Outstanding Contributions to Logic Volume 3 Editor-in-chief Sven Ove Hansson, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden Editorial Board Marcus Kracht, Universität Bielefeld Lawrence Moss, Indiana University Sonja Smets, Universiteit van Amsterdam Heinrich Wansing, Ruhr-Universität Bochum For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/10033
Sven Ove Hansson Editor David Makinson on Classical Methods for Non-Classical Problems 123
Editor Sven Ove Hansson Division of Philosophy Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) Stockholm Sweden ISSN 2211-2758 ISSN 2211-2766 (electronic) ISBN 978-94-007-7758-3 ISBN 978-94-007-7759-0 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7759-0 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013956333 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface I had my first contact with David Makinson in 1987 when I was a Ph.D. student. Peter Gärdenfors advised me to send my manuscript on belief change to David, since he was such a good commentator. So I did. Three weeks later when returning home from a short vacation I found three handwritten letters from David, containing detailed comments on different parts of the manuscript. Those comments helped me tremendously in improving what became my first publication in that area (appearing in Theoria 1989). Like so many others, I have continued over the years to benefit from David s unusual competence as a logician. I have also been much influenced by his continued efforts to make full use of the resources of classical logic. There has been much discussion about the unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in the empirical sciences. Perhaps, we should also start discussing the unreasonable effectiveness of classical logic in the formal sciences. Several remarkable examples of that effectiveness can be found in David s oeuvre. So it should be no surprise that I was delighted when (before becoming the series editor) I was offered the task of editing this volume. Editing the book has continued to be a pleasure, not least due to the enthusiasm and cooperative spirit of all the authors. All contributions have been thoroughly peer-reviewed (including David s, at his own insistence). Reviewing is proverbially a thankless task, but on behalf of the authors and myself I would like to thank the reviewers who have done so much for the quality of this book: Alex Bochman, Guido Boella, Richard Booth, Luc Bovens, Richard Bradley, John Cantwell, Samir Chopra, Igor Douven, Didier Dubois, J. Michael Dunn, Eduardo Fermé, André Fuhrmann, Lou Goble, Guido Governatori, Davide Grossi, Lloyd Humberstone, Hannes Leitgeb, Joao Marcos, Tommie Meyer, Jeff Paris, Ramon Pino Perez, Tor Sandqvist, Marek Sergot, John Slaney, Kees van Deemter, Frederik van der Putte, Paul Weirich, Emil Weydert, and Gregory Wheeler. Very special thanks go to David Makinson for being just as helpful to the authors and editor of this volume as he was to me 26 years ago. Stockholm, May 24, 2013 Sven Ove Hansson v
Contents Part I Introductory Preview.... 3 Sven Ove Hansson David Makinson and the Extension of Classical Logic... 11 Sven Ove Hansson and Peter Gärdenfors A Tale of Five Cities... 19 David Makinson Part II Logic of Belief Change Safe Contraction Revisited.... 35 Hans Rott and Sven Ove Hansson A Panorama of Iterated Revision... 71 Pavlos Peppas AGM, Ranking Theory, and the Many Ways to Cope with Examples... 95 Wolfgang Spohn Liars, Lotteries, and Prefaces: Two Paraconsistent Accounts of Belief Change... 119 Edwin Mares Epistemic Reasoning in Life and Literature... 143 Rohit Parikh vii
viii Contents Part III Uncertain Reasoning New Horn Rules for Probabilistic Consequence: Is Oþ Enough?... 157 James Hawthorne Non-Monotonic Logic: Preferential Versus Algebraic Semantics... 167 Karl Schlechta Towards a Bayesian Theory of Second-Order Uncertainty: Lessons from Non-Standard Logics... 195 Hykel Hosni Part IV Normative Systems Abstract Interfaces of Input/Output Logic... 225 Audun Stolpe Intuitionistic Basis for Input/Output Logic... 263 Xavier Parent, Dov Gabbay and Leendert van der Torre Reasoning About Permission and Obligation... 287 Jörg Hansen Norm Change in the Common Law... 335 John Horty Part V Classical Resources Intelim Rules for Classical Connectives... 359 David Makinson Relevance Logic as a Conservative Extension of Classical Logic... 383 David Makinson Part VI Responses Reflections on the Contributions... 401 David Makinson Appendix: David Makinson: Annotated List of Publications... 421
Contributors Dov Gabbay is an Augustus de Morgan (emeritus) professor of logic at the King s College London, an Invited Professor at the University of Luxembourg, and a professor at Bar-Illan University in Isreal. He is editor-in-chief of several international journals, and several Handbooks, including the Handbook of Philosophical Logic. His research interests include: logic and computation; proof theory and goal-directed theorem proving; nonclassical logics and nonmonotonic reasoning; labeled deductive systems; fibring logics; and reactive systems. His most recent books include, both co-authored with Karl Schlechta: Conditionals and Modularity in General Logics (Springer 2011); Logical Tools for Handling Change in Agent-based Systems (Springer 2009). Peter Gärdenfors is a professor of Cognitive