1 COMBINING MESSAGES Complex and compound sentences
2 When a statement is too complex or detailed to be expressed in a single clause A. Complex sentence main clause + conjunction + subordinate clause/ dependent clause The house was called Sea View, although there were no sea anywhere in sight. B. Compound sentence: coordinate clause + conjunction + coordinate clause I m an old man and I m sick. I like films but I don t go to the cinema very often.
Plan 3 1. Adverbial clauses 2. Relative clauses 3. Nominal that-clauses 4. Non-finite clauses 5. Linking words, phrases and clauses together
1. Adverbial clauses 4 a. time clauses b. conditional clauses c. purpose clauses d. reason clauses e. result clauses f. concessive clauses g. place clauses h. clauses of manner 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 时间条件目的原因结果让步地点方式
a. time clauses (or not) 5 1. The minute someone left the room, the others started talking about them. 2. I had just finished my meal when I heard voices. 3. I had no sooner checked into the hotel he arrived with the appropriate documents. 4. He had hardly got his eyes open before she told him that they were leaving. 5. Hardly had he settled into his seat when Alan came bursting in. 6. I feel better now that I ve talked to you.
6 7. The company closed in the late seventies, at which point he retired. 8. I told Dr. Johnson of this, upon which he called for Joseph. 9. His department was shut down, whereupon he returned to Calcutta. 10. When under threat, they can become violent. 11. Why should I help her when she never helps me? 12. Why should he do me an injury when he has already saved my life?
Tense: A quick review 7 1. I (stand) by the window when I (hear) her speak. 2. The turtle returns to the sea after it (lay) its eggs. 3. When he (come), I (show) him the book. referring to things that will happen or exist in the future 4. We won t be getting married until we (save) enough money.
Saying when a situation began 8 Since 1. I ve been in politics since I at university. (be) 2. He had been tired ever since he work. (start) 3. Jane had been busy ever since she the news. (hear) 4. I was seven years older than Wendy and had known her since she twelve. (be)
Saying when a situation ends 9 Tense? Stay with me until I go. We ll support them till they find work. Tell him I won t discuss anything until I ve spoken to my wife. He did not believe me until he saw the pictures. He did not believe me until he had seen the pictures.
b. conditional clauses 10 Talk about a possible situation and its consequences Conditional structures: the first conditional I scream if you that again the second conditional I happily offer to help, if I more time. (have) the third conditional I that exam if I a bit harder. (pass, try) the zero conditional Water if you heat it to 100 o C. (boil)
Verb forms in conditional sentences 11 often happen 1 If a dog approaches me, I panic. 2 I could not fall asleep unless I did an hour of yoga. possibility 1 If anyone doubts this, they should look at the facts. 2 If that should happen, you will be blamed. (formal ) 3 Should any visitor come, I will say you are not here.
12 unlikely situations I should be surprised if it was less than five pounds. If I were a guy, I would look like my dad. what might have been Perhaps if he had realized that, he would have run away while there was still time.
Examples: 13 necessary conditions or no affect: 1. Provided that it s not too much money I d love to come to Spain. 2. He told them that disarmament was only possible if Britain changed her foreign policy. 3. If you are to escape, you must leave me and go on alone. 4. I would have married her even if she had been penniless. ( cf. )
14 5. Catching a frog can be a difficult business, whether you re a human or a bird or a reptile. 6. Always report such behaviour to the nearest person in authority, whether it be a school teacher or a policeman, or anyone else. 7. A fresh pepper, whether red or green, lasts about three weeks. 8. However it began, the battle would always develop into a large-scale conflict. 9. Whichever way you do it, it s hard work.
3. purpose clauses 15 1. When removing a stain, work from the edge inwards so as not to enlarge the area affected. 2. The children sleep together to keep warm. to-infinitive clauses 3. To understand what is happening now, we need to think about what has been achieved.
16 4. A stranger had lifted Philip up on his shoulder so that he could see better. 5. Make sure you get plenty of rest, so that you don t fall asleep at work. ( cf., ) 6. They built a statue of him lest people should forget what he had done. = They built a statue of him so that people would not forget
4. reason clauses 17 Mr. Woods, I am here just in case anything out of the ordinary happens. He did not sit down in case his trousers got creased. I m in a difficult situation in that I have been offered two jobs and they both sound interesting. Censorship is ineffective inasmuch as it does not protect anyone. ( formal) I hesitate, for I am not quite sure of my facts. ( old-fashioned) Seeing that you re the guest on this little trip, I won t tell you what I think of your behaviour last night. ( informal)
5. result clauses 18 1. My suitcase had become damaged, so that the lid would not stay closed. 2. He fixed the bell so that it would ring when anyone came in. 3. She was having great difficulty getting her car out, and so I had to move my car to let her out. 4. He was shot in the chest and died. comma
19 The crowd was so large that it overflowed the auditorium. I hope that nobody was so stupid as to go around saying those things. We found so much to talk about that it was late at night when we remembered the time.
2. Relative clauses 20 A. definining relative clauses B. non-defining relative clauses
3. Nominal that-clauses 21 A. relating to reported speech and thought (reported clauses) Chapter 7. She said (that) she is a doctor. Xiao Hong explained that Xiao Jun was just drunk. B. relating to facts
Exercise 22 In class. Next week, please bring your students book.