Mark Scheme Summer 2007 igcse igcse Religious Studies (4425) Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales No. 4496750 Registered Office: One90 High Holborn, London WC1V 7BH
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Contents 1. Paper 1: Beliefs and Values Mark Scheme 3 2. Appendix to Paper 1 Mark Scheme: Answers based on other religions 21 3. Paper 2: The Religious Community Mark Scheme 25 4. Paper 3: Coursework 55 igcse Religious Studies 4425 1
igcse Religious Studies 4425 2
Paper 1: Beliefs and Values - Mark Scheme Section A: Human beings and their destiny 1. (a) What is predestination? (2) (The belief that) God has already decided the fate of human beings, or similar phrase. For a partially correct answer For a correct answer 1 mark 2 marks (b) Choose one religion. Outline its teachings about the origin and cause of moral evil in the world. (5) Level 3 answers, based on Hinduism, are likely to refer to at least two such teachings as: it is the result of avidya (essential ignorance of the true nature of things); not understanding reality leads to failure to understand that each person s atman (self) is part of the divine Brahman; as well as involving them in the cycle of rebirth, this ignorance can result in people treating others badly. L1 For an isolated example of relevant knowledge L2 For basic relevant knowledge, presented within a limited structure L3 For an organised outline/description, deploying relevant knowledge with limited use of specialist vocabulary. 3-4 marks 5 marks (c) Explain why some people believe in materialism. (8) Level 4 answers are likely to use such reasons as: we can only be certain of the existence of things we know about through our senses; a materialist account of the universe is simpler than those based on religion, and it does not go beyond the available evidence; there is no definite scientific evidence for the existence of God or the soul. At least two reasons must be developed to reach Level 4. Answers which describe, rather than explain, will not go beyond Level 1. L1 For a simple, appropriate and relevant idea relevant idea the main idea(s), using some specialist vocabulary 3-4 marks 5-6 marks 7-8 marks igcse Religious Studies 4425 3
2. (a) What is resurrection? (2) (The belief that) the body is brought back to life after death, or similar phrase. For a partially correct answer For a correct answer 1 mark 2 marks (b) Outline non-religious ideas about how far human beings can (5) exercise freewill. Level 3 answers are likely to refer to at least two such ideas as: nonreligious people do not have to consider the implications of religious teachings like predestination or God s omnipotence/omniscience for belief in freewill; some non-religious people believe in complete freedom of the human will, based on philosophical arguments and our awareness of being able to choose freely between different courses of action; some nonreligious people believe that, unless human beings can exercise freewill, there can be no such thing as moral responsibility; some non-religious people believe in determinism and hold that human beings do not have freewill, or have it only to a limited extent. L1 For an isolated example of relevant knowledge L2 For basic relevant knowledge, presented within a limited structure L3 For an organised outline/description, deploying relevant knowledge with limited use of specialist vocabulary. 3-4 marks 5 marks igcse Religious Studies 4425 4
(c) Explain why some people believe in the dominance of human beings over all other creatures. Level 4 answers are likely to use such reasons as: there are religious teachings that God created human beings to rule the world on his behalf, and gave them control over all other creatures (and they may refer to specific teachings from the religion(s) studied); there are religious teachings that human beings are superior to all other creatures, and can use other creatures to serve human needs (and they may refer to specific teachings from the religion(s) studied); there are non-religious ideas that human beings have evolved into the dominant/superior species, and that their intelligence/ability to think separates them from other living things; there are religious and non-religious beliefs that being the dominant creatures/species involves responsibilities to other living things. At least two reasons must be developed to reach Level 4. Answers which describe, rather than explain, will not go beyond Level 1. L1 For a simple, appropriate and relevant idea relevant idea the main idea(s), using some specialist vocabulary language appropriately 3-4 marks 5-6 marks 7-8 marks igcse Religious Studies 4425 5
Section B: The meaning and purpose of life 3. (a) What does omnipotent mean? (2) (The belief that) God is all-powerful, or similar phrase. For a partially correct answer For a correct answer 1 mark 2 marks (b) Outline religious beliefs about the ultimate reality which do not (5) include reference to God. Level 3 answers are likely to refer to at least two such beliefs as: there are many gods, rather than one all-powerful God, who created the universe from nothing; the universe has no particular purpose, nor is there a loving God with a purpose for each individual human being; speculation about ultimate reality and the existence of God distracts people from what should be their main concern: ending suffering. L1 For an isolated example of relevant knowledge L2 For basic relevant knowledge, presented within a limited structure L3 For an organised outline/description, deploying relevant knowledge with limited use of specialist vocabulary. 3-4 marks 5 marks (c) Explain how a conversion experience may lead to, or support, (8) belief in God. Level 4 answers may describe a conversion experience(s) (either in general terms, or one(s) taken from the religion(s) they have studied), and then explain how this leads to, and supports, belief in God as the only possible explanation of such an overwhelming experience. Alternatively, they may explain that, in a religious context, a conversion may involve either direct experience/sudden awareness of God/the transcendent, or a realization (which may, for example, be the outcome of reflection on the purpose of life) that God exists (and they may give examples from the religion(s) studied). They will then explain how, as a result of this experience, a person s whole outlook on life may change and they will believe in/worship God. Answers which describe, rather than explain, will not go beyond Level 1. L1 For a simple, appropriate and relevant idea relevant idea the main idea(s), using some specialist vocabulary language appropriately 3-4 marks 5-6 marks 7-8 marks igcse Religious Studies 4425 6
