Hai Jui in Southeast Asia by Wolfgang Franke (Kuala Lumpur) Hai Jui [1] (1513 1587), the famous Ming official from Hainan, has long since been well known and praised for his integrity, uprightness, and care for the common people. 1 The evaluation of his personality in terms of modern Chinese political ideology became a critical issue in China during the early 1960s sharpened by the controversy on the drama The Dismissal of Hai Jui (Hai Jui pa kuan [7] ). Its author Wu Han [8] (1909 1967), a well-known expert in Ming history and deputy mayor of Peking from 1949 to 1966, was criticized to have alluded in this drama the dismissal of General P'eng Te-huai [9] by Chairman Mao in 1959. 2 This controversy in 1966 was the prelude to the following major disturbances known as the Great Cultural Revolution, wen-hua ta ko-ming [12]. Notwithstanding the political implications the memory of Hai Jui is cherished by his Hainan fellow countrymen in Southeast Asia in an almost unique way. On his travels through Southeast Asian countries during the early 1970s the present writer found no other non-deified historical personality remembered as much as Hai Jui. In almost every Ch'iung-chou/Hainan Landsmannschaft (hui-kuan) at least some handwriting (tui-lien [13] ) of Hai Jui, if not a photo of his portrait were exhibited at a prominent place. And there is no publication by such a Landsmannschaft which does not contain a biography of or some reference to Hai Jui. Some specimens will be given in the following: In the assembly hall of the Ch'iung-chou hui-kuan [14], Kuala Lumpur, Jalan Sultan, are two rubbings showing portraits of Hai Jui and of Ch'iu Chün [15] (1420 1495) 3, with eulogies tsan [16] by Tung Kuo-hua [17] (1773 1850) 4 dated 1837, displayed at a prominent place. The eulogies are included also in Ch'iung-shan hsien-chih (ed. mentioned in n.2) ch. 18, 6b 7b, but the location of the inscription is not mentioned. The eulogy on Hai Jui has been copied therefrom into the 1973 edition of the Collected Writings (see n.1). Since probably not everywhere one of these two works is available a photo of the rubbing (fig. 1) and a punctuated transcript of the text are given together with the translation [19]. 5 Portrait of the late Lord Hai Chung-chieh of the Ming. Lord Hai stands out like a single horn of a divine goat. 6 He had an iron will and stone intestines [never succumbing to any outside force], 7 and those who were corrupt and cunning looked askance at him. His long memorials alarmed the emperor, and the papers with his words were grave and awful. Lofty was he in the Censorate, great in the high level government offices. 8 During his lifetime he was honoured and after his death he was mourned. For the people he was a model, and for the officials a standard of excellence. When from the door of his office [in the Southern Capital] 9 his soul 27 37
28 Wolfgang Franke was removed [to his native place] it was like the sun sinking at its fixed place. 10 Tears were flowing everywhere [at his death], and his loyal soul was weeping at night [alarmed about the matters of the state]. When respectfully greeting [his portrait and his ancestral tablet] in the ancestral hall, 11 his superior example is as if it were of a recent date only. On the 16th day, 7th moon, of the year Tao-kuang 17 ting-yu of the Great Ch'ing (16. August 1857) respectfully composed by the pupil Tung Kuohua from Wu county, and respectfully engraved by the pupil Lu Hua-pin from Te-hua. 12 A retouched reproduction of the same portrait of Hai Jui is displayed in the Ch'iung-chou hui-kuan at Ipoh, Perak, (fig. 2) together with the portrait of Ch'iu Chun, at the left, and photos of the that time Prime Minister of Malaysia, the late Tun Abdul Razak, the ruling sovereign of Malaysia, and the sultan of Perak, both with their spouses. Very popular are facsimile copies of Hai Jui's handwriting, 13 in particular the following couplet [24] (tui-lien) Manage the affairs of the state. Read the writings of the sages. Copies of this tui-lien are displayed at such places as the Kuangtung hui-kuan at Kota Bharu, Kelantan, (fig. 3), with the photo of a community leader in the middle, the Ch'iung-chou hui-kuan at Tawau, Sabah, (fig. 4), with a picture from mythology