H 2016 X715/76/11 National Quali cations Classical Studies WEDNESDAY, 4 MAY 9:00 AM 11:15 AM Total marks 60 SECTION 1 LIFE IN CLASSICAL GREECE 20 marks Attempt EITHER Part A OR Part B. SECTION 2 CLASSICAL LITERATURE 20 marks Attempt ONE question. SECTION 3 LIFE IN THE ROMAN WORLD 20 marks Attempt EITHER Part A OR Part B. Write your answers clearly in the answer booklet provided. In the answer booklet you must clearly identify the question number you are attempting. Use blue or black ink. Before leaving the examination room you must give your answer booklet to the Invigilator; if you do not, you may lose all the marks for this paper. *X7157611* A/HTP
SECTION 1 LIFE IN CLASSICAL GREECE 20 marks Attempt EITHER Part A OR Part B Part A Power and Freedom Source A was written by Plutarch a Greek historian living in the 1st century AD. He was famous for writing biographies of famous Greeks to highlight their moral virtues and vices. Source A In his younger days Pericles was very shy of facing the common people. Older Athenians noted what an attractive and fluent speaker he was. The fact that he was wealthy, came from an aristocratic family and had powerful friends led him to fear ostracism. At first he refused to have anything to do with politics but he showed outstanding skill and courage in military service. Pericles finally decided to become a member of the popular party, taking up the cause of the underprivileged masses instead of the rich aristocrats, despite the fact that this ran contrary to his own nature, which was very far from being sympathetic to the common people. 1. Evaluate the usefulness of Source A for explaining the methods used by Pericles to make himself popular with the Athenian people. You could comment on who wrote it, when they wrote it, what they say, why they say it and what has been missed out. 8 Attempt EITHER question 2(a) OR 2(b) 2. (a) Analyse how the members of the Delian League suffered under the leadership of the Athenians. OR (b) Analyse how democracy required a huge commitment in terms of time and effort from Athenian citizens. [NOW GO TO SECTION 2 ON PAGE 04] Page 02
Part B Religion and Belief Source A is from a speech in praise of Athens by the Athenian writer Isocrates. It was written in the 4th century BC. Source A When Demeter came to our land, in her wandering after the abduction of Persephone, she was moved to kindness towards our ancestors by services which may not be told except to her initiates. She gave them two gifts, the greatest in the world the fruits of the earth, which have enabled us to rise above the life of the beasts, and the holy rite which inspires in those who are initiated sweeter hopes regarding both the end of life and all eternity. Our citizens have not kept this gift from the goddess to themselves but have shared what they have received with all men. We continue even now, each year, to reveal the mystic rite to the initiates. 3. Evaluate the usefulness of Source A in describing the Eleusinian Mysteries. You could comment on who wrote it, when they wrote it, what they say, why they say it and what has been missed out. 8 Attempt EITHER question 4(a) OR 4(b) 4. (a) Analyse the importance of prayer and sacrifice in ensuring the favour of Greek gods. OR (b) Analyse the importance of religious festivals such as the Panathenaia, the Skira and Thesmophoria in the lives of Greek women. [NOW GO TO SECTION 2 ON PAGE 04] [Turn over Page 03
SECTION 2 CLASSICAL LITERATURE 20 marks Attempt ONE question 5. Heroism does not always lead to happiness. Discuss this view with reference to any classical text(s) you have studied and with reference to the modern world. 20 OR 6. The most important conflict found in classical literature involves conflict within families. Discuss this view with reference to any classical text(s) you have studied and with reference to the modern world. 20 [NOW GO TO SECTION 3 ON PAGE 06] Page 04
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SECTION 3 LIFE IN THE ROMAN WORLD 20 marks Attempt EITHER Part A OR Part B Part A Power and Freedom Source A shows Roman public baths in the south of Britain. Source B is from a modern writer. By the end of the first century BC, after a long period of conflict, the Celtic tribes of Gaul had been securely incorporated into the Roman Empire. The process of Romanisation began at once. The Romans easily imposed their administrative, economic, artistic (especially in terms of monumental art and architecture) and literary culture. The native people started to wear the Roman tunic instead of their more traditional clothing. The Romans embarked on an extensive programme of construction. They built numerous aqueducts in order to bring fresh water from distant sources into their cities and towns, supplying public baths, latrines, fountains and private households. Waste water was removed by a complex sewage system which released it into nearby bodies of water, keeping the towns clean and healthy. Aqueducts also provided water for mining operations, milling, farms and gardens. Page 06
Part A (continued) Source C is from an ancient writer. The barbarians were adapting themselves to Roman ways. They were getting used to holding markets and having peaceful meetings. They had not, however, forgotten the habits of their ancestors, their old life of independence or the power that comes from having weapons. But they were becoming different without noticing it. 7. How fully do Sources A, B and C describe what people in the Roman provinces gained and lost by being part of the Roman Empire? Use at least two of the sources and your own knowledge. 8 Attempt EITHER question 8(a) OR 8(b) 8. (a) To what extent did the lives of slaves in the Roman Empire depend on the attitude of their owner? OR (b) To what extent would a person have benefitted from being a Roman citizen? [Turn over Page 07
Part B Religion and Belief Source A shows a lararium (family shrine). Source B is from an ancient Roman writer. The hearth is named from its fire that warms all things; it is here at the hearth we bake our bread. Formerly it stood in the most important room within the house. In praying we address Vesta first. It was once the custom to sit on long benches by the fire and believe the gods were present at the meal: even now in sacrificing to ancient Vesta we sit or stand in front of her altar hearth. We still observe these old customs: a clean dish contains food offered to Vesta. Source C is from a modern writer. Early Romans believed that nature was controlled by invisible spirits called numina. These spirits lived in rivers, trees and mountains and were found in every aspect of nature. Romans believed that in order to be successful it was important to keep these spirits happy. Powerful spirits also protected each home such as Janus who guarded the doorway and the Penates who looked after the store cupboard. It was the duty of the head of the household to make sure that prayers and sacrifices were offered to these spirits every day to bring the family success. In addition to this daily worship, family religion played an important role on special occasions in the lives of those who lived in the home. 9. How fully do Sources A, B and C explain religious practices in a Roman household? Use at least two of the sources and your own knowledge. 8 Page 08
Part B (continued) Attempt EITHER question 10(a) OR 10(b) 10. (a) To what extent did the Romans rely on omens or signs from their gods? OR (b) To what extent did philosophies such as Epicureanism and Stoicism offer alternative views to traditional Roman beliefs about life after death? [END OF QUESTION PAPER] Page 09
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Acknowledgement Part A source A Brendan Howard/shutterstock.com Part B Source A Khirman Vladimir/shutterstock.com Page