T h e A r t i o s H o m e C o m p a n i o n S e r i e s T e a c h e r O v e r v i e w THE HUNDRED Years War signaled the end of the Middle Ages. This was a long war between France and England which lasted from 1337 to 1453. A number of different conflicts led to the outbreak of the war, but its biggest cause was a dispute over the right to the throne of France. This type of dispute was common during this time. Many stories of great valor come from this war, none more inspiring than that of the famous Joan of Arc. Collage of paintings representing battles of the Hundred Years War. Clockwise, from top left: La Rochelle, Agincourt, Patay, Orléans. (By Blaue Max - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=46032762) Page 182
Reading and Assignments Based on your student s age and ability, the reading in this unit may be read aloud to the student and journaling and notebook pages may be completed orally. Likewise, other assignments can be done with an appropriate combination of independent and guided study. In this unit, students will: Complete two lessons in which they will learn about the Hundred Years War and Joan of Arc. Define vocabulary words. Explore the following websites: The Hundred Years War: http://teachertube.com/viewvideo.php?video_id=64227 Timeline of Battles During the Hundred Years War: http://www.lordsandladies.org/battles-timeline-one-hundred-yearswar.htm Hundred Years War: http://www.lordsandladies.org/hundred-years-war.htm Timeline of the Life of Joan of Arc: http://www.maidofheaven.com/joanofarc_timeline_history.asp Visit www.artioshcs.com for additional resources. Leading Ideas God orders all things for the ultimate good of His people. And we know that for those who love God all things work together for good, for those who are called according to his purpose. Romans 8:28 The diligence to keeping faith is a revelation of an individual s character. Speak the truth to one another; render in your gates judgments that are true and make for peace. Zechariah 8:16 Vocabulary Lesson 1: none Lesson 2: dauphin Key People, Places, and Events Philip VI Edward III The Black Prince The Black Death Joan of Arc (the Maid of Orléans ) Battle of Orléans Citizens of Tournai bury plague victims Page 183
L e s s o n O n e H i s t o r y O v e r v i e w a n d A s s i g n m e n t s The Hundred Years War THE HUNDRED Years War was a tumultuous time in Europe. While the war was mainly caused by disagreement over who had the right to be the King of France, the nations of England and France fought over many other issues as well. These two nations fought in very different ways, which caused much bloodshed. If that wasn t enough, the Black Death plague began during the war, killing half of England s people and almost as many in France. The first Western image of a battle using cannon: the Siege of Orléans in 1429 Reading and Assignments Read the article: The Hundred Years War. After reading the article, summarize the story you read by either: Retelling it out loud to your teacher or parent. OR Completing an appropriate notebook page. Either way, be sure to include the answers to the discussion questions and an overview of key people, places, dates, and events in your summary. Page 184
Explore the following websites: The Hundred Years War: http://teachertube.com/viewvideo.php?video_id=64227 Timeline of Battles During the Hundred Years War: http://www.lordsandladies.org/battles-timeline-one-hundred-yearswar.htm Hundred Years War: http://www.lordsandladies.org/hundred-years-war.htm Be sure to visit www.artioshcs.com for additional resources. Key People, Places, and Events Philip VI Edward III The Black Prince The Black Death Joan of Arc (the Maid of Orléans ) Discussion Questions 1. Which were the two main countries involved in the Hundred Years War? 2. Did good things come out of the war? If so, what were they? 3. How did the French and English armies fight differently? Adapted for Elementary School from the book: New Medieval and Modern History by Samuel Bannister Harding The Hundred Years War The Hundred Years War signaled the end of the Middle Ages. This war was a long war between France and England which lasted from 1337 to 1453. When William the Conqueror became King of England, he did not stop being Duke of Normandy. In fact, the power of the English kings in France increased. It increased until William s successors ruled all the western part of that land. They ruled from north of the river Seine to the Pyrenees Mountains, and from the Bay of Biscay almost to the river Rhone. They held all this land as fiefs of the kings of France, while they were also independent kings of England. This made them stronger than their overlords, and this led to frequent wars. Finally, the English kings lost all their land in France except Aquitaine. These wars did not really concern the people of France or England. People in France or England did not yet feel that they were part of a nation, so they did not have the love of country we do today. In the land of Aquitaine, the people didn t even feel that they were French. They even preferred the kings of England over their French kings. All of this changed during the Hundred Years War. The fighting caused the people of France and of England to begin to feel that they were French and English. The people of Aquitaine began to feel love for France and hatred for England. In fighting the French, the descendants of the old Saxons and Normans came to feel that they were all Englishmen. The war was long and terrible. But, it brought some good to both countries. Page 185
