Contents Pronunciation and Transliteration Chart.............. 11 Arabic honorific symbols used in this book........... 15 Hadith grade terms in this book.................... 16 About the Word Lord........................... 17 When Jihad Refers to Fighting..................... 18 Publisher s Note................................ 21 Dedication................................... 22 Translator s Foreword............................ 23 Introduction.................................. 27 Chapter 1: Abu Bakr ( ) prior to becoming Caliph................... 43 1.1 Name, lineage, kunyah, titles, attributes, family and life during the jâhiliyah............... 45 1.1.1 Name, lineage, kunyah and titles............... 45 1.1.2 Birth and physical characteristics.............. 49 1.1.3 Family................................... 50 1.1.4 High moral standards during the jâhiliyah....... 57 1.2 Accepting Islam, inviting others to the faith and the first migration.................. 62 1.2.1 Accepting Islam............................ 62
6 Abu Bakr as-siddeeq 1.2.2 Calling others to Islam...................... 68 1.2.3 His test................................... 70. 75..............(ﷺ) 1.2.4 His defence of the Prophet 1.2.5 His spending to free those who were persecuted for the sake of Allah....... 78 1.2.6 His first migration, and the attitude of Ibn ad-daghnah concerning it................. 83 1.2.7 Among the Arab tribes in the marketplaces...... 88 1.3 His migration with the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) to Madinah........... 95 1.3.1 The importance of planning and taking all possible measures, as demonstrated by the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) and Abu Bakr ( )... 108 1.3.2 Abu Bakr s high morale and his weeping with joy. 114 1.3.3 The art of guiding people and dealing with them in a tactful manner................. 116 1.3.4 Abu Bakr s sickness in Madinah when he first migrated there....................... 117 1.4 Abu Bakr in the field of jihad................... 120 1.4.1 At the Battle of Badr........................ 121 1.4.2 At U ud and amra al-asad................. 127 1.4.3 The campaigns of Banu an-na eer, Banu al-mu aliq, the Trench and Banu Quraydhah............... 130 1.4.4 At Hudaybiyah............................ 132 1.4.5 In the campaign to Khaybar and the expedition to Najd and Banu Fizârah...................... 137 1.4.6 The compensatory umrah and Dhât as-salâsil.... 139 1.4.7 The conquest of Makkah, the battle of unayn, and the siege of Taif........................ 142
Contents 7 1.4.8 The campaign to Tabook, leading the Hajj, and the Farewell Pilgrimage.................. 151 1.5 Abu Bakr in the society of Madinah, and some of his attributes and virtues....................... 157 1.5.1 Vignettes of Abu Bakr s life and attitude in the society of Madinah...................... 157 1.5.2 Some of the most important characteristics and virtues of Abu Bakr ( )................. 176,(ﷺ) Chapter 2: The death of the Messenger Saqeefah Bani Sâ idah, the Public Oath of Allegiance, and Administration of Internal Affairs............................ 189 2.1 The death of the Messenger,(ﷺ) and Saqeefah Bani Sâ idah......................... 191. 191............. (ﷺ) 2.1.1 The death of the Messenger 2.1.2 The great calamity, and Abu Bakr s attitude...... 197 2.1.3 Saqeefah Bani Sâ idah...................... 200 2.1.4 The most important lessons to be learned from this incident.................. 202 2.2 The public oath of allegiance, and administration of internal affairs............................... 230 2.2.1 The public oath of allegiance................. 230 2.2.2 Running the internal affairs of the state......... 247 Chapter 3: The Army of Usâmah, and Abu Bakr s Jihad against the Apostates...... 281 3.1 The Army of Usâmah......................... 283 3.1.1 Abu Bakr a - iddeeq ( ) sends the army of Usâmah ( )................... 283
