PAPER-I (INDIAN PHILOSOPHY)

Department of Philosophy Vidyanagar College Charashyamdas South 4 Parganas Unit Syllabus for Three-Year B.A. (Honours) Course in Philosophy A Brief Sketch of the Modularized New Syllabi (++) System(009 Regulations) Part-I PAPER-I (INDIAN PHILOSOPHY) of I a) Introduction: Division of Indian Philosophical Schools:Astika B.S. and Nastika Carvaka School : a) Epistemology 3 b) Metaphysics c) Ethics d) Tutorial 3 Jainism : B.S. a) Concept of Sat, Dravya, Paryaya, Guna b) Anekantavada c) Syadvada d) Saptabhanginaya e) Tutorial 4 Buddhism : K.K.B. a) Four noble Truths b)theory of Dependent Origination (Pratityasamut- padavada), c) Definition of Reality (Arthakriyakaritvamsattvam), Doctrine of Momentariness d) Theory of no-soul (Nairatmyavada) e) Four Schools of Buddhism (Basic tenets) f) Tutorial II 5 Nyaya : B.S. a) Prama and Pramana b) Pratyaksa (Definition), c) Sannikarsa d) Classification of Pratyaksa: Nirvikalpaka, Savikalpaka, 4 Laukika, Alaukika; e) Anumiti,Anumana (Definition) f) vyapti g) paramarsa h) Classification of Anumana: purvavat, sesavat, smanyatodrsta, kevalanvayi, kevalavyatireki, anvayavyatireki, svarthanumana, pararthanumana i) Upamana (definition) 4

j) Sabda (definition) k) Tutorial 4 6 Vaisesika : S.B. Seven Padarthas a) Dravya b) Guna c) Karma 7 Vaisesika : K.K.B. d) Samanya e) Visesa f) Samavaya g) Abhava h) Asatkaryavada i) Tutorial 4 III 8 Samkhya B.S. a) Satkaryavada b) Nature of Prakrti, its constituents and proofs for its existence 3 c) Nature of Purusa and proofs for its existence d) Plurality of purusas e) Theory of evolution f) Tutorial 9 Yoga : K.K.B. a) Citta, Cittavrtti b) Cittabhumi c) Eight fold path of Yoga d) God e) Tutorial 0 Mimansa (Prabhakara and Bhatta) : B.S. a) Arthapatti as sources of knowledge b) Anupalabdhi as sources of knowledge c) Tutorial IV Advaita Vedanta : B.S. a) Sankara s view of Brahman b) Saguna and Nirguna Brahman c) Three grades of Satta: pratibhasika, vyavaharika and paramarthika d) Jiva, Jagat e) Maya f) Tutorial Visistadvaita Vedanta : B.S. a) Ramanuja s view of Brahman b) Jiva, Jagat c) Refutation of the doctrine of Maya e) Tutorial Total :

Unit PAPER II (PSYCHOLOGY & SOCIAL-POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY) GROUP A ( PSYCHOLOGY ) of I Methods of Psychology: S.B. a) Introspection b) Extrospection c) Experimental Methods variables dependent & independent, controls in experiment, limitations of experimental method d) Tutorial Sensation and perception: B.S. a) Nature of sensation, nature of perception, relation between 3 sensation and perception b) Gestalt theory of perception c) Tutorial 3 Learning: Theories of Learning : B.S. a) Trial and error theory b) Thorndike s laws of learning c) Gestalt Theory d) Pavlov s theory of conditioned response e) B.F. Skinner s theory of Operant Conditioning (reinforcement, extinction, punishment) f) Tutorial II 4 a) Interactionism B.S. b) Double-aspect theory c) Philosophical Behaviorism d) Identity theory e) The Person theory (Strawson) f) Tutorial 5 Consciousness: B.S. a)levels of mind Conscious, Sub-conscious, Unconscious b) Unconscious, proofs for existence of Unconscious c) Freud s theory of Dream d) Tutorial 6 Intelligence: K.K.B. a) Measurement of Intelligence b) I.Q. Test of Intelligence c) Binet-Simon test d) Terman-Merril and Wecshler test e) Tutorial Total : 5 GROUP B (SOCIAL-POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY) III 7 a) Nature and Scope of i) Social Philosophy ii) Political Philosophy b) Relation between social political Philosophy 4 K.K.B.

