Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies Vol. 65, No. 3, March 2017 (233) Early Bka brgyud Texts from Khara-khoto in the Stein Collection of the British Library Iuchi Maho 1. Introduction Tibetan texts from Khara-khoto are less well-studied than other texts in Tangut and Chinese. Tibetan texts are kept in the British Library, London; the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg; and institutions in Inner Mongolia. 1) In 2016, with the publication of the TK Cat., which is the only available catalogue for Tibetan texts from Khara-khoto, the overview of Tibetan texts is becoming increasingly clear. The catalogue includes 285 items from Khara-khoto and 776 items from the Etsin-gol area. The contents of the catalogue in the part of texts from Khara-khoto state the details, such as site number, format, location number, physical condition, requisition number of the British Library, size, classification, description, transliteration of the text, and photograph of every items. Most of the text is a religious text, such as sūtra, Buddhist commentary, tantric, and ritual. 2) In my previous studies (Iuchi 2011, 2012), I focused on the manuscripts from Khara-khoto related to Bka gdams pa school and pointed out the relationship between the school and the Xixia court (1038 1227). This paper introduces the Bka brgyud texts from Khara-khoto that are newly identified. 2. Bka brgyud Texts from Khara-khoto The four manuscripts discovered from Khara-khoto that are identified as Bka brgyud text are the followings. 3) TK Cat. no. site no. contents 229 K.K.V.b.031.b biography of Mi la ras pa (1028/1040 1111/1123) 232 K.K.V.b.031.e work of Jig rten mgon po (1143 1217) 1271
(234) Early Bka brgyud Texts from Khara-khoto in the Stein Collection of the British Library(Iuchi) 270 K.K.V.b.035.e work of Jig rten mgon po 274 K.K.V.b.035.h work of Jig rten mgon po These manuscripts were discovered from the stūpa (site number, K.K.V.b.), which is located in the northwest corner of the fortress. From the site, K.K.V.b., fragments of Tibetan and Tangut bilingual text and Bka gdams texts were discovered. 4) According to previous studies, it is considered that the manuscripts from K.K.V.b. are dated from the time of the Xixia kingdom or in the early period after the kingdom. 5) 2.1. Biography of Mi la ras pa TK Cat. no. 229, which is identified as a kind of the biography of the great Yogi Mi la ras pa, is a pothi style manuscript written in dbu med script. The size is 8.7 22.3 cm. The most popular biography and songs of Mi la ras pa were compiled by Gtsang smyon He ru ka (1452 1507). Also, the Third Karma pa Rang byung rdo rje (1284 1339) compiled the biography of Mi la ras pa known as the Mdzod nag ma (Black treasury), which is included in his collected works. The source of both texts, the earliest biographical work of Mi la ras pa, is called the Bu chen bcu gnyis (Twelve great disciples), written by Ngan rdzong ston pa Byang chub rgyal po (b. late 11th century) and the other disciples of Mi la ras pa. 6) The following is the transliteration of the text compared with the Bu chen bcu gnyis, and the single underlined word is same as the Bu chen bcu gnyis. 7) recto: (1) $$ / / [--] su gyur (two dots sign) nad du ba khrug pa i [nyams] med // bu khyod kyang bde ba bzhed pa na // ming zer nyon la phyir (2) bre pa [d--/] nga spyod [ltos] las 4n sgoms // dus di la lam sna zin du mchi // tshe phyi ma phan chad rtag du bde (three dots sign) (3) da lta lus la nad mang zhing // sems kyis tsh[e] grang myong ba yang // nyon mongs rgyu i nyer len dang // glo bur rkyen kyis (4) tshams sbyar nas // sngar byas las kyi rnam smyin kyis // rang snang sgrib pa de ltar byung // di yang rmi lam skad 1 tsam // (5) de bas [ bum] gyur bye ba yis // gnyugs [ring] shin du bzod dga ba // na rag dmyal ba i sdug bsngal yang // don du snang (6) bar yod ma myong // sdig sems bag chags khrul pa las // phyi rol sdug bsngal myong zhes pa // ston pa sangs (7) rgyas shag thub 8) la // rdo rje snying pos zhus pa i lan // nges pa don kyi mdo las gsungs // de phyir kun brtags khrul (8) pa i gzhi // thams cad sems su ma shes na // tshangs pa i jig rten dbang bsgyur yang // de la bde ba yod ma yin // (9) myam bzhag gzhi i bsam gtan la // skal par gnas kyang dman pa i lam // thams cad mkhyen pa thob mi srid // verso: (1) de bas las dang nyon mongs [...] g.yogs bag chags sbyang ba i phyir // byang chub sems kyi rgyun bsgoms shing // (2) mthar phyin skye med don la [...] [skol] las kyi sa pa yin // 1272