4. (a) What is causation? (2) (The belief that) everything has been started off by something else, or similar phrase. For a partially correct answer For a correct answer 1 mark 2 marks (b) Choose one religion. Outline its teachings about salvation and (5) liberation. Level 3 answers, based on Sikhism, are likely to refer to at least two such teachings as: Sikhs believe that there is one God, who is beyond the universe, but also in it and the souls of human beings; they believe that life is a cycle of rebirth, but that it can be ended and human beings can achieve unity with God; to do so, they must follow the teachings of the Gurus, and lead a life of service and meditation. L1 For an isolated example of relevant knowledge L2 For basic relevant knowledge, presented within a limited structure L3 For an organised outline/description, deploying relevant knowledge with limited use of specialist vocabulary. 3-4 marks 5 marks (c) Explain why many religious people believe that it is important to (8) relieve suffering. Level 4 answers are likely to use such reasons as: there are religious teachings that God loves all his human creatures equally (and they may refer to specific teachings from the religion(s) studied), so religious people have a duty to help those who are suffering; there are religious teachings which emphasise the importance of compassion and relieving the suffering of others (and they may refer to specific teachings from the religion(s) studied); religious people will wish to follow the example of the founders of their religion/its past or present leaders, many of whom have devoted their lives to relief of suffering (and they may refer to specific examples). At least two reasons must be developed to reach Level 4. Answers which describe, rather than explain, will not go beyond Level 1. L1 For a simple, appropriate and relevant idea relevant idea the main idea(s), using some specialist vocabulary language appropriately 3-4 marks 5-6 marks 7-8 marks igcse Religious Studies 4425 7
Section C: Marriage, family life and human relationships 5. (a) What is remarriage? (2) Marrying again after being divorced from a previous marriage, or similar phrase. For a partially correct answer For a correct answer 1 mark 2 marks (b) Outline non-religious attitudes to adultery. (5) Level 3 answers are likely to refer to at least two such attitudes as: some nonreligious people believe that, although they did not make their marriage vows before God, they have entered freely into a lifelong union, and should not commit adultery; some non-religious people believe that they should not break their marriage vows because doing so would make their marriage partner unhappy; some non-religious people believe that, as they did not make their vows before God, there is no reason to give up the chance of happiness because of promises made in the past, even if this causes distress; some nonreligious people believe that, if one or other partner prefers somebody else, the marriage is over anyway. L1 For an isolated example of relevant knowledge L2 For basic relevant knowledge, presented within a limited structure L3 For an organised outline/description, deploying relevant knowledge with limited use of specialist vocabulary. 3-4 marks 5 marks (c) Explain how religious communities can help to keep families (8) together. Level 4 answers are likely to describe such examples of how religious communities can keep families together as: providing financial support to families facing financial difficulties; giving counselling to families whose relationships are under strain; organizing crèches for families in need of child care; encouraging/enabling families to participate fully in the life of the religious community. They will then explain how these will help to keep families together. At least three examples must be described and explained to reach Level 4. Answers which describe, rather than explain, will not go beyond Level 1. L1 For a simple, appropriate and relevant idea relevant idea the main idea(s), using some specialist vocabulary language appropriately 3-4 marks 5-6 marks 7-8 marks igcse Religious Studies 4425 8
6. (a) What is a reconstituted family? (2) Children from different marriages becoming one family after their divorced parents marry again, or similar phrase. For a partially correct answer For a correct answer 1 mark 2 marks (b) Choose one religion. Outline its teachings about the purposes of (5) human sexuality. Level 3 answers, based on Christianity, are likely to refer to at least two teachings about the purposes of human sexuality, such as: it is to enable human beings to reproduce, so that they can create a Christian family; it is a means of strengthening the relationship between a (married) couple, which helps them to develop and sustain loving attitudes towards each other; it was instituted by God as a source of joy and pleasure to his human creatures. Answers may refer to the teachings of particular Christian Churches. L1 For an isolated example of relevant knowledge L2 For basic relevant knowledge, presented within a limited structure L3 For an organised outline/description, deploying relevant knowledge with limited use of specialist vocabulary. 3-4 marks 5 marks (c) Explain why some religious people are opposed to genetic (8) engineering as a means of supporting successful conception. Level 4 answers are likely to use such reasons as: some religious people believe that it is for God to decide whether or not sexual relationships will produce children (and they may refer to specific teachings from the religion(s) studied); there are religious (and moral) objections to some forms of treatment (and they may refer to specific teachings from the religion(s) studied); some religious people believe that it is wrong that the costs of such treatments prevent those who are poor from using them. At least two reasons must be developed to reach Level 4. Answers which describe, rather than explain, will not go beyond Level 1. L1 For a simple, appropriate and relevant idea relevant idea L For a developed explanation, showing understanding of 3 the main idea(s), using some specialist vocabulary language appropriately 3-4 marks 5-6 marks 7-8 marks igcse Religious Studies 4425 9