Science at Lund University. His previous research focussed on decision theory, belief revision, and nonmonotonic reasoning. His main current research interests are concept formation, cognitive semantics, and the evolution of thinking. His main books are Knowledge in Flux: Modeling the Dynamics of Epistemic States, (MIT Press 1988), Conceptual Spaces (MIT Press 2000), How Homo Became Sapiens: On the Evolution of Thinking (Oxford University Press 2003) and the forthcoming Geometry of Meaning: Semantics Based on Conceptual Spaces (MIT Press 2013). Jörg Hansen studied philosophy and law at the universities of Bielefeld, Hamburg and Leipzig, Germany. He obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Leipzig, Institute of Philosophy, with a thesis on Imperatives and Deontic Logic. He works as a lawyer in Eisenach, Germany, and in 2005 was appointed the director of the Bach House, Eisenach, the museum at Johann Sebastian Bach s birthplace. His logical research focusses on deontic logic. Sven Ove Hansson is a professor in philosophy and head of the Division of Philosophy, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm. He is editor-in-chief of Theoria and of the book series Outstanding Contributions to Logic. He is also member of the editorial boards of several journals, including the Journal of Philosophical Logic, Studia Logica, and Synthese. His logical research has its focus on belief revision, preference logic, and deontic logic. His other philosophical research includes contributions to decision theory, the philosophy of risk and moral, and political philosophy. His books include A Textbook of Belief ix
x Contributors Dynamics. Theory Change and Database Updating (Kluwer 1999) and The Structures of Values and Norms (CUP 2001). James Hawthorne is a philosophy professor at the University of Oklahoma. His research primarily involves the development and explication of the probabilistic logics, especially Bayesian confirmation theory, logics of belief and comparative confidence, and logics of defeasible support. John Horty received his BA in Classics and Philosophy from Oberlin College and his Ph.D. in Philosophy from the University of Pittsburgh. He is currently a Professor in the Philosophy Department and the Institute for Advanced Computer Studies at the University of Maryland, as well as an Affiliate Professor in the Computer Science Department. His primary interests are in philosophical logic, artificial intelligence, and cognitive science. He has secondary interests in the philosophy of language, practical reasoning, ethics, and the philosophy of law. Horty is the author of three books as well as papers on a variety of topics in logic, philosophy, and computer science. His work has been supported by fellowships from the National Endowment for Humanities and grants from the National Science Foundation. He has held visiting fellowships at the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Studies, and at the Center for Advanced Studies in Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University. Hykel Hosni did his Ph.D. at the Uncertain Reasoning Group of the School of Mathematics, University of Manchester. He then moved to the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa, where he has been Research and Teaching Fellow since 2008. During 2013 2015, he will be Marie Curie Fellow at the CPNSS of the London School of Economics. His project Rethinking Uncertainty develops the choiceproblem approach to uncertain reasoning fleshed out in his contribution to this volume. He translated for Springer Bruno de Finetti s Philosophical Lectures on Probability in 2008. Since 2011, Hykel has been secretary of the Italian Association for Logic and Applications. David Makinson is Guest Professor in the Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method of the London School of Economics (LSE). Before that, in reverse chronological order, he worked at King s College (London), UNESCO (Paris), and the American University of Beirut, following education in Oxford, UK after Sydney, Australia. He is the author of Sets Logic and Maths for Computing (second edition 2012), Bridges from Classical to Nonmonotonic Logic (2005), Topics in Modern Logic (1973), as well as many papers in professional journals. His research has covered many areas in logic, including the logic of uncertain inference, belief change, and normative systems. The present volume contains a more extended professional biography. Edwin Mares is a professor of philosophy and a founder and member of the Centre for Logic, Language, and Computation at Victoria University of Wellington. He is the author of Relevant Logic: A Philosophical Interpretation (CUP 2004), Realism and Anti-Realism (with Stuart Brock) (Acumen 2007),
