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Chapter 2 : Full text of "Village life and sketches. With other poems" Book digitized by Google from the library of Oxford University and uploaded to the Internet Archive by user tpb. Unknown date, by J. Moscow Pravda, September 3, Source: The Living Age, October-December, Brian Reid Public Domain: Soviet History Archive This work is completely free. In former days there was an iron railing around it; but the iron bars were carried of long ago, and the only things that now remain of the railing are the four stone posts and the heavy iron gate. The building stands at quite a distance from the village, by the main road, on a high, sun-lit spot. The teacher is ill with consumption. His face is emaciated, green, always angry. He sits on his chair, all bent forward, and shakes his little thin beard as he tells me his grievances. There are no books, or paper, or pencils. And then, have you any idea of what the village people are like? And yet you come here to "touch their hearts"! They are like beasts. Why, a boy of seven smokes and uses the worst kind of profanity, and sings the most disgustingly obscene songs. Just try to touch their hearts! This spring they were cutting up the meadows, and I begged of them to give me a small strip for my cow. You are not entitled to any meadow land. And now they are trying to get away from me the land around the school, which we are using for an experimental farm. His eyes filled with tears as he coughed, and his face became covered withred blotches. A pair of strong bare legs appeared through it, then a light-bearded, blue-eyed face peered in, and finally a tall, strongly built figure appeared in the doorway. What am I to you - a dog? No paper for you. Half closing his eyes against the bright sun, he stood there looking at me with a slight smile. Once, when our detachment was in the village Erkovtsi, a peasant suddenly appeared, mounted on an unsaddled horse, and holding in his hands a letter addressed to the commander. This letter read as follows: And how about him? Is he the sort of a teacher we ought to have? Beats them all the time. Or if you want my other name, Zaitzev. But what do you want it for? He might write somewhere. They just make life unbearable. The moment they see any of the young people reading a book, they must know all about it, and if there is anything there against religion. And the moment they suspect anything, they just throw the book into the stove. One of the fellows here, Matvey, came back from the military service and told everybody he was a Communist. And my - my, what happened then! The old folks nearly ate him alive. Gave him the worst kind of land, all near the sand, and hardly any meadow land at all. And he is a good fellow, too. Maybe you have a paper? A wooden peg takes the place of one of his legs. His black hair shows signs of premature whiteness. But his black, bulging eyes are ablaze, and whenever he speaks, every word of his sounds firm and confident. Matvey was sitting on the bench. Opposite him, on a stool, sat his father - a short, weazened little man with a thin beard. Nothing but the cholera. Where there were landowners before, there are still landowners now. Matvey smiled, for he apparently knew what landowners his father would speak about. And if they were ours at least. But they brought them from way over in Kaluga. What do they want here, anyway? Only to take up our land. And the way they work, too. Just eight hours, from bell to bell. But if we had their machines, we could do that, too. Just give us the machines. Go into a commune? Let them perish together, the two of them! Now they are demanding the grain tax. And why should I pay it? I can live without it. And this way, all they know is to take something away from us. One of them was about eighteen and wore city clothes. The other was dressed like a villager. The old man jumped up from his stool. I can no longer be master in my own home. All right, friends and comrades, go to all the devils! The boys burst out laughing. What can you do with them? But the new people will come and everything will move along. Where did all this come from? It explains everything to the last dot. We began to read. My audience listened with utmost attention, occasionally interrupting me with exclamations like this: Burning up all of my oil! Get out, I am telling you. I own this place. Page 3
Chapter 3 : How to Draw a Village in 5 Steps HowStuffWorks The principal poem, Village Life and Sketches', is a superficial attempt to picture a few features of humble life, as well as to sketch the leading characters of note in this primitive village; glancing by the way at some of the customs and amusements of its inhabitants, as well as the sports and. However, the nature of these settlements varied widely from one region to another. In prosperous regions, farms tended to cluster into small villages or hamlets. In less prosperous areas, individual farms were well separated. In Iceland, farms were widely separated, and nothing like villages existed. Typical farm settlements took the form of a central cluster of buildings enclosed by fences. Outside the fenced areas were the fields used for cultivation or grazing. Each homestead typically consisted of a longhouse and multiple out-buildings. In the earlier part of the Norse period, it appears that everything was contained in the longhouse: Later, all but the people were moved to out buildings. The floor plan of the house left shows the animal stalls