Section D: Relationships with other people 7. (a) What is freedom of speech? (2) The right of people to say what they think, or similar phrase. For a partially correct answer For a correct answer 1 mark 2 marks (b) Choose one religion. Outline its teachings about proselytisation. (5) Level 3 answers, based on Islam, are likely to refer to at least two such teachings as: Muslims believe that the Qur an contains God s final revelation, and that, through Muhammad, he has called all humanity to return to the true faith; so some Muslims believe that they should persuade non-muslims to return to the true faith; other Muslims stress the common ground between religious people, and the special position of Judaism and Christianity, whose founders were God s prophets; forcible conversion is not allowed, because the Qur an requires that there should be no compulsion in religion. L1 For an isolated example of relevant knowledge L2 For basic relevant knowledge, presented within a limited structure L3 For an organised outline/description, deploying relevant knowledge with limited use of specialist vocabulary. 3-4 marks 5 marks igcse Religious Studies 4425 10
(c) Explain why religious people should oppose prejudice and (8) discrimination. Level 4 answers are likely to use such reasons as: prejudice and discrimination involve regarding or treating some people as not being equal to others, which goes against religious teachings that all human beings were created by God; prejudice and discrimination are contrary to religious teachings that emphasise our common humanity; they run counter to religious teachings about respecting other people and treating them fairly; many religious groups and leaders have condemned prejudice and discrimination. Answers may refer to specific teachings from the religion(s) studied. At least two reasons must be developed to reach Level 4. Answers which describe, rather than explain, will not go beyond Level 1. L1 For a simple, appropriate and relevant idea relevant idea the main idea(s), using some specialist vocabulary language appropriately 3-4 marks 5-6 marks 7-8 marks igcse Religious Studies 4425 11
8. (a) What is meant by the status of men or women in a religious community? The importance given to men or women in a religious community, or similar phrase. (2) For a partially correct answer For a correct answer 1 mark 2 marks (b) Outline ways in which religious communities can show practical (5) generosity to the poor. Level 3 answers are likely to refer to at least three such ways as: raising money to help the poor at home or overseas; setting up overnight shelters or hostels for the homeless; running canteens where the poor and/or homeless can be fed, or taking food to the poor or homeless on the streets; providing counselling services to help the homeless/unemployed find accommodation/jobs. Credit should be given to specific examples of generosity to the poor. L1 For an isolated example of relevant knowledge L2 For basic relevant knowledge, presented within a limited structure L3 For an organised outline/description, deploying relevant knowledge with limited use of specialist vocabulary. 3-4 marks 5 marks (c) Explain why religious freedom is an important human right. (8) Level 4 answers are likely to use such reasons as: religious beliefs are of fundamental importance to those who hold them, so people should be free to hold whatever religious beliefs they choose; without religious freedom, people cannot worship God/follow their religious practices freely; people s moral code is often based on their religious beliefs, so, without religious freedom, they cannot do what they consider right; without religious freedom, it is impossible to create a successful multi-faith society. At least two reasons must be developed to reach Level 4. Answers which describe, rather than explain, will not go beyond Level 1. L1 For a simple, appropriate and relevant idea relevant idea the main idea(s), using some specialist vocabulary language appropriately 3-4 marks 5-6 marks 7-8 marks igcse Religious Studies 4425 12
Section E 9. There is no such thing as divine judgement Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion, showing that you have considered another point of view. In your answer you should refer to at least one named religion. The issue is whether there is such a thing as divine judgement. (10) Level 4 answers are likely to contrast the view that, if God has a purpose for human beings, he will decide their destiny and religious teachings about divine judgement (and they may refer to specific teachings), with such views as: the issue only arises for those who believe in (a certain type of) God; some religions emphasise divine judgement (and its consequences) more than others; it is possible to believe in an afterlife without believing in divine judgement; we fear divine judgement, because we refer to it in terms associated with a court of law, but, even if there is divine judgement, it is not necessarily something to fear. They will then come to a personal conclusion. To go beyond Level 2 answers must give an opinion, refer to another point of view, and refer to at least one named religion. To go beyond Level 3, answers must give a balanced account of alternative points of view and reach a personal conclusion. L1 For an opinion supported by one relevant reason. L2 For a basic for and against, or a reason supported by religious/moral evidence. L3 For a reasoned evaluation, using religious/moral argument, evidence or examples, referring to another point of view. L4 For a coherent and reasoned evaluation, based on religious/moral argument, evidence or examples, giving a balanced account of an alternative point(s) of view to reach a personal conclusion. igcse Religious Studies 4425 13
