Windstorm Simulation & Modeling Project

Windstorm Simulation & Modeling Project Palm Beach County Digital Elevation Models Interim Report Prepared for: The Palm Beach County Emergency Management Division 20 South Military Trail West Palm Beach, Florida 33415 Florida International University International Hurricane Center 10555 West Flagler Street EAS 2710 Miami, FL 33199 (305) 348-1607 December 25, 2001

Executive Summary The following is an interim report describing acquisition parameters, coverage areas and results of preliminary testing as part of the Windstorm Simulation & Modeling Project per the contract agreement established January 9, 2001 between, Florida International University International Hurricane Center (IHC) and Palm Beach County. On July 13-17 and August 6-7, an Optech Airborne Laser Terrain Mapper (ALTM) 1210 LIght Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) mapping system mounted in a Cessna 337 aircraft was used to collect topographic data in Palm Beach County. Data was collected at a nominal altitude of 1100 m (3600 feet) with the survey consisting of 128 overlapping 600-m-wide swaths. Ground control was provided by 3 Ashtech Z-12 GPS receivers equipped with choke ring antennas. The total coverage of low-lying areas exceeded 100,000 acres and included all areas depicted in Figure 1. Over 100 million irregularly spaced ground surface elevations were measured with a nominal point spacing of 2.5 m (8.2 feet). Preliminary error analysis yielded excellent results. Initial review of the data depicted complete and accurate data sets, revealing no foreseeable problems with future data processing. A D E B C Roads Primary road with limited access Primary road Palm Beach Acquired LIDAR data IHC 2001 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers U.S. Army Corps LIDAR Data 8 0 8 16 Miles Figure 1. Area of data acquisition (blue) for Palm Beach County LIDAR study. Project: 1

Introduction In 2000-2001, The International Hurricane Center (IHC) was awarded grant funding by Federal Emergency Management Division (FEMA) and the Florida Department of Community Affairs (FLDCA), for a program entitled the Windstorm Simulation and Modeling project. Four tasks under this three year project included 1) the re-evaluation of existing storm surge models including SLOSH, CMEPS and TAOS, 2) data acquisition of high-resolution elevation data via LIDAR technology for participating South Florida counties 3) computer simulation of findings for researchers and the general public and 4) development of public awareness and education programs in regards to human vulnerabilities to hurricanes and the means to mitigate the risks. This project is also supported partially from matching funds provided from participating counties including Broward, Miami-Dade, Palm Beach, and Monroe Counties. On January 9, 2001, Palm Beach County and the IHC reached a final contract agreement about participating in this project and as part, use Airborne Laser Terrain Mapper (ALTM) technology for their evacuation zone revision project. Following this agreement initial field reconnaissance was conducted, base stations were established, and the ALTM system was used to collect detailed topographic data in Palm Beach County in July and August 2001. This report describes field procedures, data acquisition, preliminary processing, and the results of preliminary error analysis. Establishment of Base Stations The establishment of base stations is needed for LIDAR data collection and processing. Survey monuments were High Accuracy Reference Network (HARN) stations, other 1 st order vertical accuracy National Geodetic Survey (NGS) benchmarks, or Palm Beach County primary control network stations. The accuracy of published control stations was checked. The IHC collected at least three five-hour static GPS data sets for each control station. The collected GPS data was differenced from local Miami Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS). Poorly collected GPS data was identified and discarded. Good data were averaged to produce a position for each control site. Data Acquisition The goal of this project was to acquire data in all areas of Palm Beach that could possibly be affected by storm surge. LIDAR data collected in northeastern portion of Palm Beach County by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is available upon request. A written request was made to acquire this data in order to maximize the study area. The requested quadrangles were: Palm Beach PL2680F1 PLF1 Riveria Beach PL2680G1 PLG1 Jupiter PL2680H1 PLH1 Rood PL2680H2 PLH2 Delta PL2680G2 PLG2 Palm Beach Farms PL2680F2 PLF2 Project: 2

