng to a homology operator based on the conformaton of the segment and completed by the usage. That allows to catalogue by class of homologous segments and conduct a classfcaton study for each group of homologous segments accordng to the form and the poston. -The thrd level of analyss s devoted to an exploratory study of facades; whose purpose s to check whether the functonal contnuty establshed Study of the Morphologcal Structure (Spatal Structure) Mosques are archtectural conformatons and composed enttes. They are consstng of contguous elements whch are not organzed n concdental nternal structure. So we are tryng to understand the modaltes of ther spatal occupaton. To properly carry out ths analyss, all specmens S are postoned so that the wall of the "qbla" s placed horzontally and the "qbla" s drected upward. Fgure 4. The postonng of specmens (Source: drawn by the Fgure 5. Postons of perpherals Px (Source: drawn by the Each specmen of the collecton s composed of a man element the central core N and a set of perpherals Px that surround t. The central core N s represented by a colored square n orange whle perpherals Px are represented by black dots. They are dstrbuted around the central core N n 8 postons. As shown n fgure 4, they are regrouped n two categores: Journal of Islamc Archtecture Volume 3 Issue 3 June 2015 ISSN 2086-2636 e-issn 2356-4644 117

- Perpheral Pc whch postons are on the sde of central core N and are colored on red; they are perpherals postons of type C. - Perpheral colored n blue, whch postons are ntermedate and ntersect the postons of type C; they are perpherals poston of type I. So we consder that for each specmen n the collecton there s a central core N whch makes the unty and homogenety of objects of study; and perpherals Px are mplanted n relaton wth the central core N. We suppose that the poston of perpherals Px relatve to the central core N s meanngful, an hypothess to be tested later. The poston homology of perpherals allows modelng the spatal structure of our corpus of study. However determnng the structural model or models of the mosque requres frst the dentfcaton of the central core N, the determnaton of perpherals and then the qualfcaton of poston relatve for each dentfed perpheral. Upon dentfyng the central core N, the nterest s taken n the determnaton and the delmtaton of the central core N n each specmen of the collecton. N s the man core of the mosque. It s a covered and a domnant element; t s dentfed by ts preponderance and mportant proportons n relaton to the other enttes. Perpherals Px are elements whch surround the central core N. We consder n the number of the perpherals Px whch vares between 0 and 8 n functon of the number of the postons that Px occupy. So the spatal structure of the mosque relatve to the number of perpherals Px s: N+ npx wth 0 n 8 Fgure 6. Spatal structure of the specmen S2 relatve to the number of ts perpherals (Source: drawn by the Analyss then focused on the qualfcaton of the postons of perpherals Px. When perpheral Px s n the areas of C-type postons, t s a perpheral poston C (Pc) and when t s n the areas of I-type postons, t s a perpheral poston I (). Pc has 4 perpherals whose postons are P1, P2, P3and P4 and has 4 perpherals whose postons are P1-2, P2-4, P3-4 and P1-3. Pc and have respectvely a number n and n of postons. So the spatal structure of the mosque relatve to the postons of perpherals Px s: N+ n Pc+ n wth 0 n 4 and 0 n 4 Fgure 7. Spatal structure of specmen S2 relatve to postons of ts perpherals (Source: drawn by the Thus there are dfferent scenaros of morphologcal structures of mosques; the table below dentfes the varous possble combnatons of Pc and. The table below shows the dfferent possble combnatons of perpherals Pc and. Models found n our collecton are marked n blue. Table 1. Scenaro relatng to structural models 0Pc 1Pc 2Pc 3Pc 4Pc 0P N N+1Pc N+2Pc N+3Pc N+4Pc 1P N+1P N+1Pc+1 N+2Pc+1 N+3Pc+1 N+4Pc+1 2P N+2P N+1Pc+2 N+2Pc+2 N+3Pc+2 N+4Pc+2 3P N+3P N+1Pc+3 N+2Pc+3 N+3Pc+3 N+4Pc+3 4P N+4P N+1Pc+4 N+2Pc+4 N+3Pc+4 Source: table taped by the author N+4Pc+4 In order to understand the modaltes of spatal occupancy of the perpherals Px, the data are processed by seraton. In fact, t tends to streamlne the mechansm of vsual decomposton