10. Only religion can explain why the universe exists. (10) Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion, showing that you have considered another point of view. In your answer you should refer to at least one named religion. The issue is whether only religion can explain the existence of the universe. Level 4 answers are likely to contrast religious teachings about God as the creator/ sustainer of the universe and/or how the universe came into being (and they may refer to specific teachings from the religion(s) studied), and such theories as intelligent design, with such views as: there is no definite scientific evidence for God s creation of the universe (or even for God s existence); there is no need look for the origin of the universe outside the universe itself; while some people believe that the existence of the universe can only be explained by an external cause, others do not. They will then come to a personal conclusion. To go beyond Level 2, answers must give an opinion, refer to another point of view, and refer to at least one named religion. To go beyond Level 3, answers must give a balanced account of alternative points of view and reach a personal conclusion. L1 For an opinion supported by one relevant reason. L2 For a basic for and against, or a reason supported by religious/moral evidence. L3 For a reasoned evaluation, using religious/moral argument, evidence or examples, referring to another point of view. L4 For a coherent and reasoned evaluation, based on religious/moral argument, evidence or examples, giving a balanced account of an alternative point(s) of view to reach a personal conclusion. igcse Religious Studies 4425 14
11. All religious people should condemn abortion. Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion, showing that you have considered another point of view. In your answer you should refer to at least one named religion. The issue is whether all religious people should condemn abortion. (10) Level 4 answers are likely to contrast the view of some religious people that abortion is always wrong, irrespective of the circumstances (and they may refer to specific teachings from the religion(s) studied), with the view of other religious people that it can be justified in certain circumstances as the lesser of two evils (and they may refer to specific teachings from the religion(s) studied). They will then come to a personal conclusion. To go beyond Level 2, answers must give an opinion, refer to another point of view, and refer to at least one named religion. To go beyond Level 3, answers must give a balanced account of alternative points of view and reach a personal conclusion. L1 For an opinion supported by one relevant reason. L2 For a basic for and against, or a reason supported by religious/moral evidence. L3 For a reasoned evaluation, using religious/moral argument, evidence or examples, referring to another point of view. L4 For a coherent and reasoned evaluation, based on religious/moral argument, evidence or examples, giving a balanced account of an alternative point(s) of view to reach a personal conclusion. igcse Religious Studies 4425 15
12. Atheists are always unhappy people. Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion, showing that you have considered another point of view. In your answer you should refer to at least one named religion. The issue is whether atheists are always unhappy people. (10) Level 4 answers are likely to contrast the view that, as atheists do not believe in God/do not have a religion, they are likely to be less happy in this life than those who do, because they lack a vital source of spiritual comfort and have no future life to look forward to, with such views as: many atheists have reached a reasoned conclusion about the nature of existence/god s existence, and there is no reason to think that it makes them unhappy; atheists have the satisfaction of taking complete responsibility for their lives; atheists can concentrate on enjoying all the opportunities life offers, without the worry of what happens next; there seem to be plenty of happy atheists. They will then come to a personal conclusion. To go beyond Level 2, answers must give an opinion, refer to another point of view, and refer to at least one named religion. To go beyond Level 3, answers must give a balanced account of alternative points of view and reach a personal conclusion. L1 For an opinion supported by one relevant reason. L2 For a basic for and against, or a reason supported by religious/moral evidence. L3 For a reasoned evaluation, using religious/moral argument, evidence or examples, referring to another point of view. L4 For a coherent and reasoned evaluation, based on religious/moral argument, evidence or examples, giving a balanced account of an alternative point(s) of view to reach a personal conclusion. igcse Religious Studies 4425 16
13. There is no place for religious celibacy in the modern world. (10) Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion, showing that you have considered another point of view. In your answer you should refer to at least one named religion. The issue is whether there is a place for religious celibacy in the modern world. Level 4 answers are likely to contrast such views as: there are many people (including religious people) who think that those who lead celibate lives are unable to understand/engage fully with the problems of modern society; a celibate life can create (intolerable) tensions in those trying to lead it; a requirement to be celibate can deter people from taking up a religious vocation, with such views as: the modern world s many problems make it even more important for at least some religious people to be able to devote their lives to God s service without distractions/ competing priorities; it is no less valuable a means of practising self-discipline, and achieving self-control, than in the past; celibacy has been commended to their followers by religious teachers and leaders. Answers may refer to specific teachings about celibacy and examples of its benefits/drawbacks. They will then come to a personal conclusion. To go beyond Level 2, answers must give an opinion, refer to another point of view, and refer to at least one named religion. To go beyond Level 3, answers must give a balanced account of alternative points of view and reach a personal conclusion. L1 For an opinion supported by one relevant reason. L2 For a basic for and against, or a reason supported by religious/moral evidence. L3 For a reasoned evaluation, using religious/moral argument, evidence or examples, referring to another point of view. L4 For a coherent and reasoned evaluation, based on religious/moral argument, evidence or examples, giving a balanced account of an alternative point(s) of view to reach a personal conclusion. igcse Religious Studies 4425 17
