Reformation Continues Chapter 17 Section 4 Huldrych Zwingli Zwingli- Catholic priest in Zurich, Switzerland Influenced by Christian humanist and Luther 1520- attacks abuses of the Church Wanted more personal relationship with religion More control over the Church John Calvin 1509-1564 French Studied law and philosophy Pastor during Reformation 1
Calvin Will have as much influence as Luther 1536- Book Institutes of the Christian Religion o Ideas about God o Salvation o Human nature Calvin Believed men and women were sinful by nature Agrees with Luther that you can not buy salvation Goes further to say- God choses very few people to be saved o Called these few the elect Calvin Calvin states that God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved Doctrine of Predestination Religion based on Calvin s teachings is called Calvinism 2
Reformation in Swi<erland Believed that government should be a theocracy o Government control by religious leaders 1541- Protestants in Geneva, Switzerland asked Calvin to be their leader Geneva was self governing o Ran city based on strict rules Reformation in Swi<erland Everyone attended religion class No one wore bright colors or played card games Excommunication or imprisonment if rules were broken Anyone who preached anything different could be burned at the stake Spread of Calvinism John Knox- Scottish preacher 1559- Took ideas from Geneva and practiced them in Scotland Communities were governed by elders or Presbyters Followers of Knox became known as Presbyterians 3
Presbyterians By 1560 s Presbyterian became Scotland s official religion Mary Queen of Scots is overthrown- Catholic o Infant son James becomes ruler of Scotland Huguenots Swiss, Dutch, and French reformers adopt Calvin s ideas In France they are called Huguenots Huguenots and Catholics clash often Huguenots Paris, Aug. 1572- Most violent clash St. Bartholomew s Day feast Catholic mobs hunt Protestants Start to murder Protestants in France Massacre spreads to other cities o Around 12,000 Protestants die 4
Means- Baptized again Anabaptist Could only be baptized when old enough to decide People baptized as children should be baptized again as adults Believed church should be separate from government Refused to fight in wars Anabaptists Saw as radicals who should be persecuted o By Catholics and Protestants Predecessors to Mennonites and Amish Influenced Baptist and Quakers o Break from the Anglican Church Catholic Reformation Millions remain true to Catholicism o Movement with in the Catholic Church to reform itself Ignatius of Loyola- Founded new religious order o From Spain o 1522- Wrote book Spiritual Exercises- Laid out daily prayer and meditation o Compared spiritual and physical exercise 5
Catholic Reformation Gathers many followers over 18 years Known as Society of Jesus or Jesuits Focused on 3 activities 1. Founded schools through out Europe 2. Convert non Christians to Catholicism 3. Stop the spread of Protestantism Catholic Reformation Pope Paul III- 1534-1549 o Creates council of Cardinals to investigate indulgence selling and other abuses of the Church o Approves Jesuit order o Calls for a council of leaders to meet in Trent 1545-1549 Council of Trent Catholic bishops and cardinals agree on several doctrines o Church s interpretation of the Bible was final o Need faith and good works for salvation o Bible and Church authority were equally powerful o Indulgences were valid expressions of faith False selling of indulgences was banned 6
Catholic Reformation Pope Paul IV Carried out council s decrees 1559 creates list of dangerous books o Index of Forbidden Books List included protestant Bibles All books were burned Women in the Reformation Marguerite of Navarre- Protected Calvin while in France o Sister to King Francis I Katharina Zell- Scolded a minister for speaking out against of another reformer o Her husband, Matthew Zell, was a Lutheran pastor Katharina von Bora- Wife to Martin Luther o Took care of family finances o Took care of all who entered her home o Argued with Luther over the role of women in marriage Legacy of the Reformation Protestant churches will flourish Catholic Church will become more unified Both Catholics and Protestants see importance of education o Many Universities are created all over Europe 7
Legacy of the Reformation Catholic Church will lose power in Europe Monarchs and states will gain more power Questioning of beliefs will lead to the Enlightenment Era 8