that remans subjectve and subject to several assumptons. So the results obtaned are more objectve. For ths, we chose to use the software BSK. Frst an Excel table s typed. The frst lne s reserved for attrbutes and the frst column s reserved for specmens. As the collecton contans 24 specmens (from S1 to S24), the table has 24 rows. The attrbutes used are the eght postons of perpheral Px. Each cell of the table s coded by a seres of numberng 0 and 1 dependng on absence and presence of the attrbute n queston. Ths program class 0 and 1 by seraton of rows and columns. The result s presented n graphs whch regroups the correspondng specmens n classes By comparng the three graphcs whch are results of objectve nterpretaton (The graph BSK, the 118 Journal of Islamc Archtecture Volume 3 Issue 3 June 2015 ISSN 2086-2636 e-issn 2356-4644

correspondng Excel table and curves of specmens measurng nter- specmens and ntra-attrbutes), four major classes or famles of specmens are dentfed. Each famly can be subject to a second degree of dvson nto subsets of specmens. Common attrbutes exst n the four classes but other varable attrbutes dstngush them. nature s based on classfyng methods. The spatal structure s descrbed n terms of combnaton of elementary structured conformatons. By comparng structural models wth classes, we note that structural model can exst n more than one class but every class has a spatal conformaton of the structural model to ts own. So classes have spatal structures that converge to the same structural model whle presentng spatal conformatons specfc to the class they belong. Fgure 8. Results of data processng seraton (Source: by the Table 2. Specmens of each classes Class I Class II Class III Class IV Fgure 9. Spatal conformatons and structural models of mosques of gouvernorate of Tuns constructed between 1975 and 1995 (Source: by the In ths collecton, Specmens are not homogeneous n terms of spatal conformaton but have homologes postons that translate an nterspecmens convergence reflectng the equvalence of morphologcal structure of classes. These conformatons are defned as molds n whch can slp archtectural matter. ths s what we have tred to study n the next part. 42% 29% 21% 8% Source: table taped by the author At ths stage a structural organzaton of specmens s defned. The producton of knowledge around ths seres of objects that have the same Study of the Consttuent Elements As prevously detected the spatal structure of each specmen n the collecton s composed of a central core N and a set of perpherals Px. Those are the consttuent elements of the mosque. Frst of all, to Study the central core N accordng to ts form and ts poston n the parcel, each spatal conformaton of N n the collecton s dentfed. Then the gathered forms are compared between them n order to be classfed nto groups of forms. Also the classfcaton of ths conformaton accordng to the way of occupancy n the plot has showed that the mode of mplementaton found for almost sub rectangular shapes s that adjacent to one or more sdes of the plot. It s therefore more lkely to have a central core N rregularly shaped when t s mplanted adjacent to the plot. Also the most common mplementaton mode for rectangular shapes s that nsde of the plot. So the postonng of the central core N n the plot affects ts shape. Journal of Islamc Archtecture Volume 3 Issue 3 June 2015 ISSN 2086-2636 e-issn 2356-4644 119

The second elements studed are the perpherals Px. those represent a compound whole; so they can consttute a unt of study subject to an analytcal decomposton. Ths ams to determne the segments that characterze the morphology of perpherals Px. The morphologcal analyss s used to understand and dentfy the partes n the whole and the whole n parts. So, prncple of segmentaton or decomposton s the spottng of obvous dscontnutes or lyss that governs perpherals Px. Lyss s a perceptble mean of delmtaton or boundary between adjacent segments. Fgure 10. Analytcal decomposton of perpherals Px (Source: drawn by the The dentfed elements are classfed nto groups of homologous segments accordng to an homology descrptor whch should be strctly defned and must ensure a bjectve correspondence relaton from one perpheral to another, segment by segment and between each segment of dfferent