TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1 RELIGION AND THE MEANING OF LIFE 1 1 Steven M. Cahn Daisetz Suzuki Ramakrishna Bertrand Russell Mary Daly bell hooks and Cornel West H. L. Mencken Albert Camus 2 Saint Anselm Saint Thomas Aquinas William Paley Fyodor Dostoevsky S!ilren Kierkegaard William James Flew, Hare, and Mitchell DOES RELIGION GIVE My LIFE MEANING? 3 Religion Reconsidered 5 The Awakening of a New Consciousness in Zen 9 Many Paths to the Same Summit 13 Why I Am Not a Christian 15 The Leap Beyond Patriarchal Religion 24 Black Women and Men: Partnership in the 1990s 31 Memorial Service 45 The Absurd 47 How Do I KNow WHETHER GOD EXISTS? 53 The Ontological Argument 56 Whether God Exists 58 The Teleological Argument 60 Why Does God Let People Suffer? 63 Rebellion 68 The Leap of Faith and the Limits of Reason 72 The Will to Believe 75 Theology and Falsification 80 PART 2 SCIENCE, MIND, AND NATURE 87 3 Carl G. Hempel Karl Popper Thomas Kuhn Evelyn Fox Keller Richard Feynman Susan Griffin 4 The Bible Charles Darwin Duane T. Gish Philip Kitcher Isaac Asimov 5 Gilbert Ryle William Lycan WHAT DOES SCIENCE TELL ME ABOUT THE WORLD? 89 The Deductive-Nomological Model of Science 92 Science: Conjectures and Refutations 101 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions 110 Feminism and Science 118 Seeking New Laws of Nature 126 Gravity 134 WHICH SHOULD I BELIEVE: DARWIN OR GENESIS? 137 Genesis 140 The Descent of Man 143 Creationist Science and Education 149 Against Creationism 160 Armies of the Night 172 How Is My MIND CONNECTED TO My BODY? 183 Mind as Distinct from Body 187 The Concept of Mind 192 Robots and Minds 201
xii John R. Searle Elizabeth V. Spelman Francisco Varela, et al. Table of Contents The Myth of the Computer 207 Woman as Body 214 The Embodied Mind 224 PART 3 THINKING AND KNOWING 233 6 O. K. Bouwsma Norman Malcolm Lewis Carroll Jorge L. Borges Bertrand Russell John Locke George Berkeley Lorraine Code 7 Jonathan Swift Ludwig Wittgenstein Benjamin Whorf George Orwell Steven Pinker Stephanie Ross Friedrich Nietzsche Lewis Carroll WHAT Do I KNow? 235 Meditation 238 Descartes' Evil Genius 242 Knowledge Regained 250 Through the Looking Glass 253 The Circular Ruins 254 Appearance and Reality 258 Where Our Ideas Come From 260 To Be Is to Be Perceived 264 Is the Sex of the Knower Epistemologically Significant? 270 DOES LANGUAGE MAKE ME THINK THE WAY I Do? 277 Getting Rid of Words 280 Meaning as Use 281 Language, Thought, and Reality 289 Newspeak 299 Mentalese 302 How Words Hurt 314 Communication and Consciousness 322 Humpty Dumpty 324 PART 4 THE DILEMMAS OF PERSONHOOD 327 8 John Perry John Locke Meredith W. Michaels Justin Leiber Alasdair MacIntyre Anthony Appiah 9 William James Carol Tavris Robert C. Solomon Morwenna Griffiths WHO AM I? 329 The First Night 332 Of Identity and Diversity 349 Persons, Brains, and Bodies 354 How to Build a Person 357 Of Personal Identity 365 The Story-Telling Animal 368 "But Would That Still Be Me?" 372 Is IT OK TO BE EMOTIONAL? 379 On Anger 381 The Passions of the Soul 384 On Pride 388 What Is an Emotion? 394 Emotions as Transformations of the World Uncivil Rites-The Cultural Rules of Anger Aristophanes' Speech on Love 406 What Love Is 408 Feminism, Feelings and Philosophy 412 399 402
Table of Contents Xlll 10 Alice Walker Judith Jarvis Thomson Kathryn Pyne Addelson Robert E. Joyce Barbara Ehrenreich 11 Thomas Nagel Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School James Rachels Bonnie Steinbock Sherwin Nuland Willard Gaylin 12 Laurence Thomas Shelby Steele Elizabeth V. Spelman Michael Eric Dyson Ira Glasser Charles R. Lawrence Amy Tan How SHOULD I FEEL ABOUT ABORTION? 421 The Abortion 424 A Defense of Abortion 431 Moral Revolution 444 Personhood and the Conception Event Is Abortion Really a "Moral" Dilemma? WHAT Is THE MEANING OF DEATH? Death 467 The Death of Socrates 473 Definition of Death 476 Active and Passive Euthanasia 480 The Intentional Termination of Life 485 How We Die 490 Harvesting the Dead 495 454 461 465 WHAT DOES My RACE HAVE TO Do WITH ME? 505 Anti-Semite and Jew 508 What Good Am I? 510 I'm Black, You're White, Who's Innocent? 