In each country, patriotism was born, and each country became a nation. Many things led to the Hundred Years War. The biggest cause was the fact that the French king who died in 1328 had left no son to take his throne. A cousin of the dead king, Phillip, and the King s nephew, Edward III of England, both claimed the right to the throne. The French nobles chose Duke Philip. He became king as Philip VI. Edward did not like this decision, but he accepted it for a time. After nine years, though, war broke out because of other reasons, and Edward used the conflict to claim the throne as his right. The Battle of Crécy The English won an important battle at sea. But neither country gained any great advantage during the first eight years of the war. In the ninth year the English gained their first great victory on land. Battle of Crécy Between the English and French in the Hundred Years War, by Jean Froissart This battle took place at Crécy. Crécy was in the northernmost part of France. It was about one hundred miles from Paris. The French army was twice as large as the English. It was made up mainly of mounted knights. These knights were armed with lance and sword. They wore the heavy armor of the Middle Ages. The English army, on the other hand, was made up chiefly of archers on foot. In England by law boys of six or seven were trained with the bow and arrow. As the boys grew older, stronger and stronger bows were given them. Finally, they could use the great longbows of their fathers. On holidays grown men as well as boys might be seen practicing shooting in the village commons. This training helped the English become the best archers in Europe. Their bows would often pierce armor or slay a knight s horse at a hundred yards. So even though the French army was much greater in size, it did not have as big an advantage as it appeared. King Edward placed his men very carefully, while the French managed their forces very badly. Edward placed his archers at the top of a sloping hillside and put his knights behind. He put his fifteen-year-old son, called the Black Prince, in command of the first line. The King then took a position on a little windmill hill in the rear. The French had a large number of crossbowmen with them. But, the crossbowmen could not shoot as rapidly as the English archers. The crossbow had to be rested on the ground for each shot, then it had to be wound up again before the next shot so that it could shoot a long distance. Unluckily, it rained, and the strings of the French crossbows became wet. The English were able to protect their bows and keep the strings dry. So, when the French king ordered the crossbowmen to advance, they went unwillingly. When the English archers moved forward and shot their bows, the French crossbowmen turned and fled. This made King Philip very angry. He Page 186
thought his soldiers fled because they were cowards. He cried: Slay me those rascals! At this command, the French knights killed many of their own men for cowardice. While they were killing their own men, the English continued to shoot their arrows. Many horses, and knights, as well as archers, were slain. Edward III Counting the Dead on the Battlefield of Crécy, by Jean Froissart Finally the French knights charged the English lines. Some of the knights feared for the young prince. They sent to the King, urging him to send assistance. Is my son dead, asked the King, or so wounded that he cannot help himself? No, Sire, please God, answered the messenger, but he is in a hard passage of arms, and much needs your help. Then, said King Edward, return to them that sent you, and tell them not to send to me again so long as my son lives. I command them to let the boy win his spurs. If God be pleased, I will that the honor of this day shall be his. The blind old King of Bohemia was fighting with the French. When the fighting began, he said to those about him: You are my vassals and friends. I pray you to lead me so far into the battle that I may strike at least one good stroke with my sword! Two of his attendants got on either side of him. They tied the bridles of their horses together, and they rode into the fight. The old blind king fought valiantly. When the battle was over, the bodies of all three were found, with their horses still tied together. The victory of the English was complete. Thousands of the French were slain. King Philip