perpherals. In our study, we specfy that the equvalence relatonshp between the segments s based on the conformaton of the segment and supplemented by the space usage. Table 3. Color codfcaton of homologous segments of perpherals Px wth presentng functon Attrbute Name Conformaton/space usage C Dscovered element (courtyard) G Covered and open element; separatng N(central core) and C(courtyard) M Domnant vertcal element (Mnaret) I Alveolate element drectly related to N (the room of the mam ) A Alveolate element(the abluton room) DE Input devce H J Source: table taped by the author transtonal element; between N and other segments (Hall) The rest So a catalog of basc forms of each group of homologous segments can be drawn up. These are classfed accordng to ther shape and ther poston relatve to the central core N. Forms of elementary conformatons are classfed manually so that we get classes of same forms or equal. Then to further characterze the poston of the segment through the collecton, we conducted a data processng by seraton. The result showed the exstence of groups of postons accordng to ther frequency for each segment. The classfcatory study of some examples of homologous segments groups accordng to the shape and poston of ther conformatons are reported n the followng: -The study of the segments M (Mnaret) showed that t exsts n each specmen of the collecton. The shape partcularly found s the square then the octagon and and rarely the crcle. Table 4. Classfcaton forms of segment M (Mnaret) Form s conformaton conformaton Rectangular -------------------------------------------------- Subrectangular -------------------------------------------------- trangular -------------------------------------------------- Sub-trangular -------------------------------------------------- Square Octagonal Crcular Complex -------------------------------------------------- Source: by the author The result of data processng by seraton showed that there are 4 classes of segments and 4 groups of postons: the frst corresponds to strongly present postons (P4). The second moderately present postons (P2). The thrd weakly present postons (P2-4) and the fourth rarely present postons (P1, P3, and P1-3). Fgure 11. Data processng seraton (Source: by the - The study of the segments C (Courtyard) showed that some unts of study have more than one segment C whle other may not have t. Classfcaton table of elementary forms of ths segment showed that t s mostly rregular shaped. 120 Journal of Islamc Archtecture Volume 3 Issue 3 June 2015 ISSN 2086-2636 e-issn 2356-4644

Table 5. Classfcaton form of segment C ( Courtyard) Form s conformaton Rectangular trangular Subrectangular Subtrangular Square Octagonal conformaton Crcular ---------------------------------------- Complex Table 6. Classfcaton form of segment G (Gallery) Form s conformaton conformaton Rectangular On 1 sde Sub rectangular On 2 sdes On 3 sdes On 4 sdes On 4 sdes trangular ------------------------------------- Sub trangular On 2 sdes On 3 sdes On 4 sdes Source: by the author Also, the result of data processng showed that most segments occupy the C-type poston and more precsely the poston P2, P3 and P4 and never P1. The poston P4 s the most frequent. However, a class wth segments that occupy more than one poston s found. Square ------------------------------------- Octagonal ------------------------------------- Crcular ------------------------------------- Complex Source: by the author Also there are four classes of segments G accordng to ther postons around the central core N. the frst ncludes only the segments havng the poston P4, the second contans segments whch have postons P2, P2-4 and P4. The thrd group has segments n the poston P4 and P3-4. The fourth contans segments havng poston P3, P1-3 and P3-4. Fgure 12. Data processng seraton (Source: by the -Elementary forms of the segment G (Gallery) are classfed accordng to ther overall conformatons and accordng to ther conformatons n relaton to the courtyard segment. For example the group of rectangular shapes has 4 subsets accordng to the conformaton of gallery segment n relaton wth the courtyard segment. In fact, there are subsets whch contan segments G located on one sde, on two sdes, on three sdes or on four sdes of the courtyard. Fgure 13. Data processng seraton (Source: by the -Most of segments I (the room of Imam ) have a rectangular or sub-trangular shape. But also they can have sub-rectangular, trangular or complex shapes. Journal of Islamc Archtecture Volume 3 Issue 3 June 2015 ISSN 2086-2636 e-issn 2356-4644 121