c) Tutorial 8 Basic concepts: K.K.B. a) Society b) community c) association, institution d) family: nature, different forms family e) Role of family in the society f) Tutorial S. B. 9 a) Marxist conception of class 0 a) Theories regarding the relation between individual and society i) Individualistic theory ii) Organic theory iii) Idealistic theory b) Tutorial IV a) Secularism its nature S. B. b) Secularism in India c) Tutorial Social Change: B.S. a) Nature of Social Change b) Relation to Social progress c) Marx-Engels on social change d) Gandhi social change e) Tutorial 3 Political Ideals: S. B. a) Nature of Democracy and its different forms 4 b) Direct and indirect democracy c) Liberal democracy d) democracy as a political ideal e) Tutorial 4 Socialism: S. B. a) Utopian and Scientific b) Anarchism c) Tutorial Total : 54 S. B.

PAPER III(HISTORY OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY) Unit of I Plato: K. K. B. a) Theory of Knowledge b) Theory of Forms Aristotle : K. K. B. a) Critique of Plato s theory of Forms b) Theory of Causation c) Tutorial II 3 Descartes : S.B. a) Cartesian method of doubt b) cogito ergo sum c) Criterion of truth d) types of ideas e) Proofs for the existence of God f) Proofs for the existence of the external world g) Tutorial 4 Spinoza : K. K. B. a) Doctrine of substance b) Attributes and modes c) Existence of God d) Pantheism e) Three orders of knowing f) Tutorial 5 Leibniz : K. K. B. a) Monads b) truths of reason c) truths of facts d) innateness of ideas e) Some metaphysical principles : i) Law of Identity of indiscernible ii) Law of sufficient reason iii) Law of continuity f) Doctrine of Pre-established harmony g) Tutorial III 6 Locke : B.S. a) Refutation of innate ideas b) the origin and formation of ideas c) simple and complex ideas d) substance e) modes and relations f) nature of knowledge and its degrees g) limits of knowledge h) primary and secondary qualities i) representative realism

j) Tutorial 7 Berkeley : B.S. a) Refutation of abstract ideas b) Criticism of Locke s distinction between primary and secondary qualities c) Immaterialism d) esse-est-percipi e) role of God f) Tutorial 8 Hume : S.B. a) Impression and ideas b) association of ideas c) distinction between judgements concerning relations of ideas and judgements concerning matters of fact d) theory of causality e) theory of self and personal identity f) Scepticism g) Tutorial IV 9 Kant : B.S. a) Conception of critical Philosophy b) distinction between a priori and a posteriori judgements c) distinction between analytic and synthetic judgements K.K.B. d) Possibility of Synthetic priori judgements e) General problem of the Critique 0 Transcendental Aesthetic : B.S. a) Space & time i) Metaphysical expositions of the ideas of space & time ii) Transcendental expositions of the ideas of space & time b) Tutorial 0

PAPER-IV (WESTERN LOGIC ) Unit of I a) Logic and Arguments K.K.B. b) Inductive Arguments, Truth and Validity 3 c) Categorical propositions and classes: quality, quantity and 3 distribution of terms d) Translating categorical propositions into standard form e) Tutorial Immediate inferences: B.S. a) Conversion b) Obversion c) Contraposition d) Traditional square of opposition e) Immediate Inferences based there on f) Existential Import g) Symbolism and Diagrams for categorical propositions h) Tutorial 3 Categorical Syllogism: S. B. a) Standard Form categorical Syllogism b) The Formal nature of Syllogistic Argument c) Rules and Fallacies d) General Rules; To test Syllogistic Arguments for validity (by applying general rules for syllogism) e) To solve problems and prove theorems concerning syllogism f) Tutorial 4 a) Boolean Interpretation of categorical propositions K.K.B. b) Review of the Traditional Laws of Logic concerning immediate inference and syllogism c) Venn Diagram Technique for Testing Syllogisms 4 K.K.B. d) Hypothetical and Disjunctive Syllogisms e) Enthymeme f) The Dilemma g) Tutorial II 5 Induction: S. B. a) Argument by Analogy b) Appraising Analogical Arguments c) Refutation by Logical Analogy 6 Causal Connections: S. B. a) Cause and Effect, the meaning of Cause b) Induction by Simple Enumeration c) Mill s Method of Experimental Inquiry B.S. i) Mill s Method of Agreement ii) Method of Difference iii) Joint Method of Agreement and Difference iv) Method of Residues v) Method of Concomitant Variations vi) Criticism of Mills Methods, Vindication of Mill s Methods

