CLARIFYING MIND An Introduction to the Tradition of Pramana

CLARIFYING MIND An Introduction to the Tradition of Pramana PART THREE - LORIK THE CLASSIFICATIONS OF MIND SOURCEBOOK TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Charts: a. Four Hinayana Texts of the Tibetan Shedra Curriculum b. Overview of the Lorik Text c. Overview of Mind and Its World I: Classifications of Mind d. The Three Part Syllogism 2. Asian Perspectives: Indian Theories of Mind, Georges Dreyfus and Evan Thompson, The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness, pp. 89-111: a. Introduction, pp. 89-91 b. Self and Mental States: The Samkhya View, pp. 91-93 c. The Abhidharma Tradition and Its View of the Mind, pp. 93-95 d. Primary Factors of Awareness and Mental Factors, pp. 96-101 e. Buddhist Epistemology, pp. 101-102 f. Reflexive Nature of Mental Events, pp. 102-104 g. Theory of Perception, pp. 104-107 h. Thought and Language, pp. 107-109 i. Dharmakirti and Abhidharma: Intentionality Revisited, pp. 109-111 j. Conclusion, pp. 111 3. Part One: Introduction, by Elizabeth Napper, Mind in Tibetan Buddhism, Lati Rinpochay, pp. 11-39: a. Sevenfold Division: In terms of types of cognition and consciousness, pp. 15-28 b. Threefold Division: In terms of the object appearing to them, pp. 28-31 c. Twofold Divisions, pp. 31-35 d. Minds and mental factors, pp. pp. 35-40 4. What is Valid Cognition?, Buddhist Philosophy, Daniel Cozort and Craig Preston, pp. 66-73. 5. Buddhist Psychology: The Foundations of Buddhist Thought, Geshe Tashi Tsering: a. Moving toward Knowledge, pp. 121-136 b. Epistemology: Conception and Perception, pp. 95-113 6. Established Bases, Debate in Tibetan Buddhism, Daniel Perdue: a. Direct Perceivers, pp. 290-295

b. The Enumeration of Valid Cognizers, pp. 295-297 c. Eliminative Engagers and Collective Engagers, pp. 297-300 d. The Mixture of Place, Time and Nature, pp. 300-304 7. The Mind and Its Functions, by Geshe Rabten: a. Ideal Mind, pp. 51-69 b. Perception and Conception, pp. 33-49 8. Explanation of Correct Reasons, Debate 1 Workbook, Nitartha Institute, pp. 42-43 9. The Specific Explanation, Prasangika, The Treasury of Knowledg: Frameworks of Buddhist Philosophy, Jamgon Kongtrul, Trs. Elizabeth Callahan, pp. 231-233 10. Explanation of the Result of Valid Cognition, Mind and Its World 3 Sourcebook, Nitartha Institute, pp. 242-251 11. Naming, Knowledge and Liberation: Tibetan Buddhist Epistemology in Support of Transformative Religious Experience, Anne Klien, pp. 183-205 12. The Selfless, Meditation on Emptiness, Jeffrey Hopkins: a. Consciousness: Mind and Mental Factors, pp. 235-268 Clarifying Mind: Lorik Sourcebook

CLARIFYING MIND An Introduction to the Tradition of Pramana PART THREE - LORIK THE CLASSIFICATIONS OF MIND TOPICAL READING LIST Root Text: Presentation of the Classifications of Mind: The Essence of The Ocean of Texts on Reasoning, Khenchen Tsultrim Gyamtso Rinpoche, Trs. By Karl Brunnholzl. (Read sequentially along with the appropriate additional readings based upon the topics below). Commentarial Literature: I. Introduction: Mind and Cognition A. Asian Perspectives: Indian Theories of Mind, Georges Dreyfus and Evan Thompson, The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness, pp. 89-111 1. Introduction, pp. 89-91 2. Self and Mental States: The Samkhya View, pp. 91-93 3. The Abhidharma Tradition and Its View of the Mind, pp. 93-95 4. Buddhist Epistemology, pp. 101-102 5. Reflexive Nature of Mental Events, pp. 102-104 II. Cognition and its Classifications A. Part One: Introduction, by Elizabeth Napper, Mind in Tibetan Buddhism, Lati Rinpochay, pp. 11-39 1. Sevenfold Division: In terms of types of cognition and consciousness, pp. 15-28 a) Direct perceivers, pp. 16-20 b) Inferential cognizers, pp. 20-22 c) Subsequent cognizers, pp. 22 d) Correctly assuming consciousness, pp. 22-23 e) Awareness to which the object appears but is not ascertained, pp. 23 f) Doubting consciousnesss, pp. 24 g) Wrong consciousness, pp. 24-28 2. Threefold Division: In terms of the object appearing to them, pp. 28-31 h) Conceptual consciousness which take a meaning generality as their apprehended object i) Non-conceptual non-mistaken consciousnesses which take a specifically characterized phenomena as their apprehended object j) Non-conceptual mistaken consciousnesses which take a clearly appearing non-existent as their apprehended object 3. Twofold Divisions, pp. 31-35 k) Primary and secondary consciousnesses, pp. 31-32