515 The Erasure of Black Women 521 Sex, Race, and Class: Two Cases 528 Talking Liberties 537 The Debates Over Placing Limits on Racist Speech Must Not Ignore the Damage It Does to Its Victims 540 Two Kinds 544 PART 5 LIVING A GOOD LIFE 553 13 Ntozake Shange Epicurus Thomas Hobbes Joseph Butler Richard Dawkins Stephen Jay Gould AynRand Christopher Lasch 14 Immanuel Kant Simone de Beauvoir Marilyn Frye bell hooks WHY SHOULDN'T I BE SELFISH? 555 get it & feel good 559 The Ring of Gyges 560 The Pursuit of Pleasure 563 People Are Selfish 566 Benevolence and Self-Interest 568 The Selfish Gene 573 So Cleverly Kind an Animal 576 The Virtue of Selfishness 581 The Culture of Narcissism 584 CAN THERE BE SEXUAL EQUALITY? 591 The Equality of Women 594 The Inequality of Women 599 The Inequality of Women 599 The Subjection of Women 600 The Second Sex 608 Sexism 614 Black Women: Shaping Feminist Theory 622
xiv 15 The Bible Confucius The Koran Immanuel Kant Friedrich Nietzsche A. J.Ayer Simone de Beauvoir Mary Midgley Carol Gilligan Joan Didion Cheshire Calhoun 16 Martin Buber Maria Lugones Laurence Thomas Jane English Nancy Slonim Aronie 17 Leo Tolstoy Kathleen Higgins The Hays Commission Theodore Adorno and Max Horkheimer Tom Wolfe Paul Mattick, Jr. Lawrence Weschler Table of Contents WHAT Is THE RIGHT THING FOR ME TO Do? 631 The Ten Commandments and the Sermon on the Mount 634 The Analects 638 The Unjust 639 Happiness and the Good Life 640 Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals 647 Utilitarianism 652 The Natural History of Morals 656 Emotivism 660 On Freedom and Morality 663 Trying Out One's New Sword 665 In a Different Voice 669 On Morality 676 Justice, Care, Gender Bias 679 How CAN WE GET ALONG WITH ONE ANOTHER? 683 I-Thou 687 Friendship 688 Playfulness, "World"-Traveling, and Loving Perception 692 Friends and Lovers 700 Hell Is Other People 708 What Do Grown Children Owe Their Parents? 710 My Heartbreak Kid 715 I LIKE IT, BUT Is IT ART? 717 The Nature of Tragedy 720 Of the Standard of Taste 726 What Is Art? 730 The Music of Our Lives 734 The Motion Picture Production Code 739 The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception 742 The Worship of Art: Notes on the New God 748 Arts and the State 753 Art and Money 757 PART 6 JUSTICE AND RESPONSIBILITY 759 18 Martha Nussbaum Baron d'holbach John Hospers B. F. Skinner Anthony Burgess Bernard Williams Jean Grimshaw Iris Young AM I FREE TO CHOOSE WHAT I Do? 761 Agamemnon 764 Voluntary and Involuntary Action 767 Are We Cogs in the Universe? 770 Meaning and Free Will 772 Freedom and Responsibility 780 Freedom and the Control of Men 783 A Clockwork Orange 788 Moral Luck 789 Autonomy and Identity in Feminist Thinking 792 Oppression 796
Table of Contents xv 19 Thomas Hobbes John Rawls Robert Nozick Joel Feinberg Iris Young AmartyaSen Malcolm X 20 Michael D' Antonio Adam Smith Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Paul M. Sweezy Milton Friedman Christopher D. Stone James W. Russell Joanne Ciulla Patricia H. Werhane Laurie Schrage Jean O'Neill Confucius WHAT Do I JUSTLY DESERVE? 801 Does Might Make Right? 803 Justice and the Social Contract 807 A Utilitarian Theory of Justice 812 Justice as Fairness 817 Fairness versus Entitlement 822 Economic Income and Social Justice 828 The Myth of Merit 835 Property and Hunger 837 Human Rights, Civil Rights 845 How SHOULD I MAKE A LIVING? 849 On Ethics in Business 852 Benefits of the Profit Motive 854 The Immorality of Capitalism 859 A Primer on Marxian Economics 864 The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits 866 The Ford Pinto Memo 869 Why Shouldn't Corporations Be Socially Responsible? 870 A Borderline Case: Sweatshops Cross the Rio Grande 872 Honest Work 877 A Bill of Rights for Employees and Employers 880 Some Implications of "Comparable Worth" 882 The Problem of "Comparable Worth" 885 On Business 887