d) Tutorial 7 Science and Hypothesis: B.S. a) Explanations- Scientific and Unscientific b) Evaluating Scientific Explanations c) The pattern of Scientific Investigation d) Crucial Experiments and Ad Hoc Hypotheses e) Tutorial 8 Probability: K.K.B. a) Alternative Conception of Probability b) The Probability Calculus c) Joint Occurrences; Alternative Occurrences d) Tutorial III 9 Symbolic Logic: S. B. a) The value of special symbols b) Truth-Functions c) Symbols for Negation, Conjunction, Disjunction d) Conditional Statements and Material Implication e) Argument, Forms and Arguments f) Statement Forms and Statements g) Material Equivalence and Logical Equivalence h) Tutorial 0 a) Tautologous S. B. b) Contradictory and Contingent Statement-Forms c) The Paradoxes of Material Implication d) The Three Laws of Thought a) Testing Argument Form and Argument K.K.B. b) Statement-Form and Statement for Validity by i) The Method of Truth-table ii) The Method of Resolution (Fellswoop & Full Sweep)[dot notation excluded] c) Tutorial 3 The Method of Deduction a) Formal Proof of Validity 4 K.K.B. b) Difference between Implicational Rules and the Rules of 8 Replacement c) Construction of Formal Proof of Validity by using nineteen 4 rules d) Proof of invalidity by assignment of truth-values 4 e) Tutorial 4 IV 3 Quantification Theory: S. B. a) Need for Quantification Theory b) Singular Propositions c) Quantification d) Translating Traditional subject predicate proposition into the logical notation of propositional function and quantifiers 4 a) Quantification Rules and Proving Validity S. B. b) Proving Invalidity for arguments involving quantifiers c) Tutorial 4 Total : 5 3

PAPER-V (INDIAN LOGIC AND EPISTEMOLOGY) Recommended Text: Tarkasaügraha with Dipika by Annambhatta. ( Buddhikhanda- from the definition of cognition to the division of memory into two kinds) Unit of I a) Definition of buddhi or jñana (cognition), its two kinds B.S. b) Definition of smrti; Two kinds of smrti (memory) c) Definition of anubhava, its division i) veridical(yathartha) ii) non-veridical(ayathartha) d) Three kinds of non-veridical anubhava 3 e) Definitions clarified in Tarkasamgraha Dipika f) Tutorial a) Four-fold division of prama and pramana. B.S. b) Definition of Karana (special causal condition) and S.B. karana (general causal condition). c) The concept of anyathasiddhi (irrelevance) and its varieties d) The definition of karya (effect) S.B. e) Kinds of cause: (definitions and analysis) i) smavayi ii) a-samavayi iii) nimitta karana f) Tutorial II 3 a) Definition of pratyaksa and its two-fold division : i) nirvikalpaka jñana ii) savikalpaka jñana K.K.B. b) Evidence for the actuality of nirvikalpaka 4 a) Sannikarsa and its six varieties K.K.B. b) Problem of transmission of sound c) The claim of anupalabdhi as a distinctive pramana examined. d) Tutorial III 5 a) Definiton of anumana i) anumiti ii) paramarsa b) Analysis of paksata c) Definition of vyapti d) Vyaptigraha e) Tutorial 6 a) Definition of paksadharmata B.S. b) i) svarthanumiti ii) pararthanumiti c) Analysis of pañcavayavi Nyaya d) Necessity of paramarsa e) Three kinds of linga or hetu i) kevalanvayi ii) kevalayatireki B.S.