was obliged to flee to escape capture. But though the Black Prince fought bravely, the chief credit for the victory was due to the English archers. It was many years after this before the next great battle was fought. This was because of a terrible sickness that came upon all Western Europe, called the Black Death. It started in Asia, where cholera and plagues often arise. Whole villages were attacked at the same time by the disease. For two years the disease raged everywhere. Finally, it died out, but half of the population of England was gone. France had suffered almost as terribly. Ten years after the battle of Crécy (in 1356), the war broke out again. At head of the English army, the Black Prince marched into the heart of France. But he found his retreat cut off by the new French king, named John. King John had an army six or seven times the size of the English army. The situation for the English was very bad. The Black Prince offered to give up all the prisoners, castles, and towns which his army had taken during this expedition. He promised not to fight against France again for seven years, if the French king would grant them a free retreat. King John of France felt sure of victory, so he refused Page 187
these terms. Then the Battle of Poitiers began. The Battle of Poitiers and the Capture of the French King The English were placed on a little hill. They depended, as usual, chiefly on their archers. They shot their arrows as the French advanced. Soon there was a lot of confusion. Many of the French lay wounded or dead. Many of their horses reared wildly and flung their riders to the ground. Once a knight fell from his horse, he could not get back on his horse, because his armor was too heavy. The Battle of Poitiers, 1356 In a short time this part of the French army was overthrown. Then a second, and finally a third division met the same fate. To the French war cries, Mountjoy! Saint Denis! the English replied with shouts of St. George! Guyenne! The air was filled with the ringing of spearheads upon shields, the noise of breaking lances, and the clash of hostile swords and battle-axes. At last the French were defeated or ran away except in one area of the field. There King John, with a few of his bravest knights, fought valiantly on foot. He swung his heavy battle-ax. His son Philip a brave boy of thirteen years cried unceasingly: Father, guard right! Father, guard left! At last even the King had to surrender. He and his son Philip were taken prisoners. They were taken to the tent of the English prince, where they were courteously entertained. The Black Prince himself waited on them. They were held prisoners for several years, while the English demanded a ransom for their release. The Battle of Poitiers was a bad blow to France. Hundreds of French knights were killed. All sorts of disorder arose during the captivity of her king. The peasants rose in rebellion against their masters. Civil war broke out. After four years of comfortable captivity, King John was set free but he had to pay a heavy ransom and surrender to the English. Soon after this Good King John died. His kingdom was in great disarray. He was a good knight and a brave man, but he was a poor general and a weak king. His eldest son, Charles, who was styled Charles V, or Charles the Wise, now became king. He was very different from his father. He was not nearly so knightly a warrior, but he proved a much better king. He improved the government and the army. When the war with the English began again, he became successful. The English Black Prince was now broken in health. He died in the year 1376. The old English king, Edward III, died the next year. After that, Richard II, the twelveyear-old son of the Black Prince, became King of England. At the same time, troubles also broke out in England and the English were not able to carry on the war as they had done before. At the same time the French king found a general named Du Guesclin, who proved to be the best general that the Middle Ages ever saw. Page 188
One trouble with the French had been that they scorned the base-born foot soldiers. They thought that war should be the business of the heavily armed knights alone. The knights also thought it disgraceful to retreat, even when they knew they could not win. With Du Geusclin, all this was different. He was willing to use peasants and townsmen if their way of fighting was better than that of the nobles. Also, he did not think it wrong to retreat if he could not win. With the support of wise King Charles, he won victory after victory. Even though no great battles were fought, almost all the English possessions in France returned to the hands of the French. Then the French successes stopped for a time. Du Guesclin died, and after him, King Charles V. Now it was the French who had a boy king. When this king, Charles VI, grew to be a man, he became insane. His uncles fought with one another and with the King s brother for the government. Soon the quarrel