Table 7. Form of segment I (Room of Imam ) Form s conformaton conformaton Rectangular Sub rectangular trangular Sub trangular Square ------------------------------------------------ -- Octagonal ------------------------------------------------ -- Crcular ------------------------------------------------ -- Complex Source: by the author Fgure 15. Identfcaton of the central core N through the collecton (Source: by the Contrary to the plan, t s dffcult to dentfy the prayer room at the facade. It seems to lose ts predomnance. However we found the appearance of an omnpresent devce that stands out among all segments. It s the mnaret. Recognzable by ts slender shape; t ensures a certan vertcalty and seems to be the most strkng feature of the façade. Also there are three groups of segments I relatve to the postons. The frst contans segments n P1 poston, the second ncludes segment whch occupes more than one poston (P1, P1-2 and P2). The thrd contans segments n P3poston. Fgure 16. Identfcaton of the segment M (Mnaret) through the collecton (Source: by the Fgure 14. Data processng seraton (Source: by the Exploratory Study of Facades The exploraton of facades s used to complete the knowledge acheved n the spatal study and to verfy any correspondence. Indeed, a comparatve decomposton has allowed dentfyng the central core N (prayer room) and understandng ts poston at the facade. The result shows that N has become a second element of mportance because t s postoned n most cases n the second scannng plane (whch corresponds to a poston far away from the eye). Also, the dentfcaton of homologous segments accordng to the same homology descrptor adopted n plan (whch s based on the conformaton of segment and supplemented by the usage) showed that the facade and the plan do not have the same segments. In fact, some segments have dsappeared, such as the segment C (court), the segment A (abluton hall) and the segment I (Room of "Imam") at the same tme, others have emerged as the segment L ( enclosure wall.). However, other segments have perssted as the segment M (Mnaret), the segment DE (nput devce) and the segment G (gallery). Moreover, some hghly dstngushable segments n plan become much less n façade at a level that we could confuse them; as s the case for the segment DE (nput devce) and the segment G (gallery). We are therefore able to 122 Journal of Islamc Archtecture Volume 3 Issue 3 June 2015 ISSN 2086-2636 e-issn 2356-4644

conclude that the formal contnutes of the facade do not fully concde wth those of the plan. So we can dentfy ths rule: If access to the prayer hall s parallel to the drecton of the "qbla" then the couple (C, G) occupes the P4 poston. In the second and the thrd conformaton the drecton of the "qbla" s perpendcular to the drecton of the entrance to the central core N. In the frst case the couple (C, G) occupes the poston P2 and the other components of the mosques are n P2 poston through contnutes to ntermedates postons (P1-2 and P2-4). Fgure 17. Comparson between the gallery of the specmen S11 and the nput devce of the specmen S2 (Source: by the Interpretve Essay by Extrnsc Attrbutes The frst extrnsc attrbutes ntroduced are the access to the prayer hall and the drecton of the "qbla". Those are two determnng factors n the poston of the segments. In fact, on a functonal level and wthout takng account of the drecton of the "qbla", the spatal conformaton of the hypostyle mosque s characterzed by the successon n the order of these three elements: courtyard (C), gallery (G) and prayer hall (N). To access the prayer hall, the fathful passes through a transtonal space between the outsde and the prayer hall, t s the courtyard or the "s han" whch s juxtaposed on one or more than one of ts sdes by a gallery, the latter allows the passage between the covered space whch s the prayer hall and the uncovered space that s the courtyard. By ntroducng the extrnsc attrbutes access to the prayer hall and the drecton of the "qbla" the couple (Courtyard; Gallery) changes ts poston relatve to the central core N (the prayer hall). We found three spatal conformatons: In the frst conformaton the drecton of the "qbla" s parallel to the drecton of the entrance to the prayer hall. Other components of the mosque, as the abluton room and mnaret, are located on ether sde of ths couple and can occupy the P4 poston wth the possblty of contnuty n the ntermedate postons P2-4 and P3-4. Fgure 18. Example of specmens wth (C;G) n P4 poston(source: by the Fgure 19. Example of specmens wth (C;G) n P2 poston (Source: by the In the second case, the couple (C, G) occupes the P3 poston and the other components too through contnutes n ntermedates postons (P1-3 and P3-4). Fgure 20. Example of specmens wth (C;G) n P3 poston (Source: by the So we can dentfy ths rule: If access to the prayer hall s perpendcular to the drecton of the "qbla" then the couple (C, G) occupes the poston P2 or P3. We note that the specmen S23 (Fgure 19) does not have a gallery. So the couple (C; G) s not nterdependent. The presence of the courtyard does not depend on the presence of the gallery but the presence of the gallery depends on the presence of the courtyard. So : If there s gallery, there s courtyard but the opposte s not true the courtyard can exst wthout the gallery. Secondly, the spatal conformatons of certan segments can be explaned by hstorcal nfluences. Of the one part we notce that some mosques draw ther forms from Arab-hypostyle mosques. Journal of Islamc Archtecture Volume 3 Issue 3 June 2015 ISSN 2086-2636 e-issn 2356-4644 123

Fgure 21. Example of specmen wth nfluences to hypostyle mosques (Source: by the And on the other they draw ther forms from Ottoman mosques. We found that especally at the courtyard and the mnaret segment. In fact, the courtyard whch juxtaposes the prayer hall on more than one sde s a characterstc of the Turksh mosque whereas the courtyard of the Arab hypostyle mosque s located on one sde of the prayer hall. The frst mosque bult by the Ottoman n Tuns was that of Youssef Dey (1615), whch also draws ts orgns from the al Pasha mosque bult n Istanbul (1585). f not n P2 or P3 poston so that t s drectly related to the prayer hall. Fnally, the shape and the proportons of the parcel as well as the drecton of the qbla are the determnng factors of segments s form. Indeed these extrnsc attrbutes can explan the spatal conformaton of specmens s segments. In fact, the rapd changng of Tuns after the ndependence as well as new mode of urbanzaton nduced to new mosques new forms to adapt the shape of Parcel whch s assgned durng the urban plannng. Accordngly the drecton of the qbla s no longer taken nto account n subdvson; the latter s desgnated by a surveyor before the desgn of the mosque n queston. Then the "qbla" wall s not always parallel to the axs of the street. Fgure 23. Specmens wth segments havng rregular forms (Source: by the Schematcally, we can summarze the process that makes the perpherals Px have rregular forms (sub-rectangular or sub-trangular) as shown at Fgure 24. Fgure 22. Example of specmen wth nfluences to Ottoman mosques (Source: by the Then the octagonal mnaret whch s a varant of the cylndrcal mnaret, t appeared n Tunsa n the 16th century wth the arrval of Ottomans. It evokes Turksh nfluences because t reflects the "Hanaf" rte whch became the rte of Tunsa at the Ottoman perod whle the square mnaret whch s a characterstc of the Arab hypostyle mosque reflects the belongng to the "Malk" rte. Thrdly, a strong lnk between between "mhrab" (component of central core N) and the room of the "Imam" s dentfed. In fact, the collecton subject of ths study ncludes 86% of specmens wth the segment I (the room of the mam) n the P1 poston through contnutes to the ntermedate postons (P1-2 and P1-3). The segment I s adjacent to the prayer hall on the sde where s the "mhrab". In the rest of specmens ths segment cannot be placed on the sde where the "mhrab" exsts because the proportons of the terran do not allow that; so segment I s located n poston P2 or P3 so that t s n drect relaton wth the prayer hall. So we can dentfy ths rule: If the proportons of the plot make t possble, the room of the "Imam" s always placed n P1 poston Fgure 24. Perpherals rregularly shaped (Source: by the Perpherals Px have regular forms when the "qbla" wall s ether perpendcular or parallel to the axs of the street. Also the regular form of the plot has strongly contrbuted to the regularty of forms. Fgure 25. Specmens wth segments havng regular forms (Source: by the 124 Journal of Islamc Archtecture Volume 3 Issue 3 June 2015 ISSN 2086-2636 e-issn 2356-4644