in the middle, and the Ch'iung-chou hui-kuan at Takuapa, Southern Thailand (fig. 5). Due to the reflecting glass-cover only two photos of above the tui-lien can be identified: In the center is a portrait of the Thai king and to the left one of Chiang Kai-shek in his early years. These few examples may indicate how and in which context the memory of Hai Jui is displayed. As to publications by various Hainan Landsmannschaften 14 remembering Hai Jui the following may be mentioned: (1) T'ai-kuo Hai-nan hui-kuanhsin-shalo-ch'engchi-nien t'e-k'an [25], Bangkok 1958, sect. chuan-tsai [26], pp. 22 23, has the same portrait as mentioned above and a biography of Hai Jui which is partly, but not wholly identical with that in Ch 'iung-chou fu-chih, ed. 1841/1890 (see n. 2). On p. 24 of the same publication a short presentation of Ch'iu Chun and Hai Jui [27], written in 1778 by Ch'eng Ching-i [28]15 is reprinted. (2) Ma-liu-chia Ch'iung-chou hui-kuan chiu-shih-ichou-nien chi-nien t'ek'an [30] Malacca 1960 (no pagination) has the same portrait and the same biography as (1). (3) Hsing Ma Wan-ning t'ung-hsiang/hui t'ung-hsün-lu [31], Kuala Lumpur 1960, p. 50, has the same presentation by Ch'eng Ching-i as (1). 16 (4) Pin-ch'eng Ch'iung-chou hui-kuan pai-chou-nien chi-nien t'e-k'an [32], Penang 1966 (no pagination), has a biography Hai Chung-chieh-kung chuanlüeh [33], which is written in a modern colloquial style and apparently prepared especially for this publication. (5) Ya-pi Ch'iung-chou hui-kuan t'e-k'an [34], Kota Kinabalu 1969, has the same portrait and a slightly abridged text of the biography of (1) and (2). (6) T'ai-kuo Hai-nan hui-kuan ch'eng-li erh-shih-ssu chou-nien chi-nien t'ek'an [35], Bangkok 1970, has a short reference to Hai Jui on p. 55 in an article
Hai Jui in Southeast Asia 29 by Ch'en Chien-liu [36] on the political situation in Hainan during the last two millennia. (7) Ma-lai-hsi-ya Hsin-chia-p'o Ch'iung-chou hui-kuan lien-ho-hui ssu-shih chou-nien chi-nien t'e-k'an [37], Kuala Lumpur 1973, has a short biography of Hai Jui in the traditional style (pp. 349 350), and remembers him further in a special article by Chu Chen-hua [38] (pp. 358 359). Whereas most of these biographies are written in the classical style and thus almost unintelligible to the majority of the younger generation which got its Chinese education only after the Second World War, in the publications (4) and (7) the effort is made to transmit the image of Hai Jui to this generation too by presenting it through the medium of the modern colloquial language. It is not surprising that these publications have been prepared in Penang and in Kuala Lumpur/Singapore, the main modern Chinese cultural centres in Southeast Asia. Finally it may be mentioned that Hai Jui is brought on the stage, too. By kindness of Professor Piet van der Loon, Oxford, the present writer got the reproduction of the program of a performance of the Ch'ao-chou opera Hai Jui hsüeh ch'iyüan [39], Hai Jui clears a strange false charge, presented by the I-hsing Ch'aochou opera troupe from Hongkong [40], at the Hsin Hang-chou Theatre, Bangkok. Unfortunately the program does not give an exact date, writing only Thursday, the 7th day of this month. The performance was probably held in the late 1960s or early 1970s. The play deals with the case of Liu Kuang-ch'en [41], a military officer from Ch'ao-chou, who had been put to death on a wrong indictment. Hai Jui to whom the case was brought for revision eventually succeeded to clear Liu Kuang-ch'en from the false charge and to rehabilitate him posthumously. The story has probably been taken from one of the novels about Hai Jui as a judge, mentioned by Fang Chao-ying (loc. cit. n. 1) p. 477. These few notes may intimate the ways how an historical personality like Hai Jui is venerated by the Hainan community in Southeast Asia in particular and the overseas Chinese in this part of the world in general. To the fellow Hainanese, Hai Jui is an epitome of courage and justice, an example of moral virtues. To what extent such values as patterned and practiced by Hai Jui had an impact on Southeast Asian Chinese is, however, difficult to assess. The impact on the older generation is probably stronger than on the