iii) anvayavyatireki d) Definiton of paksa, Sa-paksa and vipaksa with illustrations e) Marks of sadhetu f) Tutorial 7 a) Hetvabhasa-two types of definition B.S. b) Five kinds of hetvabhasa: i) Savyabhicara and its three kinds-defined and illustrated ii) Viruddha defined and illustrated iii) Satpratipaka defined and illustrated iv) Three kinds of Asiddha enumerated; (x)asrayasiddhi (y) svarupasiddhi and (z) vyapyatvasiddhi Vyapyatvasiddhi defined as sopadhika hetu. Upadhi and its four kinds (definition and illustration) v) Badhita (definition and illustration). c) Tutorial IV 8 a) Upamana pramana :Definition and analysis K.K.B. b) Sabda pramana : Definition and analysis B.S. c) Sakti (the direct signifying power), d) the pada- padartha-sambandha considered as Isvarasamketa, e) Controversy between the Mimaüsakas and the Naiyayikas regarding the nature of Sakti as universal or particular, f) Tutorial 9 a) Saktigraha (ascertainment of the meaning-relation B.S. b) laksana, varieties of laksana c) Analysis of Gauni vrtti (the secondary signifying power of a term) d) ) Vyanjana-vrtti (the suggestive power of a term) e) analysed as a kind of sakti or laksana f) Tutorial 0 a) The question of laksana-bija tatparya B.S. b) The concept of yoga-rudhi c) The three conditions of sabda-bodha i) akanksa ii) yogyata iii) sannidhi d) Two kinds of statements distinguished i) Vaidika ii) Laukika f) Tutorial a) Arthapatti as a distinctive pramana: Controversy between B.S. the Mimaüsakas and the Naiyayikas. a) The theory of pramanya K.K.B. b) the issue between svataþ-pramanyavada and paratahpramanyavada regarding utpatti and jñapti c) the Prabhakara theory of akhyati d) Tutorial Total : 03 4

Unit PAPER VI (PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE, EPISTEMOLOGY AND METAPHYSICS [WESTERN]) of I Meaning & Definitions K. K. B. a) Word-meaning 3 b) Definitions c) Vagueness d) Sentence-meaning 3 e) Tutorial II Knowledge B.S. a) Concepts b) Truth 3 c) The Sources of Knowledge 3 a) Some Principal uses of the verb To know K. K. B. b) Conditions of Propositional Knowledge, Strong and weak senses of know 4 Necessary Truth B.S. a) Analytic truth and logical possibility 3 b) The a-priori c) The Principles of Logic d) Tutorial III 5 Empirical Knowledge: B.S. a) Law b) Theory c) Explanation 6 a) The Problem of Induction S.B. 7 a) Testability and Meaning b) Tutorial 8 Cause, Determinism and Freedom: K. K. B. a) What is Cause? 3 b) The Causal Principles 3 c) Determinism and Freedom 3 IV 9 Our Knowledge of the Physical World: K. K. B. a) Realism b) Idealism c) Phenomenalism d) Tutorial 0 Some Metaphysical Problems B.S. a) Substance b) Universal c) Tutorial Total : 6

PAPER VII (ETHICS AND PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION) Unit of I Indian Ethics S.B. a) Introduction:Concerns and Presuppositions b) Concept of Sthitaprañjna S.B. c) Karmayoga: (Gita) d) Purusarthas and their inter-relations e) Tutorial a) Meaning of Dharma, Concept of Rina and Rita K.K.B. II III b) Classification of Dharma: i) Samanya dharma ii) vshesadharma iii) sadharanadharma 3 Bauddha Ethics : S. B. a) Pancashila b) Brahmaviharabhavana Jaina Ethics : a) Anuvrata, Mahavrata b) Ahimsa c) Tutorial Western Ethics 4 a) Nature and Scope of Ethics B.S. b) Moral and Non-moral actions c) Object of Moral Judgement Motive and Intention B.S. 5 a) Standards of Morality: i) Hedonism Ethical ii) Psychological b) Utilitarianism: i) Act utilitarianism ii) Rule-utilitarianism c) Tutorial 6 Deontological Theories: K.K.B. a) Act-Deontological Theories b) Rule-Deontological Theories Kant s Theory. 7 Theories of punishment 3 S. B. c) Tutorial Philosophy of Religion 8 a) Nature and scope of Philosophy of Religion K.K.B. b) Doctrine of karma and rebirth c) Doctrine of liberation(hindu, Bauddha and Jaina views) d) Tutorial 9 The Philosophical teachings of the Holy Quoran: B.S. a) God the ultimate Reality b) His attributes c) His relation to the world and man