led to murder, the murder to civil war, and France was again thrown into chaos and misery. Henry V and the Battle of Agincourt About this time King Henry V came to the throne of England. He was a young and warlike prince. He wished to win glory for himself. He remembered the old claim of Edward III to the French crown. He thought that now was a good time to make that claim good because the French nobles were fighting among themselves. So, in the year 1415, King Henry landed with an army in France and began again the old, old struggle. After a few months, the English found their retreat cut off by the French army. But King Henry remembered the victories of Crécy and Poitiers and did not give up hope. One of his knights wished that the thousands of warriors back in England were there with them. King Henry exclaimed: I would not have a single man more. If God gives us the victory, it will be plain that we owe it to His grace. If not, the fewer we are, the less loss to England. King Henry V at the Battle of Agincourt, 1415, by John Gilbert At Agincourt there was no sheltering hedge to protect the English archers. So, King Henry ordered each man to provide himself with tall stakes, sharpened at each end. They planted these stakes slantwise in the ground as a protection against the French horsemen. Most of the English force was again made up of archers with the longbow. Most of the French were knights in full armor. The French, indeed, seemed to have forgotten all that Du Guesclin and Charles V had taught them. To make matters worse, the French knights dismounted and sought to march upon the English position on foot. The field they had to pass through had just been plowed, and it was wet. As they marched, heavy-armed knights sank knee deep in mud at every step. For a third time the English victory was complete. Eleven thousand Frenchmen were left dead upon the field. More than a hundred great lords and princes were dead. Page 189
In after years Englishmen sang of the wonderful victory in these words: Agincourt, Agincourt! Know ye not Agincourt? When English slew and hurt All their French foemen? With our pikes and bills brown How the French were beat down, Shot by our bowmen. Agincourt, Agincourt! Know ye not Agincourt? English of every sort, High men and low men, Fought that day wondrous well, as All our old stories tell us, Thanks to our bowmen. Agincourt, Agincourt! Know ye not Agincourt? When our fifth Harry taught Frenchmen to know men, And when the day was done Thousands then fell to one Good English bowman. Aftermath Even this terrible defeat could not make the French princes end their quarrels, though. The leader of one party was murdered by the follower of another. The followers of the dead prince became so bitter that they were willing to join the English against the other party. The Burgundians, as the one party was called, entered into a treaty with Henry of England against the Armagnacs, as the other party was called. It was agreed that Henry should marry Katherine, the daughter of the insane king, and Henry should become King of France when the old king died. No one seemed to care about the dauphin (the French king s son) except the Armagnacs. They were opposed to all that the Burgundians did. Both Henry V of England and poor old Charles VI of France died within two years after this treaty was signed. Henry had married Katharine as agreed. Their son, Henry VI, was a mere baby, only nine months old. He now became king of both England and France, but his reign was not to be a happy or a peaceful one. In England the little king s relatives fought about the government once again. When he grew up, he became insane like his grandfather. At the same time the English found their strength over France weakening. Joan of Arc and the Siege of Orléans Only the Armagnacs at first recognized the dauphin as king. For seven years after the death of his father he had great difficulty in keeping any part of France from the hands of the English. In 1429, a great change took place. A young peasant girl named Joan of Arc appeared at the King s court. She inspired and guided the French. The French began to gain. The English and Burgundians began to lose ground. Joan s home was in the far northeastern part of France. She had been brought up in the cottage of her father with her brothers and sisters. She helped to herd the sheep and helped her mother in household tasks. She learned to spin and to sew, but she never learned to read and write. Joan was a sweet, good girl, and she was very religious. Even in her far-off village the people suffered from the evils of the wars. Joan s Page 190