14. There is nothing wrong with pre-marital sex. Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion, showing that you have considered another point of view. In your answer you should refer to at least one named religion. The issue is whether there is anything wrong with pre-marital sex. (10) Level 4 answers are likely to contrast the view(s) that there is nothing wrong with pre-marital sex, provided it is freely chosen, while the wide availability of contraception removes the risk of unwanted pregnancies, with the view(s) that many religious people are opposed to it, because it is contrary to religious teachings (and they may refer to specific religious teachings), and that many religious and non-religious people believe that sexual relationships should only take place in the context of marriage. They will then come to a personal conclusion. To go beyond Level 2 answers must give an opinion, refer to another point of view, and refer to at least one named religion. To go beyond Level 3 answers must give a balanced account of alternative points of view and reach a personal conclusion. L1 For an opinion supported by one relevant reason. L2 For a basic for and against, or a reason supported by religious/moral evidence. L3 For a reasoned evaluation, using religious/moral argument, evidence or examples, referring to another point of view. L4 For a coherent and reasoned evaluation, based on religious/moral argument, evidence or examples, giving a balanced account of an alternative point(s) of view to reach a personal conclusion. igcse Religious Studies 4425 18
15. Religious people do not really believe in religious pluralism. Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion, showing that you have considered another point of view. In your answer you should refer to at least one named religion. The issue is whether religious people really believe in religious pluralism. (10) Level 4 answers are like to contrast the view that the different religions claim to teach the truth about God/ultimate reality in ways that (explicitly or implicitly) exclude the truth claims of other religions, and that history is full of examples of religious intolerance and persecution (and they may refer to examples), with the view that many religions teach toleration of, and respect for, other religion, and the world contains successful multi-faith societies (and they may refer to examples). They will then come to a personal conclusion. To go beyond Level 2 answers must give an opinion, refer to another point of view, and refer to at least one named religion. To go beyond Level 3 answers must give a balanced account of alternative points of view and reach a personal conclusion. L1 For an opinion supported by one relevant reason. L2 For a basic for and against, or a reason supported by religious/moral evidence. L3 For a reasoned evaluation, using religious/moral argument, evidence or examples, referring to another point of view. L4 For a coherent and reasoned evaluation, based on religious/moral argument, evidence or examples, giving a balanced account of an alternative point(s) of view to reach a personal conclusion. igcse Religious Studies 4425 19
16. Women are denied equal rights in religious communities. (10) Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion, showing that you have considered another point of view. In your answer you should refer to at least one named religion. The issue is whether women are denied equal rights in religious communities. Level 4 answers are likely to contrast the view that some religions/religious groups hold that women should not have equal rights in religion and/or society and women do not have equal rights in these religious communities (and they may refer to specific teachings or examples from the religion(s) studied), with the view(s) that other religions/religious groups hold that women should have equal rights in religion and/or society and women do have equal rights in these religious communities (and they may refer to specific teachings or examples from the religion(s) studied), and that what happens in religious communities does not necessarily have any relevance to how women are treated in society. They will then come to a personal conclusion. To go beyond Level 2 answers must give an opinion, refer to another point of view, and refer to at least one named religion. To go beyond Level 3 answers must give a balanced account of alternative points of view and reach a personal conclusion. L1 For an opinion supported by one relevant reason. L2 For a basic for and against, or a reason supported by religious/moral evidence. L3 For a reasoned evaluation, using religious/moral argument, evidence or examples, referring to another point of view. L4 For a coherent and reasoned evaluation, based on religious/moral argument, evidence or examples, giving a balanced account of an alternative point(s) of view to reach a personal conclusion. igcse Religious Studies 4425 20