0 Some basic tenets of Christianity: S. B. a) The doctrine of Trinity b) The theory of Redemption c) Tutorial IV Arguments for the existence of God: S. B. a) Cosmological b) Telelogical c) Ontological arguments d) Nyaya arguments Grounds for Disbelief in God: S. B. a) Sociological theory (Durkheim), b) Freudian theory c) Carvaka,Bauddha and Jaina views d) Tutorial 3 The Peculiarity of Religious Language: K.K.B. a) The doctrine of analogy b) Religious statements as Symbolic c) Religious language as Non-Cognitive (Randal s view), d) the language game theory (D.Z. Phillip) e) Tutorial 83

Unit Paper VIII (OPTIONAL PAPER) An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding: David Hume of I Introduction-Hume s position in the empirical word his S. B. predecessors followers A short history of Enquiry in Comparison with Treatise 3 S. B. 3 Of the different species of philosophy 4 S. B. 4 Of the origin of ideas K.K.B. 5 Of the Association of ideas S. B. 6 Sceptical doubts concerning the operation of the understanding 3 B.S. 7 Sceptical solution of these doubts 3 K.K.B. 8 Tutorials 3 S. B. 9 Of Probability 3 B.S. 0 Of the idea of necessary connection 3 B.S. Of Liberty and Necessity 3 K.K.B. Of the reason of animals B.S. 3 Of Miracles S. B. 4 Of a particular providence and of a future state S. B. 5 Of the academic and sceptical Philosophy S. B. 6 Evaluation of Hume s Philosophy K.K.B. 7 Tutorials S. B. 4

Unit Syllabus for Three-Year B.A. (General) Course in Philosophy A Brief Sketch of the Modularized New Syllabi PART I [ PAPER-I ] (EPISTEMOLOGY AND METAPHYSICS INDIAN AND WESTERN) Group A [Indian Epistemology and Metaphysics] of I Carvaka Epistemology: B. S. a) Perception as the only source of Knowledge b) Refutation of Inference c) Testimony as source of Knowledge d) Tutorial Nyaya Epistemology: B. S. a) The Nature of Perception b) Laukika Sannikarsa c) Determinate (Savikalpaka) Perception d) Indeterminate (Nirvikalpaka) Perception e) Tutorial 3 Anumana: B. S. a) Sadhya; Paksa, Hetu b) Vyapti c) Vyaptigraha d) Paramarsa e) Svarthanumiti and Pararthanumiti f) Pañcavayavi Nyaya g) Tutorial II 4 Vaisesika Metaphysics : Categories - B. S. a) Dravya b) Guna c) Karma d) Samanya e) Visesa f) Samavaya g) Abhava h) Tutorial 5 Advaita Metaphysics: B. S. a) Brahman b) Maya c) The relation between Jiva and Brahman d) Tutorial Total : 5

Group B [Western Epistemology and Metaphysics] Unit of III a) Different senses of Know K. K. B. b) Conditions of Propositional Knowledge c) Origin of Concepts : i) Concept Rationalism-Views of Descartes ii) Views of Leibniz d) Concept Empiricism i) Views of Locke ii) Views of Berkeley iii) Views of Hume e) Tutorial Theories of the origin of Knowledge: K. K. B. a) Rationalism b) Empiricism c) Kant s Critical Theory d) Tutorial 3 Realism: K. K. B. a) Naïve Realism b) Locke s Representationalism 4 Idealism: K. K. B. a) Subjective Idealism (Berkeley) b) Tutorial IV 5 Causality: K. K. B. a) Entailment Theory b) Regularity Theory 6 Mind-Body Problem: K. K. B. a) Interactionism b) Parallelism c) The Identity Theory d) Tutorial Total : 43