To date, the data request is still being processed. Once the data has been obtained, the IHC and USACE data sets will be merged to provide a complete eastern coverage of Palm Beach County. In order to maximize coverage area per flight pass while maintaining data quality, the following acquisition parameters were planned: height above ground angle, 1100m; ground speed, 191 km/hr (100 Knots); scan angle (FOV), ±15 ; scan rate of 21 Hz; a pulse rate,10khz. These parameters produce a 650-meter-wide swath of 30 cm wide laser footprints spaced approximately every 2.5 beneath the flight path. A schematic diagram of the nominal acquisition parameters used in this project is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2. Schematic diagram showing data acquisition parameters used for the Palm Beach County ALTM survey. Data was collected on seven separate days. In order to insure quality GPS data, flight schedules were planned to coincide with periods of low Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP). The system was initially deployed during night hours on July 13-17, 2001 and data for both Broward County and Palm Beach County was collected. The system was re-deployed on August 6 and 7, 2001 to survey areas not covered and to fill in data gaps found during initial processing of the July data. Due to clouds and air space restrictions, flight heights varied between 700 and 1200 m. The scan angle and frequency Project: 3

Project: 4 were adjusted as necessary to maintain a 600 m-wide swath and a nominal 2.5 m point spacing. Each deployment typically took 4-5 hours during which GPS data was continuously recorded on both the aircraft and on the 2-3 stations on the ground. A detailed log of all flight and derived ground spacing parameters is given in Appendix A. For both Broward and Palm Beach Counties a total of 124 N-S trending swaths and 4 E-W trending swaths were collected (Figure 3). In total, the project measured over 140 million irregularly spaced ground elevations. r r r Palm Beach County Requested USACE Data IHC LIDAR Data IHC LIDAR Data Primary Roads Primary road (limited access) Primary road r GPS Ground Stations Figure 3. Index map of eastern Palm Beach County showing separate days of data collection. Ground GPS data were recorded at 1 sample per second by Ashtech Z-12 receivers equipped with choke ring antennas and operated by FIU staff and graduate students. The GPS antennas were fixed atop 2-meter-high fixed height tripods placed over previously surveyed monuments. All deployments utilized at least two independent ground stations. Details and coordinates of the GPS ground control station locations are given in Appendix B. Preliminary Data Processing After each flight, LIDAR and GPS data are downloaded to a computer and processed by the Optech/Topscan proprietary software. Operation of this software proceeds in several steps. First, ground station coordinate information is entered and the aircraft and ground station GPS data are differentially processed to produce a kinematic aircraft trajectory. The trajectory information is combined with the range, scan, and IMU

data to produce laser return coordinates. Output consists of 9 column ASCII text files containing the UTM zone 17 eastings and northings, the ellipsoidal heights, and the return intensity for both the first and last laser detection for each pulse. We replaced the Optech/Topscan proprietary software trajectory with one computed using the NGS Kinematic and Rapid Static (KARS) program. This program uses both L1 and L2 carrier phase data as well as precise satellite ephemeris. Dr. Gerry Mader of NGS computed the KARS trajectories for this project through a consulting agreement with FIU. Preliminary Error Analysis The root mean square error (RMSE) provides a convenient means to quantitatively estimate the error in a set of measurements. The National Standard for Spatial Data Accuracy (NSSDA) defines the RMSE to be the square root of the average of the squared differences between dataset coordinate values and coordinate values from an independent source of higher accuracy (Federal Geographic Data Committee, 1998). For a DEM, the vertical error, RMSE z is defined as RMSE z = ( z z ) t, i n 2 m, i where z t,i is the elevation of the ith test point, z m,i is the interpolated DEM elevation at the test point, and n is the number of test points. NSSDA recommends using a minimum of 20 test points distributed over the geographic area of interest. Accuracy is reported in measurement units at the 95% confidence level. A 95% confidence level means that 95% of the measurements will have an error of less than or equal to the reported accuracy. If the error is normally distributed with zero mean, the 95% vertical accuracy is equal to 1.96 times the RMSE z. Preliminary error analysis was conducted at a few sites in Broward and Palm Beach County. Both counties were flown simultaneously, thus calibration of data for each county is equivalent. Figure 4 shows groundtruth data near Pioneer Park in Deerfield Beach. The groundtruth data was collected using a rapid static GPS system. The GPS data was processed using Ashtech AOS software to produce points. The points represented a ground profile of NE 2 nd Street in Deerfield Beach as seen in Figure 5. The profile was differenced to the LIDAR data profile at the same location. Mean difference, standard deviation, and RMSE values were calculated and plotted on the figure. Figures 6 and 7 show groundtruth data provided by Palm Beach County Engineers. North south and east west transects were extracted and differenced to the LIDAR data profile at the same location. Mean difference, standard deviation, and RMSE values were calculated and plotted on the figures. Preliminary RMSE values for all sites are less than 20 cm. Figures 4, bottom of 6, and 7 show RMSE values of less than 11 cm and as good as 4 cm. Future filtering of Project: 5