heart was moved by the distress she saw about her. When she was thirteen, she said she began to hear voices of saints and angels of Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret, and of the angel Gabriel. When she was eighteen her voices told her that she must go into France, aid the dauphin, and cause him to be crowned king at Rheims. Support for the dauphin was very low at this time. The English were besieging the city of Orléans. If that city were taken, all of France would be lost. The first work of Joan must be to stop the siege of Orléans. She finally succeeded in reaching the dauphin. When she came into the room, she picked him out from among all the others. But, she had never seen him, and many of the courtiers were more richly dressed than he was. After a long wait, she convinced his counselors that her voices were from God, and not the evil one. Then she was given a suit of armor, and she mounted a white horse. She had a sword at her side and a standard in her hand, and she rode at the head of the dauphin s troops to Orléans. Orléans in 1428-9, the time of the siege When Joan reached Orléans, she inspired the citizens. Eight days later, following French victories over English fortresses, the English were forced to stop the siege of Orléans and return home. The French believed this was a miracle. The English thought Joan as a witch or sorceress. After this miracle, Joan was called the Maid of Orléans. Within a few months, the dauphin was crowned as Charles VII, the true King of France. Many joined his cause. Joan s work was now almost done. She was wounded twice in battle. Finally, she was taken prisoner by a party of Burgundians and was turned over to the English. She was put on trial for heresy and sorcery. She showed much courage and skill before her judges, but she was condemned and sentenced to be burned to death at the stake. The next day the sentence was carried out. She was brave, kind, and womanly until the very end. As the flames mounted about her an Englishman cried out: We are lost; we have burned a saint. Such indeed she was, if a saint were ever made by purity, faith, and noble suffering. The English burned the Maid and threw her ashes in the river Seine; but they could not undo her work. The French continued to gain victory after victory. Soon the old breach between the Armagnacs and Burgundians was healed, and the Burgundians abandoned the English. Paris was regained by the French king. Some years later Normandy was conquered, and finally Aquitaine. In the year 1453 the long, long war came to an end. The English were left only with one little town in the north of France. The sparks of a civil war the War of the Roses were rising in England to prevent them from ever regaining what they had lost. The English kings continued to style themselves kings of France for a time. But, the French now felt themselves to be a nation. This was so due to the Maid of Orléans. She was the real savior of France and remains its greatest national hero. Page 191
L e s s o n T w o H i s t o r y O v e r v i e w a n d A s s i g n m e n t s Joan of Arc JOAN OF ARC is known as the Maid of Orléans due to her brave and courageous spirit in leading the army of the people of France to defeat the English. Her efforts to help the Dauphin of France gain his leadership with the people resulted in a victory for France, but also in a death sentence for herself. Vocabulary dauphin Key People, Places, and Events Joan of Arc Battle of Orléans Joan of Arc at the Coronation of Charles VII, by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres Reading and Assignments Read the article: Joan of Arc. After reading the article, summarize the story you read by completing a biographical notebook page on Joan of Arc. You may also include information from the website below. Page 192
Define the vocabulary word in the context of the reading and put the word and its definition in the vocabulary section of your notebook. Explore the following website: Timeline for Joan of Arc: http://www.maidofheaven.com/joanofarc_timeline_history.asp Be sure to visit www.artioshcs.com for additional resources. Adapted for Elementary School from the book: Famous Men of the Middle Ages by John Henry Haaren Joan of Arc There were long wars between the French and English with many heroes, but nobody won such fame as Joan of Arc. She was a young French peasant girl, and not even the Black Prince nor King Henry V would gain such fame. Joan was born in the little village of Domrémy. Her father often told her about what was going on with France. He told her how England owned most of France. He told her the true French king, the dauphin, could not be crowned. Joan began to feel sorry for her country. How I pity my country! She could not stop worrying about it. She began to have visions of angels and heard strange voices. These voices said to her, Joan, you can deliver the land from the English. Go to the relief of King Charles. After a while, the young girl believed she had a mission from God. She determined to try to save France. She told her parents what she was going to do. They tried to tell her the visions and voices were just dreams. I tell thee, Joan, said her father, it is thy fancy. Thou hadst better have a kind husband to take care of thee, and do some work to employ thy