Roman Rule Herods The Caesars I. Augustus (30 BC AD 14) A. Defeats Anthony (Actium, 31 BC) B. Accumulates power C. Reorganizes government (27 BC) 1. Province system (imperial, senatorial) 2. Roman army, taxation D.Birth of Jesus (6 4 BC) E. Contributions to Christianity 1. Pax Romana 2. Roman roads 3. Religious toleration 4. Governmental stability The Caesars II. Tiberius (14 37) Jesus' ministry (Lk. 3:1) III. Caligula (37 41) A. Herod Agrippa I (37 44) 1. Philip's territory (37) 2. Antipas's territory (39) B. Temple episode (first hints of e. worship) IV. Claudius (41 54) A. Herod Agrippa I (37 44) 1. Judea (41) 2. Death (44) = 2nd Procuratorship B. Edict of Claudius (49) The Caesars V. Nero (54 68) A. Early Reign (54 59): good, wise advisors B. Later Reign (59 68): bad, rejected adv. 1. Fire of Rome (July 19, AD 64) 2. Jewish rebellion (66 70) C. "Nero redivivus" myth 1. Suicide (68), but rumors of return 2. Entered apocalyptic traditions VI. Civil War (68 69): Galba, Otho, Vitellius
The Caesars Contributions: (1) Benefits of Roman empire (2) Beginnings of Christianity (3) Beginnings of emperor worship (4) Advancement of the Herods (5) First Jewish War (66 70) Roman Rule Herods Herod's Third Will Herod the Great (37 4 BC) Archelaus (4 BC AD 6) ethnarch 1. Idumea 2. Judea 3. Samaria Philip (4 BC AD 34) tetrarch 4. Northern Transjordan Herod Antipas (4 BC AD 39) tetrarch 5. Galilee 6. Perea 1. AD 6 Archelaus banished to Gaul by Augustus 2. AD 34 Philip dies in office 3. AD 39 Antipas banished to Gaul by Caligula Herod's Kingdom: 1. Philip 2. Antipas 3. Archelaus
Herod's Family (NT) Herod the Great = Mariamne Aristobulus III = Bernice Herod Agrippa I Herod Agrippa II * (see below for two other of Herod's wives) Alexander Herodias = Herod (Philip) (HG=Mariamne II) Philip = Salome Bernice HG = Cleopatra Philip (Tetrarch) * = Herod Antipas Drusilla = Felix HG = Malthace Archelaus Her. Antipas I. Herod's Sons (3rd Will) A. Archelaus (4 BC AD 6) 1. Ethnarch (Judea, Samaria, Idumea) 2. Power hungry (Joseph and Mary back to Nazareth, Mt. 2:22 23) 3. Exiled to Gaul by Augustus (AD 6) 4. First Procuratorship (6 41): Pontius Pilate (fifth, AD 26 36) B. Philip (4BC AD 34) 1. Tetrarch (Northern Transjordan) 2. Capable ruler 3. Died AD 34, territory to Syria briefly I. Herod's Sons (3rd Will) C. Herod Antipas (4 BC 39 AD) 1. Tetrarch (Galilee, Perea) 2. Capable ruler, prosperous region 3. Mixed population, Jewish religion 4. Divorce, remarriage to Herodias 5. John the Baptist's opposition and death (Mk. 6:17 29) 6. Jesus' ministry and death (Lk. 23:6 12) 7. Herodias's envy over Agrippa I 8. Exiled to Gaul by Caligula (39) II. Later Herods A. Herod Agrippa I (37 44) 1. Educated in Rome (with Caligula) 2. King over Philip's territories (37) 3. Caligula's Temple episode 4. King over Antipas's territories (39) 5. King over Judea, Samaria (41) 6. Persecution of Christians (Acts 12) 7. Dies unexpectedly at Caesarea 8. Bernice, Drusilla, Agrippa II 9. Second Procuratorship (44 66)
II. Later Herods B. Herod Agrippa II (50 100) 1. Steady rise to power (Chalcis; Philip's territories and Abilene; Tiberias, Tarichaea and villages) 2. Paul's defense in Caesarea (c. 60) 3. Loyalty to Rome during war gains him more territories after war 4. Promotion to praetorian rank (75) 5. Consulted by Josephus (Jewish War) 6. Died ca. 100: "last of the Herods" III. The First Jewish War (66 70) A. Seven Procurators (44 66) 1. Increasing terror, tumult 2. Felix (52 60: Paul's defense, Acts 24) 3. Festus (60 62: Paul's appeal, Acts 25) 4. Death of James, Jesus' brother 5. Nero's extravagances, excessive taxes, exorbitant interest, corruption, assassinations, Jewish desperation 6. Church abandons Jerusalem 7. Palestinian Christianity disappears 8. War finally breaks out in AD 66 III. The First Jewish War (66 70) B. Josephus's Account 1. Led by aristocrats, Zealots 2. Josephus commanded Galilee 3. Vespasian's steady conquest C. Jerusalem's Fall (AD 70) 1. Upper City (Simon & aristocrats) 2. Temple (Menahem, John & Zealots) 3. Vespasian to Rome (Civil War) 4. Titus destroys temple (AD 70; cf. Lk. 21:20 24) 5. Masada remnant (John & Zealots) III. The First Jewish War (66 70) D. War's Consequences 1. Palestine depopulated 2. Political status lost 3. Roman colonies established 4. Sanhedrin vanishes 5. High priesthood vanishes 6. Sacrificial system vanishes 7. Jewish sects vanish, except Pharisees 8. Jewish upper class goes pro-roman 9. Diaspora Judaism survives 10. Zealots survive (two more revolts)
Contributions: (1) Jewish rulers of NT period (2) Two procuratorships (3) Background for Paul's defense (4) Christian persecutions (5) First Jewish War (66 70) Roman Rule Herodians The Flavians I. Vespasian (69 79) A. Political consolidation 1. Ended Roman civil war 2. Dynastic reoganization B. Jews in Rome: Bernice, Agrippa II, Josephus II. Titus (79 81) A. Stable reign B. Notable events 1. Eruption of Mount Vesuvius 2. Colisseum grand opening Roman Rule: Flavians The Flavians III. Domitian (81 96) A. Increasing persecution 1. Religious trials (93 95) 2. Pretentious titles ("Lord and God") 3. Emperor worship (Asia Minor) 4. Evidence: 1 Clement, Pliny's Letter to Trajan, Ignatius, Hegesippus B. Setting for Revelation Roman Rule: Flavians
The Flavians Contributions: (1) Ended civil war (2) New Roman dynasty (3) Post-war Jewish life in Rome (4) Emperor worship in provinces (5) Christian persecution Roman Rule Herodians Roman Rule: Flavians The Golden Age I. Nerva (96 98) II. Trajan (98 117) A. Vigorously promoted emperor cult B. Persecution of Christians 1. Pliny in Bithynia of Asia Minor 2. Hadrian in Syria: Ignatius of Antioch III. Hadrian (117 138) A. Continued persecution (criminal) B. Second Jewish War (132 35) 1. Revolt by Simon bar Kochba 2. Flames of messianism burn out Roman Rule: Golden Age Pliny of Bithynia Ignatius of Antioch Roman Rule: Golden Age
Golden Age Contributions: (1) Promotion of emperor cult (2) Christianity as criminal (3) Beginnings of martyr period (4) Second Jewish War (5) End of messianic movements Roman Rule: Golden Age