Appendix to Paper 1 Mark Scheme: Answers based on other religions 1 (b) Choose one religion. Outline its teachings about the origin and cause of moral evil in the world. Answers based on Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Sikhism. (5) Level 3 answers, based on Buddhism, are likely to refer to at least two such teachings as: human beings, who have not achieved enlightenment, do not understand the true nature of reality; they are in a state of avijja and kilesa, and are not aware of the Buddha s teaching; the three fires of greed, hatred and delusion burn within them, and they harm other people. Level 3 answers, based on Christianity, are likely to refer to at least two such teachings as: according to the Book of Genesis, moral evil was caused by the fall of Adam; moral evil is caused by sin (human beings disobeying God and breaking God s law); sin is the result of human selfishness and greed; moral evil results from human beings having freewill, which enables them to disobey God and harm others. Level 3 answers, based on Islam, are likely to refer to at least two such teachings as: human beings have been given freewill, which they can use to do good or evil things; moral evil results from not believing in God, and not following the teaching of the Qur an; moral evil derives from shirk, the sin of associating other things with God. Level 3 answers, based on Judaism, are likely to refer to at least two such teachings as: moral evil is part of human sinfulness; moral evil results from disobeying God; moral evil arises when human beings allow their evil inclinations to get the better of their good ones, leading them to act unjustly towards others. Level 3 answers, based on Sikhism, are likely to refer to at least two such teachings as: moral evil is associated with haumai, human beings selfish and materialistic nature; as a result, human beings follow their own inclinations, rather than God s will; they are conditioned by the principle of manmukh, and so fail to be oriented towards God; they are controlled by maya and this leads to the five vices. L1 For an isolated example of relevant knowledge L2 For basic relevant knowledge, presented within a limited structure L3 For an organised outline/description, deploying relevant knowledge with limited use of specialist vocabulary. 3-4 marks 5 marks igcse Religious Studies 4425 21
4 (b) Choose one religion. Outline its teachings about salvation and liberation. Answers based on Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism. (5) Level 3 answers, based on Buddhism, are likely to refer to at least two such teachings as: the universe has no particular purpose, but people s lives are subject to the law of karma; as a result, they are reborn into the world, with all the suffering this involves; the goal of life is to end suffering by escaping from the cycle of rebirth; and the way to do this is by following the Noble Eightfold Path. Level 3 answers, based on Christianity, are likely to refer to at least two such teachings as: God has a purpose for all human beings, whom he made in his image; Jesus taught that all those who follow him will be saved, and can look forward to a future life with him in heaven; during their earthly life, they should equip themselves for their future life by following Jesus example Level 3 answers, based on Hinduism, are likely to refer to at least two such teachings as: the universe was created by Brahman, but people s lives are subject to the law of karma, which means being reborn into the world; it is possible to escape the cycle of rebirth and achieve moksha (liberation); the way to do so is by adopting an appropriate lifestyle, involving meditation and ascetic practices. Level 3 answers, based on Islam, are likely to refer to at least two such teachings as: God created the world, and gave human beings control of it, as his stewards; at the end of their lives, God will judge them according to how well they have ruled his world; he will then send them to heaven or hell. Level 3 answers, based on Judaism, are likely to refer to at least two such teachings as: God created and sustains the universe and the Jews are his chosen people; some Jews still accept the traditional teaching that God s Messiah will come, and set up the messianic kingdom; others hope for, and work towards, a messianic age, which will bring peace and justice to all. L1 For an isolated example of relevant knowledge L2 For basic relevant knowledge, presented within a limited structure L3 For an organised outline/description, deploying relevant knowledge with limited use of specialist vocabulary. 3-4 marks 5 marks igcse Religious Studies 4425 22
6 (b) Choose one religion. Outline its teachings about the purposes of human sexuality. Answers based on Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism and Sikhism: (5) Level 3 answers, based on Buddhism, are likely to refer to at least two such purposes as: it provides opportunities for two people to love, and to receive love from, each other; it is important as the means of having children and a family life, which the Buddha spoke of as a source of happiness; it must be treated in a way that is consistent with the Buddha s teachings. Level 3 answers, based on Hinduism, are likely to refer to at least two such purposes as: human sexuality is not seen as something that is at odds with the spiritual side of life, as the gods marry and have children; it is important, because married couples should have children, in order to perpetuate their families; particular emphasis is placed on having a son, who can perform important religious ceremonies. Level 3 answers, based on Islam, are likely to refer to at least two such purposes as: human sexuality is important, as in enables couples to procreate and create a family; sex must only take place in marriage, which has been ordained by God, and within which husband and wife can love each other, and bring up their children to be God s servants; men and women must abstain form any promiscuity or fornication. Level 3 answers, based on Judaism, are likely to refer to at least two such purposes as: human sexuality enables loving couples (within marriage) to procreate, thus ensuring the survival of the community; married couples are expected to have at least two children, as religious life centres on family and home life; human sexuality can lead to sin, which must be resisted. Level 3 answers, based on Sikhism, are likely to refer to at least two such purposes as: human sexuality is important as a means of keeping the race going, but sexual relationships must take place within marriage; this is a divine institution, within which a married couple become one soul in two bodies, and can procreate and bring up children; there is a strong emphasis on monogamy and high standards of sexual morality. L1 For an isolated example of relevant knowledge L2 For basic relevant knowledge, presented within a limited structure L3 For an organised outline/description, deploying relevant knowledge with limited use of specialist vocabulary. 3-4 marks 5 marks igcse Religious Studies 4425 23