8 Abu Bakr as-siddeeq 3.1.2 What happened between Abu Bakr ( ) and the Companions about sending the army..... 288 3.1.3 The most important lessons to be learned from Abu Bakr s decision to send the army.......... 292 3.2 Abu Bakr s jihad against the apostates............ 302 3.2.1 The meaning of apostasy, and some verses that warn against apostasy...... 302 3.2.2 Causes and types of apostasy................. 305 3.2.3 Apostasy at the end of the Prophet s life......... 306 3.2.4 Abu Bakr s attitude towards the apostates....... 308 3.2.5 Abu Bakr s plan to protect Madinah............ 313 3.2.6 The apostates failure to invade Madinah........ 315 3.3 All-out war against the apostates................. 320 3.3.1 The official plan of confrontation adopted by the state......................... 322 3.3.2 Putting an end to the turmoil caused by al-aswad al- Ansi and ulay ah al-asadi, and the killing of Mâlik ibn Nuwayrah............. 336 3.3.3 The apostasy of the people of Oman and Bahrain.. 381 3.4 Musaylimah the liar and Banu aneefah.......... 388 3.4.1 Musaylimah the liar......................... 388 3.4.2 Those who remained steadfast among Banu aneefah...................... 393 3.4.3 Khâlid ibn al-waleed moves his army towards Musaylimah the liar in al-yamâmah..... 394 3.4.4 The decisive battle.......................... 398 3.4.5 Rare heroism.............................. 400 3.4.6 Martyrs of the battle of al-yamâmah............ 404
Contents 9 3.4.7 Mujjâ ah s trick, Khâlid s marriage to Mujjâ ah s daughter, and the letters between Khâlid and Abu Bakr................ 408 3.4.8 An attempt to kill Khâlid ibn al-waleed ( ), and the visit by the delegation of Banu aneefah to Abu Bakr ( )............. 413 3.4.9 Collecting the noble Qur an.................. 414 3.5 The most important lessons to be learned from the apostasy wars................ 418 3.5.1 Fulfilling the conditions required in order to prevail, the impact of adhering to Islamic jurisprudence, and the qualities of the mujâhideen............. 418 3.5.2 Description of society during the time of Abu Bakr ( )................... 422 3.5.3 Abu Bakr s policy of fighting foreign interference. 425 3.5.4 The outcome of the apostasy period............ 428 Chapter 4: Abu Bakr s Conquests, Appointing Umar ( ) as his Successor, and Abu Bakr s death...................... 435 Introduction.................................... 437 4.1 The conquest of Iraq.......................... 439 4.1.1 Abu Bakr s plan for the conquest of Iraq........ 439 4.1.2 Battles of Khâlid ibn al-waleed in Iraq.......... 446 4.1.3 Khâlid s Hajj and Abu Bakr s orders to go to Syria; al-muthanna assumes command of the armies in Iraq................ 463
10 Abu Bakr as-siddeeq 4.2 Conquests of Abu Bakr in Syria................. 469 4.2.1 Abu Bakr s decision to fight the Byzantines, and glad tidings on the way................... 471 4.2.2 Abu Bakr consults people about waging jihad against the Byzantines, and mobilising the people of Yemen........................ 473 4.2.3 Abu Bakr gives banners to the commanders and dispatches the armies.................... 480 4.2.4 Stalemate in Syria.......................... 491 4.2.5 Khâlid heads towards Syria; the battles of Ajnadayn and Yarmook........... 499 4.3 Important Lessons............................ 509 4.3.1 Features of the foreign policy of Abu Bakr s state. 509 4.3.2 Features of Abu Bakr s military planning........ 512 4.3.3 The rights of Allah ( ) and the rights of the commanders and troops, according to Abu Bakr ( ).................. 515 4.3.4 The reason the Muslims were able to utterly defeat the Persian and Byzantine forces......... 525 4.4 Abu Bakr s appointment of Umar ibn al-kha âb as his successor, and Abu Bakr s death............ 528 4.4.1 His appointment of Umar as his successor...... 528 4.4.2 The time for departure from this world.......... 535 Summary and Conclusion........................ 543 Notes....................................... 555 Bibliography................................. 605 Glossary of Islamic Terms........................ 627