Early Bka brgyud Texts from Khara-khoto in the Stein Collection of the British Library(Iuchi) (235) le lo snyoms las [dor?] [rgyal la] // brtson grus (3) chen po i go bgos te // [-d] [...] ma yengs par // don myur du sgrubs 1 skal bzangs ma // sring mo sman (4) btsun 9) 4n bzangs ma // don [zhib] du [la?] [nyad] pa i [klu] de rnams // go bar gyis la 10) khyed par du // bstan pa i don myur du (5) sgrubs cig // // ces gdams [pas] / khyod kyi snying lam na bras bu sku 4 (under margin: zhes bya ba 1) logs nas btsal du yod snyam na (6) yang [/] sangs rgyas zhes bya ba i rgyud tha dad 1 gzhan nas btsal du med de // o skol skye gro sems can du gyur pa la chi ba od (7) gsal chos kyi sku / [bar] do dag pa [longs] spyod sdzogs pa i sku / skye ba sna tshogs sprul ba i sku / sku 3 ro gcig pa (8) tha mi dad pa ngo bo nyid kyi sku // de 4 [...] rang chas su yod ngo ma shes / de ltar ngo sprod byed pa la grub thob brgyud pa i (9) gdam ngag zab mo bar ma chad pa [dang] [...] yin gsungs pas // yang khong cag rnams na re rje btsun lags (two dots sign) kho mo cag gis 2.2. Work of Jig rten mgon po TK Cat. nos. 232, 270, and 274 are identified with the collected works of Jig rten mgon po Rin chen dpal, Bka bum. Three of the manuscripts are written in the pothi style written in dbu med script. These sizes are 8 9 15 16 cm. The writing style of TK Cat. no. 270 is a little different from other two manuscripts. TK Cat. no. 232 is from vol. 1 (ka), chapter 42 and 43 of the Bka bum, TK Cat. no. 270 is from vol. 3 (ga), chapter 223, and TK Cat. no. 274 is from vol. 1 (ka), chapter 55. The following is the transliteration of the text from TK Cat. no. 232 as an example. 11) The underlined word is same as the present text, Bka bum. It is also almost coincidental with the present work with the exception of small differences. recto: (1) $ // na mo rad na gu ru // [bde ba] [...] khams // zhing khams phun (2) 3 tshogs pa i // mgon po rgyal [...] // byang chub sems dpar gyur (3) pa i tshe // de ltar blo [-os] du byas pa i // [-M] [-] stobs las byung ba yin // (4) [snying stobs] ma [-ur] rnal byol pa // khams 3 khor ba i sems can rnams // sdug bsngal (5) [rgyal?] [mtsho ] mtha myed du // rang dbang [myed?] par khor ba spang // rang sems phrul [gyi?] (6) [mo?] [--] la // blta lugs shes pas lan pa yin // sku [yus (/spus)] la che rnal byor [-] (7) dus 3 sangs rgyas thams cad kyis // khor dang mya ngan das pa i chos // bza [--] (8) ma gzigs te // thams cad [ gros] pa myed par zhi // rang don gzhan [--] 3 [-] (9) thams cad rang gi bsam pa yin // log par ma blta rnal byor [---] [bstan] dzin verso: (1) [stogs] [...] // [--] [spyad] pa i bdud rtsi mchog // stong nyid snying (2) rje i gdam ngag sbas // dzin chags kyi tham bu phyung tsam gyis // [-n] myed gnyug (3) ma i bdud rtsi bcud // mos gus can gyi slob mas thungs // [nyams] [-ogs] (4) 1 du gyur pa de // dus 3 sangs rgyas kyi ye shes yin // bla ma rin chen [-] (5) gsung // ^I TI // // bhi rya badzra ni // 12) rang rig khor ba i [-] (6) mtsho di // bde chen chos sku yin ma yin // tshad ldan gyi bla ma (7) dam 1273
(236) Early Bka brgyud Texts from Khara-khoto in the Stein Collection of the British Library(Iuchi) pa la // mos gus kyi gter kha bye [na] mngon // rang lus rgyal ba i dkyil (8) khor la // dus 3 sangs rgyas bzhugs myi [bzhugs] // byang chub sems (9) kyi gser gyur rtsis // bsgyur [--] byin gyis brlabs na mngon // As Sperling (1987) points out, Jig rten mgon po s biography mentions on the relation between Jig rten mgon po and the king of Xixia. It says that the king of Xixia gave an offering to Jig rten mgon po, then peace came to the kingdom for twelve years, and the king had continued to follow Bri gung pa school. 13) Hence, these three fragmental manuscripts from Khara-khoto are the evidence of the relation between Bri gung pa school and the Xixia court. 