Contributors xi A Priori (Acumen 2010), and more than fifty articles. Mares works mostly on nonclassical logics and their philosophy, concentrating largely on relevant logics. Xavier Parent is a research assistant in computer science at the University of Luxembourg. His research has its focus on deontic and nonmonotonic logics. He is a co-editor of the Handbook of Deontic Logic and Normative Systems (volume 1 forthcoming in 2013; volume 2 forthcoming in 2014/2015). He obtained his Ph.D. degree in philosophy from the University of Aix-Marseille I, France. His doctoral dissertation, Nonmonotonic Logics and Modes of Argumentation, was conferred the 2002 best thesis award in the Humanities and Social Sciences. In 2011, he also received the best paper award at the DEON conference for his paper Moral Particularism and Deontic Logic. Rohit Parikh is Distinguished Professor in Computer Science, Mathematics and Philosophy at the CUNY graduate Center and Brooklyn College. Parikh was born in India but all his degrees are from Harvard where he studied logic with W. V. Quine, Burton Dreben, and Hartley Rogers (who was at MIT). There was also much early influence from Kreisel. Early areas of research include formal languages (with Chomsky), recursion theory, proof theory, and nonstandard analysis. More recent areas include logic of programs, logic of games, epistemic logic, game theory, and social software (a term which Parikh has coined although the field itself is ancient). He has been editor of the Journal of Philosophical Logic and the International Journal for the foundations of Theoretical Computer Science. Pavlos Peppas is an associate professor at the Department of Business Administration, University of Patras. He has been a program committee member in a number of conferences including the International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR), the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), and the European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI), and has served as guest editor for Studia Logica and the Journal of Logic and Computation. His research interests lie primarily in the areas of Belief Revision, Reasoning about Action, Nonmonotonic Reasoning, and Modal Logic. He has published several research articles in conference proceedings (IJ- CAI, ECAI, KR, etc.), and scientific journals such as Artificial Intelligence Journal, Journal of Logic and Computation, and Journal of Philosophical Logic. Hans Rott is a professor of theoretical philosophy at the Department of Philosophy of Regensburg University. As a logician, he is best known for his studies in belief revision and for his use of choice mechanisms operating on beliefs as a means to unify theoretical and practical reasoning. Much of this work is reported in his book Change, Choice and Inference: A Study of Belief Revision and Nonmonotonic Reasoning (Oxford University Press 2001). His other topics of research include analyticity, the relationship between knowledge and belief, the application of philosophical meaning theory in literature studies, and intercultural understanding.
xii Contributors Karl Schlechta is a professor of computer science at Aix-Marseille University in France, and member of the Laboratoire d Informatique Fondamentale de Marseille. He works on nonmonotonic logics, theory revision, and related subjects. His main interest is in the semantical side of these logics, in particular in preferential structures, and accompanying representation theorems. His books include Coherent systems (Elsevier 2004), Logical tools for handling change in agentbased systems (Springer 2009), and Conditionals and modularity in general logics (Springer 2011), the latter two co-authored with Dov Gabbay. Wolfgang Spohn studied philosophy, logic and philosophy of science, and mathematics at the University of Munich. Since 1996, after professorships in Regensburg and Bielefeld, he holds a chair of philosophy and philosophy of science at the University of Konstanz. His areas of specializations are formal epistemology, philosophy of science (induction, causation, explanation), philosophy of mind and language, philosophical logic, ontology and metaphysics, philosophy of mathematics, and the theory of practical rationality (decision and game theory), on which he has written many papers. His book The Laws of Belief. Ranking Theory and Its Philosophical Applications (OUP 2012) has been distinguished with the Lakatos Award. He has been editor-in-chief of Erkenntnis for 13 years and has been serving in many Editorial Boards and philosophical societies. Since 2002, he is a fellow of the Leopoldina, German National Academy of Sciences. Audun Stolpe is a scientist at the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment and holds a Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Bergen Norway. His research is interdisciplinary and contributes to philosophical logic as well as computer science. His philosophical research focuses mainly on the theory of input/output logic and its relationship to belief revision and propositional relevance, but includes also contributions to the theory of quantified modal logic. His research in computer science focuses on applications of knowledge representation and classical AI in computer networks, particularly on the problem of giving a logical characterisation of query federation on the web. Leendert van der Torre is a professor in computer science at the University of Luxembourg. He is a co-editor of the Handbook of Deontic Logic and Normative Systems (volume 1 forthcoming in 2013; volume 2 forthcoming in 2014/2015), and a Co-editor of the deontic logic corner of the Journal of Logic and Computation. His research interests include deontic logic, logic in security, compliance, agreement technologies, and most recently cognitive robotics. He has co-authored over 150 papers indexed by DBLP, and received best paper awards at PRIMA07 and KES-AMSTA07.