Contents Preface xi Introduction: The Essential Interdependence of Image and Word in Calvin s Theology 1 1. Manifestation and Proclamation in Calvin Scholarship 3 2. Removing Dead Images for the Sake of Living Images 7 3. Beholding the Image in the Mirror: Calvin s Seneca Commentary, 1532 9 4. Historical Influences on Calvin s Theology of Manifestation 11 5. Calvin on the Historical Development of Living Images 17 6. Objectives of This Study 19 Part I. The Living Images of God the Creator chapter 1 The Universe as the Living Image of God 25 A. The Development of Calvin s Theology of God s Self-Manifestation in the Universe 26 1. The Powers of God Engraved in the World: Preface to Olivetan, 1535 26
vi Contents 2. The World as the Visible Representation of Invisible Things: Catechism, 1537 27 3. The Lord Manifests Himself by His Powers: Institutes, 1539 29 4. Contemplating the Works of God on the Sabbath: Institutes, 1543 1545 31 5. The World as Theater, School, and Image: Corinthians and Hebrews, 1546 1549 32 6. The Beautiful Fabric of the Universe: Genesis and Acts, 1554 33 7. The Proclamation of the Heavens: Psalms, 1557 36 8. The Knowledge of God the Creator: Institutes, 1559 38 B. The Universe as the Self-Manifestation of God 39 1. Contemplating the Powers of God in the Works of God 39 2. The Spectacles of Scripture and the Eyes of Faith 41 3. Guiding the Contemplations of the Pious: From the Heavens to Ourselves 42 4. Human Images and the Nature of the Creator 49 chapter 2 Symbols of God s Goodness in the Present Life 55 1. The Manifold Blessings of God in This Life 56 2. The Goodness and Care of God from Birth to Old Age 58 3. The Blessings of This Life as Ladders and Vehicles to Heaven 60 4. Enjoyment Mixed with Affliction: Finitude and Sin 61 5. When Ladders Become Obstacles 62 6. Humanity Created in the Image and Likeness of God 63 7. Lineaments of the Image in Reason and Intelligence 64 8. The Image of God in Men and Women 69 9. The Image of God in Humanity and the Rejection of Human Images 71 chapter 3 The Manifestation of the Providential Care of God 73 1. Early Reflections on God s Providence, 1532 1537 74 2. The Providence of God versus Fortune: Institutes, 1539 75 3. The Church as the Theater of God s Providence 87
Contents vii Part II. The Living Images of God the Redeemer chapter 4 The Manifestation of Christ in the Law and in the Gospel 107 1. The Law Is the Figure of the Truth and the Shadow of the Body 109 2. Physical Symbols of the Spiritual Gifts Plainly Revealed in the Gospel 112 3. Glimpsing Christ at Dawn in Distant Shadows; Beholding Christ at Noonday 115 4. From Shadow Outline to Living and Graphic Image 118 5. The Law as Figures Drawn in Conformity to the Archetype 120 6. The Symbols of Obligation and Bondage; Symbols of Freedom 122 7. The Symbols of Separation Dividing Jew and Gentile 124 8. The Veiled Face of Moses; the Unveiled Face of Christ 125 9. The Distant and Veiled Face of God; Approaching God Face-to-Face 127 chapter 5 Visual Confirmation of the Covenant of Adoption 133 1. The Self-Manifestation of God in Visions and Dreams 134 2. Miracles as Confirming Signs 154 3. The Exodus as the Archetype and Pledge of the Grace of God 157 4. The Work of God Confirms the Word of God 159 5. Grace Manifested to One Is a Pledge of Grace to All 161 chapter 6 Symbols and Types of Christ in the Law 163 1. The Sacraments of the Law in Relation to Christ 164 2. The Symbols of Christ for the Fathers before the Law 168 3. The Symbols of Christ Revealed to Moses 183 4. The Symbols and Types of Christ under the Davidic Monarchy 197
viii Contents chapter 7 Symbols of the Presence of God to Israel 205 1. Symbols of God s Presence in the Works of God 206 2. Symbols of God s Presence in the Cloud and the Pillar of Fire 207 3. The Tabernacle as the Symbol of God s Presence 209 4. The Ark of the Covenant as the Symbol of God s Presence 211 5. The Temple in Jerusalem as the Symbol of God s Presence 214 6. Jerusalem as the Theater of God s Glory 220 7. Prophecy as the Sign of God s Presence 222 8. False Symbols of the Presence of God 223 chapter 8 The Manifestation of Judgment and Restoration in the Prophets 232 1. The Distinguishing Marks of True Prophets 233 2. Divine Self-Accommodation in Prophetic Speech 236 3. The Iconic Language of the Prophets (Hypotyposis) 243 4. The Symbolic Representations of the Prophets 249 5. The Appearance of Things Unseen 253 chapter 9 The Living Image of God in Jesus Christ 257 1. Jesus Christ as the Living Image of God 257 2. God Hidden and Revealed in Christ 262 3. The Coming Scandal of the Cross 265 4. Christ Declared the Son of God in the Resurrection 272 5. God Has Made Him Both Lord and Christ : The Ascension into Heaven 274 6. The Cross as the Brightest Image of the Love of God 276 7. It Is Finished : Christ Is the End of the Law 280 chapter 10 The Gospel as the Living Portrait of Jesus Christ 289 1. The Exhibition of Christ in the Mirror or Portrait of the Gospel 290 2. The Visual Confirmation of the Gospel in Miracles 298 3. Temporary Signs of Perpetual Grace 301
Contents ix 4. Confirmation of the Gospel in Visions 303 5. Individuals as Exemplars of Grace to All 305 6. Confirmation of the Gospel in the Sacraments 306 7. The Laying on of Hands 313 8. Anointing the Sick with Oil 319 9. Penance 321 10. Marriage 323 11. Baptism as the Symbol of Adoption 323 12. The Holy Supper of the Lord 330 chapter 11 The Manifestation of Piety in the Church 343 1. The Purpose of Public Worship 344 2. Language Is the Image of the Mind 348 3. The Solemn Act of Public Thanksgiving and Praise 353 4. The Manifestation of Piety in Gestures, Rites, and Ceremonies 355 5. The Gestures and Rites of Prayer 359 6. Signs of Piety and Impiety 367 7. Testimonies of Repentance 369 8. The Prohibition of Human Images from Places of Public Worship 373 chapter 12 The Revelation of the Thoughts of the Heart 378 1. Language as the Chief Bond of Society 379 2. The Manifestation of Affections in Gestures and Signs 381 3. The Eyes Manifest and Guide the Affections 389 4. The Danger of Ostentation 390 5. Hypocrisy 392 6. Human Eyes See Appearances; the Eyes of God See the Heart 396 chapter 13 The Distinguishing Marks of the Children of God 401 1. The Certain Marks of the Church and Its True Beauty 402 2. The Marks of True Pastors 406 3. The Signs of Adoption 407
x Contents 4. The Signs of Reprobation 413 5. Manifestations of God s Wrath against the Reprobate 415 chapter 14 The Revelation of the Children of God 420 1. The Signs of God s Wrath upon the Children of God 421 2. The Light of Life in the Darkness of Death 424 3. The Appearance of Things Unseen 427 4. For Now We See in a Mirror, Enigmatically; but Then Face to Face 429 5. When Christ Who Is Your Life Is Revealed, You Also Will Be Revealed with Him 432 Conclusion 436 Notes 441 General Index 523 Scripture Index 546