Schematcally, we can summarze the process that makes the perpherals Px have regular forms as shown at fgure 26. Fgure 26. Perpherals regularly shaped (Source: by the On the other hand the shape of the parcel can sgnfcantly affect the shape of the perpherals Px, as s the case for the trangular plot. Fgure 27. Forms of perpherals Px and forms of the plot (Source: by the perpherals Px. The study of the poston of these perpherals relatve to the central core revealed a combnatoral system of spatal structure. In fact, the number of perpherals makes unty between classes whle ther postons allow structural dversty. Then the study of the conformaton of the central core N showed that t has a plastc varaton whch can be related to ts poston n the parcel. Furthermore, the comparatve decomposton of perpherals Px has allowed us to dentfy groups of homologous segments that have been the subject of a classfcatory study accordng to the form and the poston of ther elementary conformatons. We concluded that they have not only a plastc varety but also a dsparty of postons that can be related to some extrnsc attrbutes such as access to the prayer hall, the orentaton of the "qbla" or the shape and proportons of the parcel. These results provde us wth an mportant knowledge about these mosques and encourage us to further deepen our research. Indeed the results of our study cannot clam to be complete or exhaustve. Ths would requre a broader pont of vew the number of specmens and pont of vew space-tme corpus. Then one mght consder the study of the mosque n ts urban context and project a comparatve study of the ancent and the new Tunsan mosques. Reference However, we can found perpherals havng regular shapes although Parcel s rregular; especally when the land s large enough and allows mplantng a mosque whose segments are regularly shaped. [1] U. Vogt-Göknl, Mosquées : Grands Courants de L'archtecture Islamque, Pars, Le chêne, 1975. [2] L.Golvn, La mosquée: ses orgnes, sa morphologe, ses dverses fonctons, son rôle dans la ve. Alger : Insttut d'études supéreures slamques d'alger, 1960 [3] G.Marças, L art Musulman, Pars 1962 [4] G. Mchell, Archtecture of the Islamc World: Its Hsotry and Socal Meanng. Thames and Hudson, Londres, 1978. Fgure 28. Forms of perpherals Px and proportons of the plot (Source: by the Concluson In ths paper we were nterested n studyng the morphology of 24 mosques bult n the governorate of Tuns between 1975 and 1995. By usng the morphologcal analyss we were able to focus on the nternal organzaton of the plan whch s composed of a central core N and a set of [5] T. Burckardt, L art de l Islam, langage et sgnfcaton, Sndbad, Pars, 1985. [6] Serageldn, J. Steele, Archtecture of the Contemporary Mosque, Academy Edtons, Londre,1996. [7] Cetn, Murat, Back to Future; Essence of Mosque Desgn and a New Generc Archtectural Typology, n Lonaard Magazne, Vol. 1 Issue 3, pp65-57, May 2011. Journal of Islamc Archtecture Volume 3 Issue 3 June 2015 ISSN 2086-2636 e-issn 2356-4644 125

[8] P.Sebag, Great Mosque of Karouan, Macmllan, New York, 1965 [9] A. Lézne, Sousse : Les Monuments Musulmans, Cères productons, Tuns, 1968 [10] G. Marças et L.Golvan, La Grande Mosquée de Sfax, Imprmere La Rapde, Tuns, 1960 [11] Ben Mam, M.B., La Mosquée Mohamed Bey, un Exemple de la Présence Archtecturale et Artstque Ottomane dans la Médna de Tuns,Afrca, Sére A.T.P., n 12, pp. 1-22. [12] I. Cherf, Mosque of Tuns Gouvernorate Constructed Between 1975 and 1995: Morphologcal Knowledge and Modelng, unpublshed Master s Thess n Archtecture supervsed by Najla Allan Bouhoula, Natonal School of Archtecture and Urbansm, 2013. [13] B. Duprat, Morphologe Applquée: l analyse des Conformatons Archtecturales, ses Problèmes, ses Prncpes, ses Méthodes, HDR, LyonIII: Unversté jean mouln, Faculté de phlosophe, 1999. 126 Journal of Islamc Archtecture Volume 3 Issue 3 June 2015 ISSN 2086-2636 e-issn 2356-4644