KALENDERHANE IN ISTANBUL THE BUILDINGS, THEIR HISTORY, ARCHITECTURE, AND DECORATION Final Reports on the Archaeological Exploration and Restoration at Kalenderhane Camii 1966-1978 edited by CECIL L. STRIKER AND Y. DOGAN KUBAN with contribution by Albrecht Berger, Nejat Goyiim;:, Ernest J. W. Hawkins (t), Y. Dogan Kuban, Urs Peschlow, Cecil L. Striker, and Giusto Traina VERLAG PHILIPP VON ZABERN GEGRUNDET 1785 MAINZ
XV, 150 Seiten mit 90 Abbildungen; 16 Farb-, 40 Schwarzwei~tafeln und 38 Plane auf 30 Faltblattern Die Deutsche Bibliothek CJP-Einheir.saufaahme Kalenderhane in Istanbul : the buildings, their history, architecture, and decoration ; final reports on the archaeological exploration and restoration at Kalenderhane Camii 1966-1978 I ed. by Cecil L. Striker and Y. D~an Kuban. With contributions by Albrecht.Berger... - Mainz: von Zabern, 1997 ISBN 3-8o53-zo26-4 1997 by Vcrlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein ISBN 3-8o53-2026-4 Alie Rechte, insbesondere das der Ubersetzung in fremde Sprachen, vorbehalten. Ohne ausdriickliche Genehmigung des Verlages ist es auch nicht gestattet, dieses Buch oder Teile daraus auf phocomechanischcm Wege (Phocokopie, Mikrokopie) zu vcrvielfaltigen. Printed in Germany by Philipp von Zabern Printed on fade resistant and archival quality paper (PH 7 neutral)
CONTENTS PREFACE................. IX LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS................... CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION by Cecil l. Striker... T. ORIGIN OF THE PROJECT....... 2. HISTORY OF SCHOLARSHIP.... J. GLOSSAllY................................. 4 CHAPTER II. HISTORICAL TOPOGRAPHY IN THE ROMAN, BYZANTINE, LATIN, AND OTTOMAN PERIODS....................... 7 I. ROMAN, B ZANTINE, AND LATIN PERIODS by Albrecht Berger (FIGS. I-2)................ 7 Roman Bath.............................. 7 North Church and Berna Church............ 7 Main Church.............................. 8 Monastery of Akataleptos................... I3 Kyriotjssa Monastery in the Bebaias Elpidos Typicon.................................. IJ Capitals of the Church of St. Paul........... I5 Kalenderhane in the Latin Period............ 16 2. OTTOMAN PERIOD by Nejat Go-yUn>.......................... 17 Problem of Donation of the Building to the Kalenders................................ 18 Are the lmaret, Cami, and Medrese the same Building?................................. 18 Mosque................................... 19 Restoration Insc.riptions.................... 20 Medrese.................................. 20 CHAPTER ID. ARCHITECTURE by Cecil l. Striker and Y. Dogan Kuban 23!. INTRODUCTION (PIGS. J-6).................... 2J 2. ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS AND THEIR GRAPHIC CONVENTIONS (PIG. 7)..... '... '.......... 26 Architectural Survey....................... 26 Interpretive Drawings...................... 28 J. VA.LENS AQUEDUCT (PHASE I) (PIGS. 8-10)...... 29 Dimensioned Reconstruction................ 29 Date............................. JO XI 4. ROMAN BATH (PHASE 2) (PIGS. n-14).......... JI Earlier Structures and the Building Site....... Jl Surviving Structure........................ 34 Reconstruction............................ 35 Date and Historical Position................ J6 5. NORTH CHURCH {PHASE 5) (FIGS. 15-20)....... J7 State and Disposition of Earlier Structures.... 38 Surviving Structure........................ 39 Berna......................... J9 Nave and aisle.......................... J9 Narthexes.............................. 40 Monastic buildings and Baldachin I (Phase 5A) 42 Reconstruction............................ 42 Berna and Northeast Corridor annexes..... 42 Nave.................................. 42 Galleries............................... 43 Narthexes.............................. 43 Roofing........ 43 Monastic buildings...................... 43 Date and Historical Position................ 44 6. BEMA CHUJ\CH (PHASE 6) (FIGS. 21-26).......... 45 State and Disposition of Earlier Structures.... 45 Surviving Structure........................ 47 Berna.................................. 47 Nave.................................. 51 Narthexes and Baldachin ll (Phase 6A)..... 52 Monastic buildings...................... 52 Reconstruction............................ 52 Plan................................... 52 Berna and apse.......................... 54 Nave ground story elevation.............. 54 Aisles.................................. 54 GalJeries............................... 55 Roofing................................ 55 Unlikely alternative reconstructions....... 55 Monastic buildings and narthexes......... 56 Date and Historical Position................ 56 7. BEMA CHURCH LATER PHASES {PHASES 6B, 6c, & 6D) (FIGS. 27-28).... 8. MAIN CHURCH (PHASE 7) (PIGS. 29-36)......... 58 State and Disposition of Earlier Structures.... 58 Surviving Structure........................ 62 Plan of the naos........................ 62 Superstructure of the naos................ 64 Pier clusters............................ 65 Dome......................... 67 Aisles.................................. 68 Narthex galjeries........................ 69 Porch and tower........................ 69 Windows and illumination............... 70