l) Conceptual and non-conceptual consciousness, pp. 32 m) Mistaken and non-mistaken consciousness, pp. 33 n) Mental and sense consciousness, pp. 33-34 o) Eliminative and collective engagers, pp. 34-35 p) Minds and mental factors, pp. 35-40 B. What is Valid Cognition?, Buddhist Philosophy, Daniel Cozort and Craig Preston, pp. 66-73. C. Moving toward Knowledge, Buddhist Psychology: The Foundations of Buddhist Thought Volume 3, Geshe Tashi Tsering, pp. 121-136 D. Established Bases, Debate in Tibetan Buddhism, Daniel Perdue: 1. Direct Perceivers, pp. 290-295 2. The Enumeration of Valid Cognizers, pp. 295-297 E. Ideal Mind, The Mind and Its Functions, by Geshe Rabten, pp. 51-69 F. Explanation of Correct Reasons, Debate 1 Workbook, Nitartha, pp. 42-43 III. IV. The Results of Valid Cognition A. The Specific Explanation, Prasangika, The Treasury of Knowledge, Book Six, Part Three: Frameworks of Buddhist Philosophy, Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Thaye, Trs. Elizabeth Callahan, pp. 231-233 B. Explanation of the Result of Valid Cognition, Mind and Its World 1 Sourcebook, Nitartha Institute, pp. 242-251 The Essential Modes of Engagement of the Mind A. Established Bases, Debate in Tibetan Buddhism, Daniel Perdue, pp. 290-295: 1. Eliminative Engagers and Collective Engagers, pp. 297-300 2. The Mixture of Place, Time and Nature, pp. 300-304 B. Asian Perspectives: Indian Theories of Mind, Georges Dreyfus and Evan Thompson, The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness, pp. 89-111 1. Theory of Perception, pp. 104-107 2. Thought and Language, pp. 107-109 3. Dharmakirti and Abhidharma: Intentionality Revisited, pp. 109-111 4. Conclusion, pp. 111 C. Naming, Knowledge and Liberation: Tibetan Buddhist Epistemology in Support of Transformative Religious Experience, Anne Klien, pp. 183-205 D. Perception and Conception, The Mind and Its Functions, by Geshe Rabten, pp. 33-49 E. Epistemology: Conception and Perception, Buddhist Psychology: The Foundations of Buddhist Thought Volume 3, Geshe Tashi Tsering, pp. 95-113 V. Mind and Mental Factors A. Part One: Introduction, by Elizabeth Napper, Mind in Tibetan Buddhism, Lati Rinpochay, pp. 11-39 1. Minds and mental factors, pp. 35-40 B. Asian Perspectives: Indian Theories of Mind, Georges Dreyfus and Evan Thompson, The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness, pp. 89-111 1. Primary Factors of Awareness and Mental Factors, pp. 96-101 C. The Selfless, Meditation on Emptiness, Jeffrey Hopkins, pp. 235-1. Consciousness: Mind and Mental Factors, pp. 235-268 Clarifying Mind: Lorik Reading List

36 mind & its world I: class 1 Four HĪnayĀna Texts of the Tibetan Shedra Curriculum chart Texts/ Subjects Collected Topics (Düdra) Philosophical Systems (Truptha) Classifications of Mind (Lorik) Classifications of Reasonings (Tarik) Classification of Objects Thing Object Matter Consciousness Nonassociated Formations Direct Valid Cognition Ultimate Truth Cognized by: Nonthing Relative Truth Inferential Valid Cognition (IVC is itself a thing, not a nonthing, though its object of cognition is a nonthing) Name Collected Topics (Düdra) Philosophical Systems (Truptha) Classifications of Mind (Lorik) Classifications of Reasonings (Tarik) Definition One of the three synopses of the pramāṇa literature used in the shedra study tradition, Düdra focuses on phenomenology, the objects of experience. Philosophical Systems, a genre of literature in which a particular school or schools views and textual bases are presented; typically, this will include a presentation of their tenets, their ontology and, in the case of Buddhist schools, their understanding of the ground, path, and fruition and of the relative and ultimate truths. Also translated as mind and awareness or science of mind, the Lorik is one of the three synopses of the pramāṇa literature; it focuses on the subjective pole of phenomenal experience, the variety of states of mind and how mind functions. One of the three synopses of the pramāṇa literature, Tarik focuses on logic, specifically what constitutes valid and invalid reasoning.