younger one. Nevertheless, Hai Jui's firm and steadfast attitude towards life seems to have ingrained in many a Hainanese in Southeast Asia. NOTES 1 See the biography by Fang Chao-ying in Goodrich Fang, Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368 1644, New York & London 1976, vol. I, pp. 474-479 (abbr. DMB), where further sources and references are given which need not to be repeated. In the meantime Michel Carrier's thesis has been published with the title Une réforme locale en Chine au XVIe siècle: Hai Jui à Chun'an 1558 1562, Paris 1973. Cf. the reviews in HJAS 36:1976, pp. 325 331, and in OE 21:1974, pp. 191 198. An English translation of Wu Han's essay On Hai Jui ( Lun Hai Jui ), first published 1959 in Jen-min jih-pao and included in Wu Han's collection of essays Teng-hsia chi [2], Peking
30 Wolfgang Franke 1961, is contained in Chinese Studies in History and Philosophy 1:2, 1967/68, pp. 3 44. Prior to Wu Han, as early as 1957, Chiang Hsing-yü [3] published a well-documented, appreciative biography with the title Hai Jui at Shang-hai jen-min ch'u-pan-she, which has been reprinted in 1959 and 1962. Cf. RBS 3:1957, No. 298. After the new almost complete edition of Hai Jui's writings by Wu Han, Hai Jui chi [6], Peking 1962, mentioned by Fang (loc. cit. p. 478), a new revised and enlarged punctuated edition of the 1927 Hai-nan shu-chu version of Hai Chung-chieh kung ch'uan-chi [4] including biographical materials has been published under the direction of Wang Meng-yun [5] at Taipei 1973. 2 Additional biographies of Hai Jui are contained in Ch'iung-shan hsien-chih [10], ed. 1911/1917, Taiwan reprint 1964, ch. 24, 28a 34a, and Ch'iung-chou fu-chih [11], ed. 1841/1890, reprint Chung-kuo fang-chih ts'ung-shu 47, Taipei 1967, ch. 34, 18a 30a, as well as other biographical materials such as Hai Jui's tomb inscription, etc. In addition to the references given by Fang (see n. 1) see James R. Pusey, Wu Han. Attacking the Present through the Past, Harvard University Press 1969. 3 See DMB I, 249 252. Ch'iu Chun was another famous Ming official from Ch'iung-chou and is often remembered by Hainan Chinese in Southeast Asia. But although Ch'iu Chün held a higher government position and was a more prolific writer he seems to be slightly less popular than Hai Jui. 4 Tzu Ch'in-nan [18], a chin-shih of Chia-ch'ing 13, 1808, from Wu-hsien, Kiangsu. 5 The present writer feels indebted to Professor Su Ying-hui [20], University of Malaya, and to Chun-yin Franke Hu for their help in properly reading and understanding the text of the eulogy, and to Professor Ang Tian Se [21], University of Malaya, for reading the whole manuscript and making some valuable suggestions. 6 According to Morohashi, Dai Kanwa jiten (abbr. DKWJ) 8566..8, yüeh-yüeh describes a deer's horn. No reference loshen-yang could be found. An allusion to the unicorn is perhaps possible. 7 DKWJ 40945..206. 8 Nan-t'ai probably refers to Hai Jui's position in the Censorate, Tung-ko to the high level offices of the central government in general. See DKWJ 14499..127 (139). 9 Hua-piao designates a door at the entrance gate to a high government office, see DKWJ 31214..390. Here it refers probably to Hai Jui's death at Nanking. 10 Yu-yuan is the place where the sun sets. See DKWJ 32723..7. 11 Ching [22] -t'ang is the same as ying [23] -t'ang. See Ch'iung-shan hsien-chih 18, 7a b. 12 No particulars are known. There are two counties with the name Te-hua, one in Kiangsi and another one in Fukien. 13 Other specimens of Hai Jui's handwriting are reproduced in the 1962 and 1973 editions of his collected writings and in Tseng Yu-ho Ecke, Chinese Calligraphy, Philadelphia 1971, No. 55. 14 On this type of Landsmannschaft publications see W. Moese, G. Reinknecht, E. Schmitz- Seisser: List of Chinese Grey Literature Kept at Hamburg Libraries. Hamburg 1978 15 From Wu-chin [29], Kiangsu; chin-shih of Ch'ien-lung 4, 1739. For biographies see 33-Index p. 285b. 16 Wan-ning is a county at Hainan.
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32 Wolfgang Franke
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34 Wolfgang Franke
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36 Wolfgang Franke
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