7. (b) Choose one religion. Outline its teachings about proselytisation. (5) Answers based on Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Judaism and Sikhism: Level 3 answers, based on Buddhism, are likely to refer to at least two such teachings as: Buddhists believe that enlightenment comes through following the Buddha s teachings, so it is important to share them with other people; if people have religious beliefs, which contradict the Buddha s teachings, they will be unable to escape from the cycle of rebirth; some Buddhists believe that other religions have truths that will help their followers towards enlightenment, or provide insights that will develop understanding of Buddhist teachings. Level 3 answers, based on Christianity, are likely to refer to at least two such teachings as: Christianity teaches that the way to God and salvation is through Jesus Christ, so Christians should share the message of salvation with others; Jesus told his followers to go out and preach the Gospel, so some Christians believe that they should proselytise non-christians; some Christians believe that they should try to find common religious ground with the followers of other religions who are sincerely seeking religious truth. Level 3 answers, based on Hinduism, are likely to refer to at least two such teachings as: Hinduism does not claim to have a unique religious revelation, and generally Hindus do not promote their religion as the only path to religious truth, or proselytise; it teaches religious freedom and toleration of other religions, and many Hindus accept that these contain valuable teachings and insights; however, some Hindus believe that the Hindu dharma is the only full path to final liberation. Level 3 answers, based on Judaism, are likely to refer to at least two such teachings as: Judaism is not a missionary faith, and Jews do not believe they should try to proselytise the followers of other religions; and some Jews also believe that people, who follow teachings that are similar to the Ten Commandments, are close to God; however, other Jews believe that, as Judaism is the right path, it is their responsibility to show others how to live. Level 3 answers, based on Sikhism, are likely to refer to at least two such teachings as: Sikhism teaches religious freedom, and that leading a good life is more important than belonging to a particular faith; different religions are different boats that can take their passengers across the river of life, and there can be dangers in trying to change boats in midstream; most Sikhs regard their own religion as one path towards God and accept that others are equally valid, but others regard their path as the best, while not denying the validity of others. L1 For an isolated example of relevant knowledge L2 For basic relevant knowledge, presented within a limited structure L3 For an organised outline/description, deploying relevant knowledge with limited use of specialist vocabulary. 3-4 marks 5 marks igcse Religious Studies 4425 24
Paper 2: The Religious Community - Mark Scheme Buddhism 1. (a) Outline the rituals associated with marriage in Buddhism. (10) Level 4 answers are likely to outline at least three such rituals as: the couple may stand on a special platform (purowa) decorated with white flowers; rings are exchanged; thumbs of right hands or wrists may be tied together; a wedding feast; a thread of cotton around the temple. Candidates may also point out that many Buddhist countries have different rituals and that in Theravada Buddhism there is no specifically religious ritual since householders cannot reach enlightenment. L1 For an isolated example of relevant knowledge. L2 For basic relevant knowledge, presented within a limited L3 For an organised outline/description, deploying relevant knowledge with limited use of specialist vocabulary. L4 For a comprehensive outline/description, deploying (b) Explain why meditation is important in Buddhism. (10) Level 4 answers are likely to use such reasons as: it is considered to be the single, most important religious practice; it was through meditation that the Buddha achieved enlightenment; it is a form of training for the mind; it is used to help Buddhists understand problems and the meaning of the teachings of the Buddha; it helps to develop clear thinking; freedom from suffering; the only way to achieve enlightenment. At least two reasons must be developed to reach Level 4. Answers which describe rather than explain cannot go beyond Level 1. L1 For a simple, appropriate and the main idea(s), using some specialist vocabulary. igcse Religious Studies 4425 25
2. (a) Outline the duties of a lay person in Buddhism. (10) Level 4 answers are likely to outline at least two such duties as: to look after their parents and to treat elders with respect; avoid malicious and unpleasant talk; be generous in everything; speak the truth at all times; avoid being angry; maintain the welfare of the monks. L1 For an isolated example of relevant knowledge. L2 For basic relevant knowledge, presented within a limited L3 For an organised outline/description, deploying relevant knowledge with limited use of specialist vocabulary. L4 For a comprehensive outline/description, deploying (b) Explain why the monastic community is important in Buddhism. (10) Level 4 answers are likely to use such reasons as: the monks of the monastic community preserve the teaching of the Buddha and pass them on to the people to help lead them towards enlightenment; the monks may interpret the teachings of the Buddha to make them more accessible to lay people; the monks give guidance on daily life; the monks may work in the community to help others. At least two reasons must be developed to reach Level 4. Answers which describe rather than explain cannot go beyond Level 1. L1 For a simple, appropriate and the main idea(s), using some specialist vocabulary. igcse Religious Studies 4425 26