290 mind & its world I: appendix 3 Overview of Mind & its world I chart classifications of mind MIND = consciousness = awareness valid cognition nonvalid cognition wrong cognition doubt direct valid cognition (DVC) inferential valid cognition (IVC) sense DVC seeming direct cognition IVC for oneself IVC for others mental DVC self-aware DVC yogic DVC mistaken consciousness conventional consciousness inference conceptuality that superimposes something onto another consciousness conceptuality based on terms arisen from inference recollection conceptuality that has a hidden object actual wish wrong consciousness arisen from an impaired basis seeming direct cognition arisen from an impaired basis chart R E s u l t s o f v a l i d c o g n i t i o n Results of Valid Cognition Result of valid cognition when there is no analysis Result of valid cognition when there is slight analysis Result of valid cognition when there is thorough analysis

overview of the lorik text Overview Charts 291 Classifications of Mind Definitions of Mind Divisions of Mind Concluding Summary General Teachings about the Important Divisions of Mind Valid Cognition Specific Analysis of the Essential Modes of Engagement of Mind the mode of the engagement of minds that: apprehend generalities & particulars apprehend appearance & elimination cognize the objects of [verbal] expressions & the means of [verbal] expressions cognize contradiction & connection ascertain definition, definiendum & illustrating example Nonvalid Cognition Definition Divisions wrong cognition doubt The Necessary Distinction between Mind and Mental Events Definitions of Primary Minds & Mental Events Establishing Primary Minds & Mental Events to be Congruent in terms of: support observed object aspect time subject Explanation of the 51 Mental Events 5 Omnipresent 5 Object-determining 11 Positive 6 Root afflictions 20 Secondary afflictions 4 Changeable Definitions Divisions Results of Valid Cognition Direct Valid Cognition Inferential Valid Cognition Direct Valid Cognition Definition Divisions sense dvc mental dvc self-aware dvc yogic dvc Seeming Direct Cognition 7-fold division 4-fold division Inferential Valid Cognition for Oneself Inferential Valid Cognition for Others Definition Divisions correct proof statements constructed with: concordant attributes discordant attributes

THE THREE-PART SYLLOGISM For Inferential Valid Cognition A Subject is B Predicate because it is C Reason Example: A = B because B = C and A = C Potential Faults: A C or B C SUBJECT PREDICATE REASON Types of Reasons 1a. Sound is Impermanent because it is Compounded 1b. Self is Empty because it is Compounded & impermanent 1c. Dharmas are Empty because they are Neither one nor many Dependently arisen Nature 2a. Deer Live here because There are deer droppings 2b. Fire is On the mountain because there is Smoke on the mountain Effect 3a. Children of Do not exist because Barren women do not barren women have children 3b. Horn of a hare Does not exist because Hares do not have horns Non- Observation Syllogism in Buddhism

CLARIFYING MIND An Introduction to the Tradition of Pramana DUDRA: THE COLLECTED TOPICS LORIK: THE CLASSIFICATIONS OF MIND CHANTS MANJUSHRI SUPPLICATIONS Through the blessings of awareness-emptiness, Prince Manjushri, Open the eight treasures of courage, which descend from the expanse of wisdom, So I may become the commander of the ocean of the dharma treasury of scripture and realization. I supplicate Mipham, the melody of gentleness (Manjughosha). Om Arapachana Dhi Hum This was composed by Mipham Translated by the Nalanda Translation Committee Whatever the virtues of the many fields of knowledge All are steps on the path of omniscience. May these arise in the clear mirror of intellect. O Manjushri, please accomplish this. This was specially composed by Mangala (Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche). Translated by the Nalanda Translation Committee DEDICATION OF MERIT By this merit may all obtain omniscience May it defeat the enemy, wrong doing. From the stormy waves of birth, old age, sickness and death, From the ocean of samsara, may I free all beings By the confidence of the golden sun of the great east May the lotus garden of the Rigden s wisdom bloom, May the dark ignorance of sentient beings be dispelled. May all beings enjoy profound, brilliant glory.