mind. Father, I must do what God has willed, for this is no work of my choosing, she replied. Mother, I would far rather sit and spin by your side than take part in war. My mission is no dream. I know that I have been chosen by the Lord to fulfill His purpose, and nothing can prevent me from going where He purposes to send me. Everyone tried to stop her. The village priest, her friends, the governor of the town tried. Nobody could. She said to the governor, I must do the work my Lord has laid out for me. The people began to believe in her mission. Everyone finally stopped trying to stop her. Some who had money helped her to make the journey to Chinon, where Charles, the dauphin, was living. The Siege of Orléans Joan arrived at Chinon. A force of French soldiers was preparing to go to the south of France, where the city of Orléans was besieged by the English. Charles received Joan. He was kind and listened to what she said. The girl spoke modestly, with a calm belief she was right. Gracious King, she said, my name is Joan. God has sent me to deliver France Page 193
from her enemies. You shall shortly be crowned in the cathedral of Rheims. I am to lead the soldiers you are about to send for the relief of Orléans. So God has directed, and under my guidance victory will be theirs. Charles talked to his nobles. They decided to let Joan lead an army of about five thousand men against the English at Orléans. Joan of Arc depicted on horseback in an illustration from a 1505 manuscript She was eighteen when she left Chinon at the head of her soldiers in April, 1429. She rode a fine war horse and wore white armor from head to foot. She rode past cheering crowds. She seemed, rather of heaven than earth. She carried an old sword she had found near a saint s tomb. She carried a white standard embroidered with lilies. Rough soldiers near her stopped their oaths and coarse manners. They carefully guarded her. She talked about her visions and inspired the whole army with courage and faith. She arrived at the besieged city of Orléans. She rode fearlessly around its walls. The English soldiers were surprised. They could not stop her from entering Orléans. She lifted the people s spirits with her cheerful, confident words. She led her soldiers to battle against the English. They won. The English forts were taken. Soon only Orléans remained. Joan was slightly wounded while leading the attacking force. She was carried out of battle to a surgeon. Her soldiers began to retreat. Wait, she commanded, eat and drink and rest. As soon as I recover, I will touch the walls with my banner and you shall enter the fort. She soon mounted her horse, rode to the fort and touched it with her banner. Her soldiers instantly won it. The next day the enemy s troops were forced to leave. The siege was ended. The French soldiers were happy. They called Joan the Maid of Orléans. She is known by that name in history. Her fame spread. The English and French thought she had more than human power. She led the French into other battles. They won over and over again. The French drove the English to the north of France. Joan urged Charles to go to Rheims with twelve thousand soldiers. He was crowned King Charles VII there. Joan stood near the King holding her white banner. After the ceremony, she knelt at his feet and said, O King, the will of God is done and my mission is over! Let me now go home to my parents. The King urged her to stay longer. France was not yet freed from the English. Joan agreed, but she said, I hear the heavenly voices no more, and I am afraid. Page 194
She took part in an attack on the army of the Duke of Burgundy. She was taken prisoner by him. The duke gave her to the English for a large amount of money. They put her in prison in Rouen. She was in prison for a year, where she was charged with sorcery and brought to trial. She was accused of being under the influence of the Evil One. She told the judges she was innocent of the charge and said, God has always been my guide in all that I have done. The devil has never had power over me. She had a long and tiring trial. In the end she was condemned to be burned at the stake. She was fastened to a stake surrounded by a great pile of wood in the marketplace at Rouen. A solider put a rough cross into her hands. He had made it from a stick he held. She thanked him and pressed it to her chest. A good priest read to her the prayers for the dying. Another climbed on the wood and held a crucifix to her. She held it with both hands and kissed it. The noble girl uttered the word Jesus, when the cruel flames burst around her. Then she died. A statue of her stands on the spot where she suffered. None did nobler work than Joan during her time. So we put the story of her life among the stories of the lives of great men of the Middle Ages. Joan of Arc s Death at the Stake, by Hermann Anton Stilke Gilded bronze equestrian statue of Joan of Arc at Place des Pyramides in Paris, by Emmanuel Frémiet, 1874 Page 195