VI Contents Reconstruction........................... 71 Date and Historical Position................ 7J 9. LATIN OccuPATION........................ 72 to. PALAEOLOGUE (PHASE 7s).................... 73 11. 0rrOMAN (PHASE 8) (FIG. 37) 73 u. NORTHEAST CORJUDOR (FIGS. 38-46)........... 75 Northeast Building (Phase JA & 3s).......... 75 North Church (Phase 5).................... 76 Berna Church (Phase 6)..................... 77 Pastophoria Partition (Phase 6c)............. 79 Main Church (Phase 7)..................... 8o Palaeologue (Phase 7s) and Ottoman (Phase 8). 81 13. DIACONICON (FIGS. 47-55)................... 81 Berna Church (Phase 6)..................... 81 Francis Chapel (Phase 6s)................... 8z Pastophoria Partition (Phase 6c)............. 83 Melismos Chapel (Phase 6D)................. 84 Main Church (Phase 7)..................... 85 Palaeologue (Phase 7B)...................... 87 Ottoman (Phase 8)......................... 87 14. NARTHEXES (FIGS. 56-63)..................... 88 Roman Bath (Phase 2) and Southwest Building (Phase 4).................................. 88 North Church ancj Baldachin J (Phases 5 & 5A) 88 Fountain (Phase 5s)........................ 90 Berna Church and Baldachin II (Phases 6 & 6A) 91 Main Church (Phase 7).................... 93 Palaeologue (Phase 7s)...................... 95 Ottoman (Phase 8)......................... 95 15. GENEAA.L lssues (FIGS. 64-67)................ 95 Adaptive Reuse of Earlier Buildings.......... 95 Ideas of Evolutionary Development, Progress, and Obsolescence.......................... 95 Space Utilization.......................... 97 Importance of Vaulting..................... 99 Principles of Design........................ 99 Geometry and proportion................ 99 Observable and unobservable............ 99 Design accuracy and error................ 100 Re-used Sculpture....................... 102 Primary Decoration..................... 104 3 SCULPTURE WITHOUT ARCHITECTURAL CONTEXT. 105 Groups and Individual Objects.............. 105 Structural Members..................... ro5 Decorative Members..................... 1o6 Origin of Groups and Individual Objects..... 109 North Church.......................... 109 Berna Church........................... no Diaconicon............................. m Main Church........................... rn 4. BYZANTINE INSCRIPTIONS '7y Giusto Traina........................... CHAPTER V. MARBLE REVETMENT AND PAVING '7y Cecil L Striker............................. 115 I. OPUS SECTILE PAVING OF THE NORTH CHURCH APsE 115 2. OPUS SECTILE p,, VTNG AND REvETMENT OF THE Bau. CHURCH.................................. 115 3. p A YING AND OPUS SECTll.ll OF THE MAIN CHURCH n6 Naos..................................... 116 Berna..................................... n6 4 WALL REVETMENT OF THE MAIN CHURCH (FIG. 68) 117 General Description........................ 117 Detailed Description and Analysis........... 118 CHAPTER VI. MOSAICS AND FRESCOS '7y Cecil L Striker and Ernest]. W. Hawkim (t) I. MOSAIC OF THE PRESENTATION OF THE CHRIST CHILD IN THE TEMPLE (FIG. 69)... 121 Discovery and Context..................... 121 Condition................................ 123 Description and Iconography................ 123 Date and Historical Position................ 124 2. GARLAND MOSAIC IN THE NORTHUST CORJUDOR. 124 1u m CHAPTER IV. ARCHITECTURAL SCULPTURE '7y Un Peschlow with an excursus on the BYZANTINE INSCRIPTIONS '7y Giusto Traina.............................. IOI 3 FRESCO lcon OF THE VIRGIN KYRIOTISSA WITH DONOR................................... 124 Discovery and Context..................... 124 Condition................................ 125 Description and Iconography................ 125 Date and Historical Position................ u6 4. MOSAIC lcon OF THE VIRGIN IN THE DuCON1CON U6 I. INTRODUCTION............................. IOI 2. Scul.PTIJRE IN SITU IN DECORATIVE USE........ IOI Berna Church............................. IOI Main Church............................. 102 5. MOSAIC OF THE ARCHANGEL MICHAEL......... u6 Discovery and Context..................... u6 Condition................................ u7 Description............................... u7 Date and Historical Position................ 127
Contents VIl 6. Fll.ESCOS OP THE MAIN CHUl\CH PHASE.. 128 7. Fil.ESCO CYCLE OP THE LIFE OP ST. FRANCIS OF ASSISI (FIGS. 70-87)............................... U8 Discovery, Context, and Recovery........... u8 Condition................................ 129 General Description....................... 129 Detailed Description and Iconography........ 130 T he Program of the St. Francis Cycle........ 140 Date and Historical Position................ 141 8. Fil.ESCO OP THE VIRGIN KYRIOTISSA WITH ANGELS (FIG. 88)................................... 142 Discovery and Context..................... t41 Condition................................ 143 Description............................... 143 Date and Historical Position................ 143 9. PALAEOLOCU Fwcos 1N THE D1AcoN1coN (PIGS. 89-90) 144 Disco~e7 and Context..................... 144 Descnpnon............................... 144 Date and Historical Position................ 149 JO. Fil.ESCO OP A STANDING FEMALE 01\ANT ON THE WEST FACADE........ 149 n. DETACHED Fuscos....................... 150 PLATES 1-179 FOLIOS 1-38