3. Conclusion It is assumed that the above two kinds of works, the biography of Mi la ras pa and the work of Jig rten mgon po, were established during Xixia kingdom; the Bu chen bcu gnyis was established around the middle of the 12th century and the Bka bum was established around in the beginning of the 13th century. 14) Therefore, these manuscripts discovered from Khra-khoto are an important not only as the early versions of existing text but also to show us the influence of Tibetan Buddhism, especially Karma Bka brgyud school and Bri gung Bka brgyud school to the kingdom. Notes 1)See TK Cat., Introduction, 4 6. 2)See TK Cat., Classification of K.K. Texts, 148 150. 3)It is assumed that TK Cat. no. 87 (K.K.V.b.010.c) is also related to Bka brgyud pa school. The text mentions about the name of Bka brgyud master, rtsang pa du khur (Rtsang po pa Dkon mchog seng ge,? 1218/1219), who was sent to the Xixia court. 4)Tangut text from K.K.V.b.; TK Cat. nos. 96 and 133. Bka gdams text from K.K.V.b.; TK Cat. nos. 74, 82, 100, 210, and 260. 5)See TK Cat., Introduction, 8 10. 6)The colophon of the Mdzod nag ma (388a3 4) mentions that it was written by the twelve disciples of Mi la ras pa including Ngan rdzongs ston pa. For the details of the Bu chen bcu gnyis, see Quintman (2013, 86 92). 7)TK Cat. no. 229 is coincident with the Bu chen bcu gnyis, 181a1 181b5, Mdzod nag ma, 279b6 280b3, and the Mi la ras pa i rnam mgur, 501 503. 8)Bu chen bcu gnyis, 181a5: thub pa. 9)Bu chen bcu gnyis, 181b2: btsun ma. 1274
Early Bka brgyud Texts from Khara-khoto in the Stein Collection of the British Library(Iuchi) (237) 10)Bu chen bcu gnyis, 181b2: la //. 11)Bka bum, 217a1 b5. 12)Bka bum, 217b3: I Thi / na mo ratna gu ru bhirya badzra ni/. 13)See Sperling (1987, 32) and Jig rten mgon po s biography, 79a4 6. 14)For the date of the Bu chen bcu gnyis, see Quintman (2013, 89 91). According to the editor s foreword of the Bka bum (2), the earliest version of the Bka bum was edited by the nephew of Jig rten mgon po, Bsod nams grags pa (1187 1234/1235) and the other disciples. Abbreviations Bka bum Bu chen bcu gnyis Jig rten mgon po s biography Mdzod nag ma Mi la ras pa i rnam mgur TK Cat. Jig rten mgon po Rin chen dpal (1143 1217). Khams gsum chos kyi rgyal po thub dbang ratna shri i phyi yi bka bum nor bu i bang mdzod. Delhi: Drikung Kagyu Ratna Shri Sungrab Nyamso Khang, 2001. Ngan rdzong ston pa Byang chub rgyal po (b. 11c.). Rje btsun chen po mid la ras pa i rnam thar zab mo. Newark Museum, microfilm, 0001, Tibetan Book Collection. Folio 36.280. Shes rab byung gnas (1187 1241). Gro ba i mgon po bri gung pa i mdzad pa rnam par thar pa phyogs bcur bkod nas dus gsum mtshon pa. Ed. Khangsar Tulku. In vol. 1 of The Collected Writings of Bri gung chos rje jig rten mgon po, 133 190. New Delhi: Bri gung yang ri sgar gyi par khang, 1969 1971. Rang byung rdo je (1284 1339). Rnal byor gyi dbang phyug mi la bzhad pa rdo rje i gsung mgur ma mdzod nag ma zhes pa ka rma pa rang byung rdo rjes phyog gcig tu bkod pa. In The Life and Songs of Realization of Mi-la raspa. 2 vols. Dalhousie: Damchoe Sangpo, 1978. Rus pa i rgyan can (1452 1507). Rnal byor gyi dbang phyug chen po mi la ras pa i rnam mgur. Xining: Mtsho sngon mi rigs dpe skrun khang, 1981. Takeuchi Tsuguhito and Maho Iuchi. Tibetan Texts from Khara-khoto in the Stein Collection of the British Library. Studia Tibetica 48. Tokyo: Toyo Bunko, 2016. Bibliography Iuchi Maho 井内真帆. 2011. Karahoto shutsudo no Kadamu-ha kankei shahon カラホト出土のカダム派関係写本. Bukkyōgaku seminā 仏教学セミナー 92: 26 38. Iuchi Maho. 2012. A Note on the Relationship between Bka gdams pa School and Mi nyag/ Xixia. Zangxue xuekang 蔵学学刊 8: 58 62. Quintman, Andrew. 2013. The Yogi and the Madman: Reading the Biographical Corpus of Tibet s Great Saint Milarepa. New York: Columbia University Press. 1275
(238) Early Bka brgyud Texts from Khara-khoto in the Stein Collection of the British Library(Iuchi) Sperling, Elliot. 1987. Lama to the King of Hsia. Journal of the Tibet Society 7: 31 50. (This research was supported in part by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 15K16618) Key words Bka brgyud, Khara-khoto, Xixia (Visiting Scholar, Kobe City University of Foreign Studies) New Publication Ryoshun Kajihama Amitābha in Tibetan Buddhism 21.0 14.8 cm, 330 pp., 2,995 (Amazon.co.jp) Texnai, 2016 1276