LOGIC, EPISTEMOLOGY, AND THE UNITY OF SCIENCE

LOGIC, EPISTEMOLOGY, AND THE UNITY OF SCIENCE

LOGIC, EPISTEMOLOGY, AND THE UNITY OF SCIENCE VOLUME 1 Editors Shahid Rahman, University of Lille III, France John Symons, University of Texas at El Paso, U.S.A. Editorial Board Jean Paul van Bendegem, Free University of Brussels, Belgium Johan van Benthem, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands Jacques Dubucs, University of Paris I-Sorbonne, France Anne Fagot-Largeault, Collège de France, France Bas van Fraassen, Princeton University, U.S.A. Dov Gabbay, King s College London, U.K. Jaakko Hintikka, Boston University, U.S.A. Karel Lambert, University of California, Irvine, U.S.A. Graham Priest, University of Melbourne, Australia Gabriel Sandu, University of Helsinki, Finland Heinrich Wansing, Technical University Dresden, Germany Timothy Williamson, Oxford University, U.K. Logic, Epistemology, and the Unity of Science aims to reconsider the question of the unity of science in light of recent developments in logic. At present, no single logical, semantical or methodological framework dominates the philosophy of science. However, the editors of this series believe that formal techniques like, for example, independence friendly logic, dialogical logics, multimodal logics, game theoretic semantics and linear logics, have the potential to cast new light on basic issues in the discussion of the unity of science. This series provides a venue where philosophers and logicians can apply specific technical insights to fundamental philosophical problems. While the series is open to a wide variety of perspectives, including the study and analysis of argumentation and the critical discussion of the relationship between logic and the philosophy of science, the aim is to provide an integrated picture of the scientific enterprise in all its diversity. For other titles published in this series, go to www.springer.com/series/6936

Logic, Epistemology, and the Unity of Science Edited by Shahid Rahman Université Lille 3, France John Symons University of Texas, El Paso, U.S.A. Dov M. Gabbay King s College London, U.K. and Jean Paul van Bendegem Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-90-481-2486-2 (PB) ISBN 1-4020-2807-5 (HB) ISBN 1-4020-2808-3 (e-book) Published by Springer Science+Business Media B.V. P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Printed on acid-free paper Cover image: Adaptation of a Persian astrolabe (brass, 1712-13), from the collection of the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford. Reproduced by permission. All Rights Reserved Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2009 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Some Programmatic Comments 1 1. Logic, Epistemology and the Unity of Science: An Encyclopedic Project in the Spirit of Neurath and Diderot SHAHID RAHMAN AND JOHN SYMONS 2. An International Encyclopedia of the Unified Sciences (translated by John Symons and Ramon Alvarado) OTTO NEURATH II. Game Theory and Independence Friendly Logic as a Unifying Framework 3 17 23 3. Towards a Unity of the Human Behavioral Sciences 25 HERBERT GINTIS 4. Some Coloured Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics in the 20th Century GERHARD HEINZMANN 41 5. Logical Versus Nonlogical Concepts: An Untenable Dualism? 51 JAAKKO HINTIKKA 6. Semantic Games in Logic and Epistemology 57 AHTI-VEIKKO PIETARINEN 7. IF Logic, Game-Theoretical Semantics and the Philosophy of Science AHTI-VEIKKO PIETARINEN AND GABRIEL SANDU 105 III. Unity and Plurality in Science and in Logic 139 8. Concepts Structured through Reduction: A Structuralist Resource Illuminates the Consolidation-Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) Link JOHN BICKLE 141 vii

viii 9. The Unity of Science and the Unity of Being: A Sketch of a Formal Approach 151 C. ULISES MOULINES 10. Logical Pluralism and the Preservation of Warrant 163 GREG RESTALL 11. In Defence of the Dog: Response to Restall 175 STEPHEN READ 12. Normic Laws, Non-monotonic Reasoning, and the Unity of Science 181 GERHARD SCHURZ 13. The Puzzling Role of Philosophy in Life Sciences: Bases for a Joint Program for Philosophy and History of Science 213 JUAN MANUEL TORRES 14. The Creative Growth of Mathematics 229 JEAN PAUL VAN BENDEGEM 15. Quantum Logic and the Unity of Science 257 JOHN WOODS AND KENT A. PEACOCK IV. The Logic of the Knowledge-Seeking Activities 289 16. Belief Contraction, Anti-formulae and Resource Overdraft: Part II Deletion in Resource Unbounded Logics 291 DOV GABBAY, ODINALDO RODRIGUES AND JOHN WOODS 17. Reasoning about Knowledge in Linear Logic: Modalities and Complexity 327 MATHIEU MARION AND MEHRNOUCHE SADRZADEH 18. A Solution to Fitch s Paradox of Knowability 351 HELGE RÜCKERT 19. Theories of Knowledge and Ignorance 381 WIEBE VAN DER HOEK, JAN JASPARS AND ELIAS THIJSSE 20. Action-Theoretic Aspects of Theory Choice 419 HEINRICH WANSING

ix 21. Some Computational Constraints in Epistemic Logic 437 TIMOTHY WILLIAMSON V. Contributions from Non-Classical Logics 457 22. The Need for Adaptive Logics in Epistemology 459 DIDERIK BATENS 23. Logics for Qualitative Reasoning 487 PAULO VELOSO AND WALTER CARNIELLI 24. Logic of Dynamics and Dynamics of Logic: Some Paradigm Examples BOB COECKE, DAVID J. MOORE AND SONJA SMETS 527 25. Complementarity and Paraconsistency 557 NEWTON C. A. DA COSTA AND DÉCIO KRAUSE 26. Law, Logic, Rhetoric: a Procedural Model of Legal Argumentation 569 ARNO LODDER 27. Essentialist Metaphysics in a Scientific Framework 589 ULRICH NORTMANN Index 601