located opposite to the front door. While this arrangement was common in early longhouses found in Norway, this is the first example found in Iceland. Farmhouses generally were built on a slope or other high ground, which provided for better drainage. Houses were built near running water. While wells right were known and used in the Viking age, especially in densely settled areas like trading towns, running water was preferred at a farmstead. Today, a modern building covers the ruins of the farm on top of the hill. A high location also allowed for better visibility. It was better to see visitors well before they arrived at the farmhouse, should the visitors not be friendly. The main farming activity throughout the Norse region was animal husbandry, and cattle were the most important of the livestock. That importance is reflected in the language: Cattle were the only farm animals covered by the insurance provided by the hreppur, described later in this article. Cattle were raised for many purposes. Milk cows provided diary products, which were consumed fresh, but more importantly, they were turned into foods such as cheese, butter, and skyr, which could be stored over the winter months when cows stopped producing fresh milk. On prosperous farms, beef from the cattle was a regular part of the diet. Additionally, bulls were used as offerings to the gods in pagan era sacrifices. The ruins of the cow shed are shown to the left, as it appears today. Stone slabs that divided the stalls are still visible right. Cattle were smaller in the Viking age than today, standing less than cm high 48in at the shoulder. Few bulls were kept. Rather, they were allowed to reach puberty, bred widely, and then slaughtered before they reached the point where they consumed large amounts of fodder in the winter. In the summer, cattle were driven to pastures in the highlands. Barren cattle might be grazed outdoors year round, but generally milk cows were brought in under cover during the winter and fed from the stored stocks of hay. During especially harsh winters, it is likely that livestock left outdoors starved to death. Second in importance to Viking age farmers were sheep. Sheep were raised for their fleece, their milk, and their meat. Wethers castrated rams were allowed to graze, but ewes were penned and the lambs weaned from them. Smaller numbers of ewes than wethers were kept, which suggests that the fleece from mature wethers was the desired product and that milk from sheep was of lesser importance than it came to be after the end of the Viking age. Like the cattle, the sheep were driven to higher pastures in summer, where they were allowed to roam free. In the fall, all the farmers in a region worked together to round up the sheep and sort them by owner. This practice is still followed in Iceland; the sorting pen shown to the right differs little from those used in medieval times. Sheep in the Viking age were about 60cm 24 inches high at the withers and weighed about 35kg 80lbs. Horses were raised, not only for their utility for travel and transport, but also because their meat was prized. It was a common, inexpensive part of the diet. In addition, horses were sacrificed to the pagan gods, and the meat consumed as part of the feasting ceremonies. When Christianity was adopted, the consumption of horseflesh was banned. There appears to have been special interest in breeding horses in Iceland, perhaps the only farm animal to be systematically bred. Large breeding stocks were kept, with the goal of producing horses that were especially good for the popular sport of horse fights. Viking age horses closely resembled modern Icelandic horses right. Other livestock raised on Viking age farms included goats and pigs. Goats were kept for their milk and their meat. In Iceland, pigs were valuable to the early settlers because they reproduced rapidly and Page 4
were capable of finding food on their own. But because of their destructive tendencies and aggressive behavior, pigs were considered "problem animals" in the later Icelandic law codes. Very young suckling pigs were considered a delicacy and a mark of status. No doubt other domesticated animals were kept, as well. One might expect that they were used to help round up sheep, as well. Viking-age dogs resembled modern Icelandic dogs left, a medium-small breed. Cats are rarely found in the literary sources or in archaeological sources, but it seems likely that they were kept to help control pests such as mice around the farm. Archaeological evidence confirms the stories. Cat skeletons have been found on Viking-age house sites having marks consistent with skinning. The growing of hay was essential to maintain the farm animals over the winter in Norse lands. Hay was required for the animals that were sheltered under cover over the winter, and hay may have been provided to livestock in pasture lands for animals that were out of doors through the winter. As a result, it was necessary to put up sufficient hay each autumn to maintain the livestock until spring. At the beginning of the winter, the number of livestock was compared to the amount of hay in storage. If the farmer thought that insufficient hay was available, the weakest animals were slaughtered before the winter started, so that the available fodder would last the winter. Over two tonnes 2 tons of hay was needed for each cow to last the Icelandic winter. A large farm in Viking age Iceland had around 20 to 40 milk cows, so harvesting and storing sufficient hay to last the winter