3. (a) Outline the basic principles of the rules of the Vinaya. (10) Level 4 answers are likely to outline such principles as: the rules are mainly concerned with intentions rather than simple laws to keep nuns or monks under control; they are part of the training to be free from desire; the monk s lifestyle should be simple, without luxury (for example: they should not over-eat; should not sing, dance or attend entertainment; they should not wear jewellery, perfume or beauty products; they should not sleep in a high or wide bed); they should not handle money; they should not commit one of the transgressions which would lead to their exclusion from the order (such as claiming to have power which they do not have). L1 For an isolated example of relevant knowledge. L2 For basic relevant knowledge, presented within a limited L3 For an organised outline/description, deploying relevant knowledge with limited use of specialist vocabulary. L4 For a comprehensive outline/description, deploying (b) Explain why right conduct is important in Buddhism. (10) Level 4 answers are likely to use such reasons as: right conduct is part of the Noble Eightfold Path by which Buddhists believe they can reach enlightenment ; without right conduct an individual may cause harm to others; right conduct is the foundation stone on which the other two aspects of the Eightfold Path are based. At least two reasons must be developed to reach Level 4. Answers which describe rather than explain cannot go beyond Level 1. L1 For a simple, appropriate and the main idea(s), using some specialist vocabulary. igcse Religious Studies 4425 27
4. (a) Outline the contribution to the development of Buddhism of one famous Buddhist other than Siddhartha Gautama. (10) A wide variety of answers is possible here but it is expected that level 4 answers will name a famous Buddhist and outline at least two achievements of that person. Some possible answers may include individuals such as Ahjan Sumedho, Aung San Sun Kyi, or the Dalai Lama. L1 For an isolated example of relevant knowledge. L2 For basic relevant knowledge, presented within a limited L3 For an organised outline/description, deploying relevant knowledge with limited use of specialist vocabulary. L4 For a comprehensive outline/description, deploying (b) Explain why the stories surrounding the birth of the Buddha (10) show that he was a special person. Level 4 answers are likely to use such reasons as: Queen Mayadevi s dream showed that her child would be no ordinary person; the Buddha was born from her right side; the child immediately took seven steps towards each of the four points of the compass; the baby being surrounded by light; the statement that he would have no further births; the visit of Asita and the 32 marks; the four angels who received the baby in a golden net. At least two ways must be explained to reach Level 4. Answers which do not give an explanation cannot go beyond Level 1. L1 For a simple, appropriate and the main idea(s), using some specialist vocabulary. igcse Religious Studies 4425 28
5. (a) Describe what Buddhists may do to show respect in a shrine (10) room. Level 4 answers are likely to describe two such actions as: removing shoes before entering; sitting on the floor with legs crossed to one side (so that legs are not pointed towards the Buddharupa); bowing before the Buddharupa as a greeting; touching the chest lips and forehead; gifts of flowers; the lighting of incense sticks and candles. L1 For an isolated example of relevant knowledge. L2 For basic relevant knowledge, presented within a limited L3 For an organised outline/description, deploying relevant knowledge with limited use of specialist vocabulary. L4 For a comprehensive outline/description, deploying (b) Explain why Sarnath is considered an important place in (10) Buddhism. Level 4 answers are likely to use such reasons as: it was where the Buddha preached his first sermon; it was where the wheel of the Dharma was set in motion; it was where the Buddha gathered his first disciples; it was where the Four Noble Truths were first outlined; it was where the Middle Way was first described. At least two reasons must be developed to reach Level 4. Answers which describe rather than explain cannot go beyond Level 1. L1 For a simple, appropriate and the main idea(s), using some specialist vocabulary. igcse Religious Studies 4425 29
Christianity 6. (a) Describe forms of worship followed by Pentecostal Christians. (10) Level 4 answers are likely to describe at least two such forms of worship as: worship may be less formal than in other Christian denominations; worship is often very lively and may include singing, dancing, clapping and so on; individuals may wish to give witness to their faith spontaneously; worship may include faith healing or speaking in tongues. levels (including answers which refer only to the communion). L1 For an isolated example of relevant knowledge. L2 For basic relevant knowledge, presented within a limited L3 For an organised outline/description, deploying relevant knowledge with limited use of specialist vocabulary. L4 For a comprehensive outline/description, deploying (b) Explain why baptism is important in Christianity. (10) Level 4 answers are likely to use such reasons as: it is a ritual which shows entry into the Christian faith; it is a sacrament; it symbolises death and resurrection into the Christian faith; for some Christians it is a public demonstration of their acceptance of the Christian faith; it is an opportunity for a public declaration that a child will be brought up as a Christian; it is a sign that God is washing away a person s sins. At least two reasons must be developed to reach Level 4. Answers which describe rather than explain cannot go beyond Level 1. L1 For a simple, appropriate and the main idea(s), using some specialist vocabulary. igcse Religious Studies 4425 30