the LIDAR data should improve RMSE values, and further investigation of the Lantana and Congress intersection is planned to identify the relatively large RMSE value. 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.8 22 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.8 23 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.8 Groundtruth Data at Groundstation Pioneer Groundtruthing Profile Groundtruthing Points Gridded LIDAR Profile Mean Difference (m) = 0.057 Standard Deviation (m) = 0.072 RMS Difference (m) = 0.091 5.898 5.899 5.9 5.901 5.902 5.903 5.904 5.905 UTM 17 Eastings (m) x 10 5 Ellipsoidal Elevation (m) Figure 4. North south and east west transects of groundtruth data near Pioneer Park in Deerfield Beach. Project: 6

Figure 5. DEM of area near Pioneer Park. Transect was on NE 2 nd Ave. in Deerfield Beach. Coordinates are in UTM 17 meters, and ellipsoidal elevation in meters. The white line represents the ground profile extracted. Project: 7

Project: 8 Figure 6. North south and east west transects of groundtruth data at the Lantana and Congress intersection (top two graphs), and the Linton and Congress intersection in Palm Beach County (bottom two graphs). Ellipsoidal Elevation (m) Ellipsoidal Elevation (m) 20.8 21 21.2 21.4 21.6 East to West Groundtruth Data at LANCON Groundtruth Profile Groundtruth Points LIDAR Profile Mean Difference (m) = 0.13 Standard Deviation (m) = 0.1 RMS Difference (m) = 0.17 21.8 5.9005 5.901 5.9015 5.902 5.9025 5.903 5.9035 5.904 UTM 17 Eastings (m) x 10 5 20 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21 East to West Groundtruth Data at LINCON Groundtruth Profile Groundtruth Points LIDAR Profile Mean Difference (m) = 0.076 Standard Deviation (m) = 0.045 RMS Difference (m) = 0.088 21.2 5.9035 5.904 5.9045 5.905 5.9055 5.906 5.9065 UTM 17 Eastings (m) x 10 5 Ellipsoidal Elevation (m) Ellipsoidal Elevation (m) 21.4 21.6 21.8 North to South Groundtruth Data at LANCON 22 Groundtruth Profile Groundtruth Points LIDAR Profile 22.2 Mean Difference (m) = 0.16 Standard Deviation (m) = 0.049 RMS Difference (m) = 0.16 22.4 2.941 2.9411 2.9411 2.9411 2.9412 2.9413 2.9413 UTM 17 Northings (m) x 10 6 20 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21 North to South Groundtruth Data at LINCON Groundtruth Profile Groundtruth Points LIDAR Profile Mean Difference (m) = 0.076 Standard Deviation (m) = 0.086 RMS Difference (m) = 0.11 21.2 2.9244 2.9245 2.9246 2.9247 2.9248 UTM 17 Northings (m) x 10 6 Palm Beach County Interim Report Dated: 25 th December 2001

Ellipsoidal Elevation (m) Ellipsoidal Elevation (m) 21 21.2 21.4 21.6 East to West Groundtruth Data at PPMIL 21.8 Groundtruth Profile 22 Groundtruth Points LIDAR Profile 22.2 Mean Difference (m) = 0.0089 22.4 Standard Deviation (m) = 0.042 RMS Difference (m) = 0.041 22.6 5.868 5.8685 5.869 5.8695 UTM 17 Eastings (m) 5.87 5.8705 5.871 x 10 5 21 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.8 22 Groundtruth Profile Groundtruth Points LIDAR Profile Mean Difference (m) = 0.029 Standard Deviation (m) = 0.095 RMS Difference (m) = 0.097 North to South Groundtruth Data at PPMIL 22.2 2.9146 2.9147 2.9147 2.9148 2.9148 2.9148 2.9149 2.915 2.915 2.915 UTM 17 Northings (m) x 10 6 Figure 7. North south and east west transects of groundtruth data at the Palmetto Park and Military Trail intersection in Palm Beach County. Summary and Conclusions This interim report presents the initial findings of the LIDAR study for Palm Beach County initiated in Summer 2001. The summary of these finding is as follows: Data acquisition for the subject areas outlined in the contract agreement were completed successfully Review of initial data sets did not identify any foreseeable problems with further analysis and revealed data of excellent quality At this time the project is still on schedule Future Activities Future activities for this project include the following: 1- April 2002 Correction and reprocessing of ALTM data Consultation on posting of data sets on Palm Beach County Web site Project: 9