was an arduous but important task. Studies of several Viking era farms in north Iceland suggest that farms could produce between 0. These figures imply that large farms required 20 to 80 hectares 50 to acres of land set aside for hay cultivation to keep their livestock over the winter. Sheep and goats, being hardier, could survive the winter outside, but might be brought under cover at the height of a storm. This hay was carefully cultivated, with animals and people excluded so that the grass remained untrampled and uneaten while it grew during the summer. Hay was harvested using scythes, and then raked and turned and stacked against a wall for drying. Scythes needed frequent resharpening in order to keep the edge sufficiently sharp. Whetstones, imported from Norway, were used to keep the edge sharp. This hay was built into stacks and protected from the weather by turf piled around and over the stacks. When the photograph was taken, the haying operation was in full swing, using modern farm machinery. In order to keep out animals, walls were built of sod and stone. The walls both enclosed and protected the hayfields, and also marked boundaries. A turf wall is shown to the right, which was under construction when the photograph was taken. Building and maintaining the walls surrounding the meadows and the homefield was a major chore at the farm every year. Maintaining the walls was so important the law code specified that three months out of each year were to be set aside for the maintenance of walls. The saga author says that some of his walls were still standing centuries later when the saga was written. All available manure was spread on the homefield to fertilize the soil and to maximize the crop. In the spring, manure that had accumulated in the animal shelters over the winter was spread on the homefield. However, if irrigation happened at all, it must have been on a small scale, due to the difficulty of digging extensive irrigation ditches with the tools available in the Viking age. Hay was so important to Viking age farms that growing sufficient hay was written into the law, which required that tenant farmers hire enough farm hands that all hay meadows could be worked. The law prohibited land from becoming waste through lack of attention. In the summer months, livestock was driven to pastures at higher elevations, called sel shieling. During this time, from mid-june through mid-october, most of the livestock were left to forage freely, while milk cows and ewes were kept close so they could be milked every day. The raw milk from the animals was collected and processed in a shed on site, where the farm family, or their hired hands, lived during the summer while they tended the livestock. In some cases, the sel was near the farm, in the same valley, but further in the valley or higher up the wall of the valley. Chapter 55 of the saga says that while working at the sel with only his wife and a few farmhands to help, Bolli was attacked and killed. In other the cases, the sel was a considerable distance from the farm, perhaps in the next valley, or in the highlands between valleys. The sel ruins shown to the right were discovered in They are probably the remains of a sel for one of the farms in Hrafnkelsdalur in east Iceland. Perhaps it is one of the sels that Einar rode to in search of the lost sheep, as described in chapter 5 of Hrafnkels saga. The site was studied in, but little conclusive was found. Milk collected at the sel was turned into butter, cheese, and skyr on-site. Skyr left is usually translated as curds, which for most English speakers, fails to convey the pleasures Page 5
of this yummy dairy treat. The dairy products were brought down to the farms in skin sacks. Products such as skyr were stored in partially buried vats right, which kept the skyr cool, helping to preserve it. Chapter 4 : Catalog Record: Village life in Egypt : with sketches of the Hathi Trust Digital Library The principal poem, Village Life and Sketches', is a superficial attempt to picture a few features of humble life, as well as to sketch the leading characters of note in this primitive village; glancing by the way at some of the customs and amusements of its inhabitants, as well as the sports and pastimes of country life. Chapter 5 : Village Life Drawing for GBTQ men @ Village Berlin, Berlin [vom Januar bis November] Choose your favorite village life drawings from millions of available designs. All village life drawings ship within 48 hours and include a day money-back guarantee. Chapter 6 : Village Life Images, Stock Photos & Vectors Shutterstock Sketch Of Village Life How To Draw Scenery Of Village Life With Sketch Stepstep (Easy Sketch Of Village Life Pencil Sketch Of Village Life Pencil Drawings Images Of Village Life Sketch Of Village Life Simple Indian Village Scene Sketch Pencil Sketches Painting Pencil. Chapter 7 : Pencil Sketch Of Village Life - Drawings Nocturnal Pencil Drawings Images Of Village Life Pencil Sketches Of Indian Village Life - Drawing Of Sketch photo, Pencil Drawings Images Of Village Life Pencil Sketches Of. Chapter 8 : Village Life and Sketches Pencil Sketch Of Village Life - See more about Pencil Sketch Of Village Life, pencil drawing of village life, pencil sketch of village life. Chapter 9 : Pictures: Pencil Sketch Of Village Life, - Drawings Art Gallery Note: Citations are based on reference standards. However, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. The specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied. Page 6