Fatoş EREN ÖZDEMIR & Ahmet Bilal ÖZDEMIR Leipzig University, Department of Linguistics The Morphosyntax of Upward Agreement and Downward Agreement 1
1. It ain't no cat can't get in no coop. There isn't any cat that cannot get into any [pigeon] coop. There isn't any cat that can get into any [pigeon] coop. (Labov, 1972: 773) 2
2. I didn't find a proof of the theorem in none of these texts. I didn't find a proof of the theorem in any of these texts. 3. That ain't nothin' new. That isn't anything new. 4. I didn't tell John to paint none of these. I didn't tell John to paint any of these. 5. He didn't order George to tell Arthur to ask Sam to do nothing like this. He didn't order George to tell Arthur to ask Sam to do anything like this. 6. I didn't say that John painted none of these. I didn't say that John painted any of these. 7. I'm not going to sign a petition that no half-baked Stalinist wrote. I'm not going to sign a petition that any half-baked Stalinist wrote. (Labov, 1972: 782-784) 3
NEGATIVE CONCORD (NC): Two or more negative elements yielding one semantic negation. (Zeijlstra, 2004: 61) 4
A. Negative Spread (NS) The negative feature is spread or distributed over any number of indefinite expressions within its scope. B. Negative Doubling (ND) A distinguished negative element shows up in all sentences that contain a negative expression. C. Negative Spread and Doubling (NSD) A distinguished negative element shows up in sentences that contain more than one negative expression. (Van der Wouden & Zwarts, 1994: 1) 5
8. Nessuno ha telefonato a nessuno Italian nobody has telephoned to nobody Nobody called anybody 9. T ee niemand niets gezeid West Flemish it has nobody nothing said Nobody said anything (Zeijlstra, 2004: 62) 6
10. Jean ne dit rien French John NEG says nothing John doesn t say anything 11. k En een geen geld West Flemish I NEG have no money I don t have any money 12. Milan nevidím nikoho Czech Milan NEG-sees nobody.acc Milan doesn t see anybody (Zeijlstra, 2004: 62) 7
13. Personne ne mange rien French nobody NEG eats nothing Nobody eats anything 14. Valère en klaapt nie tegen niemand West Flemish Valère NEG talks never against nobody Valère doesn t ever talk to anyone 15. Nikdo nedá nikomu nic Czech nobody.nom NEG-gives nobody.acc nothing.dat Nobody gives anything to anybody (Zeijlstra, 2004: 62) 8
16. Nadie miraba a nadie. nobody looked at nobody Nobody looked at anybody. (Herburger, 2001: 290) 17. No vino nadie. NEG came nobody Nobody came. (Herburger, 2001: 289) 9
18. Gianni non ha visto nessuno. Gianni NEG has seen noone 'Gianni didn't see anyone.' (Acquaviva, 1996: 1) 19. Nessuno ha visto niente. noone has seen nothing 'Noone saw anything. (Acquaviva, 1996: 1) 10
20. Jean ne dit rien John NEG says nothing John doesn t say anything (Zeijlstra, 2004: 62) 21. Personne ne mange rien nobody NEG eats nothing Nobody eats anything (Zeijlstra, 2004: 62) 11
22. No ha vist a ningú. NEG has seen to nobody (S)he has seen nobody (Espinal, 2000: 52) 23. No he dit res a ningú. NEG have.1sg said nothing to nobody I didn t say anything to anybody. (Giannakidou, 2006 : 335) 12
24. Balázs nem látott semmit. Balázs-NOM NEG see-pas-3s nothing-acc 'Balázs didn't see anything.' (Puskás, 1998: 187) 25. Balázs nem beszélt senkivel semmiröl. Balázs-NOM NEG speak-pas-3s nobody-instr nothing-delat 'Balázs didn't speak about anything with anybody.' (Puskás, 1998: 195) 13
26. Hy is nie moeg nie. he is NEG tired NEG He is not tired (Biberauer & Zeijlstra, 2012: 355) 27. Hy is nooit moeg nie. he is never tired NEG He is never tired. (Biberauer & Zeijlstra, 2012: 356) 14
28. Kanenas dhen ipe tipota. nobody NEG said nothing 'Nobody said anything.' (Giannakidou, 2000: 489) 15
29. Ne mæg nan mon soðre secgan. NEG can no man more_truly speak 'Nobody can speak more truly.' (Haeberli, 1991: 58) 16
30. wala hada sæefu: ʔɜbadan. not.even one saw.3mp-him never 'Not a single person ever saw him.' (Hoyt, 2010: 6) 17
31. Ich bin froh, das ich keine Rede nicht halden brauch. I am glad that I no talk NEG give need 'I am glad that I don't have to give a talk' (Bayer, 1990: 15) 18
32. Aslı hiç futbol oyna-maz. Aslı never football play-neg.pres 'Aslı never plays football.' 19
Chinese Japanese Serbo-Croatian Russian Polish Catalan Sign Language German Sign Language 20
Acquaviva, Paolo. (1996). The logical form of negative concord. Working Papers in Linguistics, 6(2), 1-27. Bayer, Josef. (1990). What Bavarian negative concord reveals about the syntactic structure of German. In J. Mascaró (Ed.), Glow essays for Henk van Riemsdijk (pp. 13-23). Dordrecht, Holland: Foris. Biberauer, Theresa, & Zeijlstra, Hedde. (2012). Negative concord in Afrikaans: filling a typological gap. Journal of Semantics, 29(3), 345-371. Espinal, M. Teresa. (2000). Expletive negation, negative concord and feature checking. Catalan Working Papers in Linguistics, 8, 47-69. Giannakidou, Anastasia. (2000). Negative... concord?. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 18(3), 457-523. Giannakidou, Anastasia. (2006). N-words and negative concord. In B. Hollebrandse, R. W. N. Goedemans, H. C. Riemsdijk, & M. B. H. Everaert (Eds.), The Blackwell companion to syntax vol. 3 (pp. 327-391). Malden, MA: Blackwell. 21
Haeberli, Eric. (1991) The Neg criterion and negative concord. Université de Geneve: Mémoire de Licence. Herburger, Elena. (2001). The negative concord puzzle revisited. Natural Language Semantics, 9, 289-333. Hoyt, Frederick MacNeill. (2010). Negative concord in Levantine Arabic (PhD dissertation). The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX. Labov, William. (1972). Negative attraction and negative concord in English grammar. Language, 48(4), 773-818. Puskás, Genovéva. (1998). On the Neg-criterion in Hungarian. Acta Linguistica Hungarica, 45(1-2), 167-213. Van der Wouden, Ton, & Zwarts, Frans. (1993). A semantic analysis of negative concord. In U. Lahiri and A. Z. Wyner (Eds.),Proceedings of SALT 3 (pp. 202-219).Irvine, CA: University of California at Irvine Press. Zeijlstra, Hedde. (2004). Sentential negation and negative concord. Utrecht, Holland: LOT/ACLC. 22
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