Unit PART-II [ PAPER II ] (WESTERN LOGIC AND PSYCHOLOGY) Group A [ Western Logic ] of I Introductory topics: S. B. a) Sentence b) Proposition c) argument d) truth and validity a) Aristotelian classification of categorical propositions S. B. b) distribution of terms c) Existential Import Boolean interpretation of categorical propositions. d) Immediate inference e) Immediate inference based on the square of opposition f) conversion g) obversion h) contraposition i) Tutorial 3 Categorical syllogism: S. B. a) Figure b) mood c) rules for validity d) Venn Diagram method of testing validity e) fallacies f) Tutorial II 4 Symbolic Logic: S. B. a) Use of symbols b) Tutorial 5 Truth-functions: S. B. a) Negation b) Conjunction c) disjunction d) implication e) equivalence f) Tutorial 3 6 a) Tautology S. B. b) Contradiction c) Contingent statement forms d) Construction of truth-table e) using truth-tables for testing the validity of arguments and 3 statement forms f) Tutorial 7 a) Mill s methods of experimental inquiry 5 S. B. b) Tutorial Total : 60

Group B [ Psychology ] Unit of III Sensation: B. S. a) What is sensation? b) Attributes of sensation Perception: a) What is perception? b) Relation between sensation and perception c) Gestalt theory of perception, d) illusion and hallucination e) Tutorial Consciousness: B. S. a) Conscious b) Subconscious c) Unconscious d) Evidence for the existence of the Unconscious e) Freud s theory of dream f) Tutorial IV 3 Memory: B. S. a) Factors of memory b) Laws of association c) Forgetfulness 4 Learning: B. S. a) The Trial and Error theory b) Pavlov s Conditioned-Response theory c) Gestalt theory d) Tutorial 5 Intelligence: B. S. a) Measurement of Intelligence b) I.Q. Test of Intelligence c) Binnet-Simon test d) Tutorial 40

Unit PART II [ PAPER III ] (ETHICS AND PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION) Group A Ethics (Indian and Western) Ethics (Indian) of I Four Purusarthas : B.S. a) Dharma b) artha c) kama d) moksa e) their interrelation f) Tutorial a) Karma (Sakama & Niskama) B.S. b) Carvaka Ethics Buddhist Ethics: a) The Four Noble Truths 3 b) The Eight-fold Path c) Tutorial II Western Ethics 3 a) Moral and Non-moral Actions B.S. b) Object of Moral Judgement 4 a) Teleological Ethics: Utilitarianism (Bentham and Mill) B.S. b) Deontological Ethics: Kant s Moral Theory 5 a) Theories of Punishment 3 B.S. b) Tutorial 33

Group B [Applied Ethics and Philosophy of Relgion] Applied Ethics Unit of III a) Concept of Applied Ethics. K. K. B. b) Killing: i) Suicide ii) Euthanasia c)famine d) Affluence and Morality e) Tutorial Environmental Ethics: K. K. B. a) Value Beyond Sentient Beings b) Reverence for life c) Deep Ecology d) Tutorial IV 3 a) Nature & Concerns of Philosophy of Religion K. K. B. b) Argument for the existence of God: i) Cosmological argument ii) Ontological argument iii) Teleological argument 4 a) Problem of Evil and Suffering K. K. B. 5 a) Grounds for disbelief in God: K. K. B. i) Sociological theory of Durkheim ii) Carvaka View b) Tutorial 38

PART-III [ PAPER-IV ] (SOCIAL-POLITICAL PHILOSOPHYAND CONTEMPORARY INDIAN THOUGHT ) Unit Group A (Social-Political Philosophy) of I Primary Concepts: S. B. a) Society b) Community c) Association d) Institution Social Groups: S. B. a) Its Different Forms 4 3 Family: S. B. a) Its Different Forms b) Tutorial 4 Social class and Caste: S. B. a) Principles of Class and Caste b) Marxist conception of class c) Class Attitudes d) Class consciousness e) Tutorial II 5 Social Codes: K.K.B. a) Religious and Moral Codes b) Custom and Law c) Culture and Civilization 6 Political Ideals: K.K.B. 7 i) Democracy: K.K.B. ii) Its Different Forms 3 Socialism: a) Utopian and Scientific Socialism 3 b) Tutorial 4 K.K.B.

Group A (Contemporary Indian Thought: Swami Vivekananda, M.K.Gandhi and B.R.Ambedkar) Unit of III Swami Vivekananda: B.S. a) Nature of man b) nature of religion a) The ideal of a universal religion B.S. b) Practical Vedanta c) Tutorial IV 3 Gandhi: B.S. a) Nature of man b) non-violence c) satyagraha d) theory of trusteeship 4 Ambedkar: B.S. a) Critique of social evils b) Dalit movement c) Tutorial 4 6