Welcome to Selective Readings in Western Civilization Session 9
Nine Steps for Answering a Document Based Question Step 1: Closely examine the Task Step 2: Understand Key Terms within the Question Step 3: Pay Attention to the Time period(s) of the Documents
Nine Steps... Step 4: Read the Documents and Answer the Scaffolding Questions Step 5: Develop a Thesis (This is your opinion, your response) Step 6: Outline Your Essay
Nine Steps... Step 7: Write the Introductory Paragraph Step 8: Write the Body Paragraphs Step 9: Write the Conclusion
Think about the changes in sources of authority that led to the events, decisions, and new ideas described in the presentations we have heard.
What was the main source of authority for understanding the natural world in the year 1500 CE?...the spiritual world? the civil/political/economic world?
...the spiritual world?
Looking Back 1075 CE: Pope Gregory proclaims powers of the Pope 1077 CE: Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV performs "penance" to resolve conflict with Pope over powers to appoint ecclesiastical officials (stands in the snow for 3 days waiting for forgiveness)
The Crusades: 1096 CE: Pope Urban II called for a Crusade to free the holy places in what is now Israel from the control of the Muslims.
First Crusade (1096-1099) Launched by Pope Urban II to help Byzantine Christians and free Jerusalem. But, the leaders established themselves as the rulers of the newly formed crusader states in the Holy Land. Second Crusade (1147-1149) The second military expedition to the Holy Land was called for by the Church to recapture Edessa that fell to the Muslims in 1144. Two kings, Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, decided to lead the crusade. One year later, they laid siege to Damascus but after failing to capture the city, the German king decided he had enough and left the Holy Land. His French counterpart soon followed his example and the Second Crusade came to an end, failing to achieve anything.
Third Crusade (1189-1192) Known as the Kings Crusade because its leaders included as many as three European kings. The Third Crusade was launched after the fall of Jerusalem to the Muslim leader Saladin in 1187. However, Frederick I (Barbarossa) of Germany died on the way to the Holy Land, while Philip II soon departed for France due to conflicts with Richard I of England. The latter won several notable battles but failed to recapture Jerusalem. Before returning to Europe, however, the English king managed to negotiate a free access to Jerusalem for Christian pilgrims. Fourth Crusade (1202-1204) Unable to cope with the loss of Jerusalem, Pope Innocent III energetically preached for crusade. He succeeded to raise an army of crusaders who, however, never made it to the Holy Land. Instead of recapturing Jerusalem as the Pope hoped, the Fourth Crusade ended with the Sack of Constantinople and formation of the short-lived Latin Empire on the conquered Byzantine territories.
Fifth Crusade (1217-1221) Despite the terrible failure of the Fourth Crusade, Pope Honorius III managed to convince Andrew II of Hungary and Leopold VI, Duke of Austria to take up the cross and lead the expedition. In 1219, they captured the port of Damietta, Egypt and were offered all the holy cities in return for withdrawing from Egypt. Encouraged by the success, the crusaders refused which proved to be a mistake. The march to Cairo failed and the crusaders were forced to return home without capturing either Egypt or the holy cities. Sixth Crusade (1228-1229) The Sixth Crusade was a major success for the crusaders despite the fact that it saw little action. Shortly after arriving to the Holy Land, King Frederick II entered into negotiations with the Egyptian sultan who agreed to cede Jerusalem, Nazareth, Bethlehem and other holy cities to the Christians. Seventh Crusade (1248-1254) The Seventh Crusade was launched by the French king Louis IX who decided to recapture the Holy Land by conquering Egypt first. The leader, Louis IX failed to capture Cairo. In addition, he was taken captive while trying to return to the port of Damietta. A ransom was paid and the French king was released.
Eighth Crusade (1270) In 1270, the French king Louis IX decided to give it another try and launched his second crusade. But rather than the Holy Land or Egypt, this time he chose to start his campaign in Tunis. However, disease broke out among the troops shortly after landing and the French king himself died of illness shortly thereafter. His brother Charles of Anjou entered into negotiations with the Caliph of Tunis to ensure safe departure of the crusader army. Ninth Crusade: (1271-1272) The last in the series of military expeditions that sought to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims was launched by Prince Edward of England. In 1271, he landed in Acre and tried to win support for his cause but lack of interest and news from England about his father s illness prompted him to return home. With Prince Edward s departure, the attempts of the Christian Europe to capture the Holy Land finally came to an end.
The Feudal System Who owned the land? Who paid rent? What was the daily life of peasants?
1122: Concordat of Worms (Germany) Election of bishops and abbots to follow proper procedure (Church officials are to choose their own leadership) Canons elect the bishop Monks choose the abbot Ecclesiastical superiors confer (invest) the candidate authority (insignia) of the Church office Worldly authority of the bishop would be conferred by the king (or his representative)
1122: Concordat of Worms This mattered because it determined who would receive rents from land. And How Church official were to be appointed
What was going on in the civil/political/economic world?
1215: Magna Carta was signed by King John of England as a result of pressure from nobility - first limitation of royal authority in Europe
1257: King Henry III of England agrees to the Provisions of Oxford - first written constitution of England ~1265: Henry s son Edward I agrees to authority of England s Parliament
1295: English Parliament includes common representatives and authorizes taxation
1337: Beginning of Hundred Years War (lasted 116 years) between England and France First standing armies in Western Europe since the time of the Western Roman Empire (composed largely of commoners - changed their role in warfare) English political forces over time came to oppose the costly venture In France, civil wars, deadly epidemics, famines and bandit mercenaries reduced the population drastically
1273: Rudolph I becomes Holy Roman Emperor and the first of the Hapsburg line that would have power in Germany until 1806
Europe ~ 1700
What changes were taking place in the view of the natural world?
Changes in sources of authority: The groundwork for the rebirth of learning was laid by the process of political consolidation and centralization of the monarchies of Europe. - Hoyt
Charlemagne, advised by Peter of Pisa and Alcuin of York, attracted the scholars of England and Ireland, and by imperial decree in 787 AD established schools in every abbey in his empire. (These schools, from which the name Scholasticism is derived, became centers of medieval learning.)
Changes in sources of authority: Universities University of Bologna (1088) University of Paris (c. 1150) University of Oxford (1167 University of Modena (1175) University of Palencia (1208) University of Cambridge (1209) University of Salamanca (1218) University of Montpellier (1220) University of Padua (1222) University of Naples (1224) University of Toulouse (1229)
Changes in sources of authority: The increased contact with the Islamic world in Muslim-dominated Spain and Sicily, the Crusades, as well as increased contact with Byzantium, allowed Europeans to seek and translate the works of Hellenic and Islamic philosophers and scientists, especially the works of Aristotle.
Changes in sources of authority: Aristotle adopted by the Church The Scholastic philosophy blended Aristotelian philosophy with Christianity, bringing the thought of Ancient Greece into the Middle Ages. But, it required a repudiation of some Aristotelian principles for the sciences and the arts to free themselves for the discovery of modern scientific laws and empirical methods.
Changes in sources of authority: Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) was the most significant interpreter of Aristotle and the most influential Scholastic philosopher.