Delivery of 5 ft (1.5 m) resolution unfiltered DEM for Southern Palm Beach County Delivery of 5 ft (1.5 m) resolution "bare earth" DEM for Southern Palm Beach County Delivery of 100 ft (30m) resolution "bare earth" DEM for Southern Palm Beach County Delivery of ungridded raw X,Y,Z points Release of preliminary digital SLOSH surge depth model and inundation maps, southern Palm Beach County Report on accuracy and compatibility of available Army Corps of Engineers data in northern Palm Beach County Demonstration of a semi-real time animation environment that allows for the simulation of hurricane storm surge impact upon the digital environment. Delivery of Quarterly Progress Report to FLDCA and Palm Beach County 30- June 2002 Delivery of Quarterly Progress Report to FLDCA and Palm Beach County Delivery of merged 100 ft (30m) resolution "bare earth" DEM for Eastern Palm Beach County (Coast to FL Turnpike) 30- September 2002 Delivery of Quarterly Progress Report to FLDCA and Palm Beach County 31- December 2002 Delivery of reprocessed data sets to the County in GIS compatible format Delivery of Quarterly Progress Report to FLDCA and Palm Beach County 1- April 2003 Delivery of Quarterly Progress Report to FLDCA and Palm Beach County 30 - September 2003 Delivery of Quarterly Progress Report to FLDCA and Palm Beach County 31- December 2003 Delivery of final report with complete analysis Review of DEM and recommendations for refinement Preliminary report indicating the findings of re-evaluation of storm surge models including recommendations on use of new data to model storm surge event flooding Education and training support in use and application of new data set Delivery of digital SLOSH surge depth model and inundation maps for Palm Beach County Delivery of Quarterly Progress Report to FLDCA and Palm Beach County Project: 10

Appendices Appendix A: Flight, System, and Derived Laser Parameters* Date Julian Strip Start Stop Heading Flight Scan PDOP Swath Nominal Footprint Date Name Time Time Height Angle Width Sampling Size (1/2 FOV) Resolution Meters Trans- Long- UTC UTC Degrees Meters Degrees Meters verse itudinal Meters 7/13/2001 194 A1 7:13:50 7:19:33 188 1200 15 1.9 643 2.70 2.76 0.30 7/13/2001 194 A2 7:25:40 7:31:37 353 1200 15 1.8 643 2.70 2.76 0.30 7/13/2001 194 A3 7:36:29 7:50:30 189 1200 15 2.6 643 2.70 2.76 0.30 7/13/2001 194 A4 7:52:30 7:52:43 NR 1200 15 NR 643 2.70 2.76 0.30 7/13/2001 194 A5 7:56:48 8:09:53 353 1200 15 1.8 643 2.70 2.76 0.30 7/13/2001 194 A6 8:14:07 8:28:12 190 1200 15 2.3 643 2.70 2.76 0.30 7/13/2001 194 A7 8:32:03 8:45:03 351 1200 15 2.2 643 2.70 2.76 0.30 7/13/2001 194 A8 8:50:17 9:04:42 188 1200 15 2.8 643 2.70 2.76 0.30 7/13/2001 194 A9 9:08:04 9:20:38 351 1200 15 3.2 643 2.70 2.76 0.30 7/13/2001 194 A10 9:24:08 9:37:34 188 1200 15 2.8 643 2.70 2.76 0.30 7/13/2001 194 A11 9:39:58 9:52:46 355 1200 15 2.3 643 2.70 2.76 0.30 7/13/2001 194 B1 9:59:38 10:13:45 184 1200 15 2.3 643 2.70 2.76 0.30 7/13/2001 194 B2 10:15:46 10:28:17 351 1200 15 2.0 643 2.70 2.76 0.30 7/13/2001 194 B3 10:32:15 10:46:19 186 1200 15 1.6 643 2.70 2.76 0.30 7/13/2001 194 B4 10:48:39 11:00:59 351 1200 15 2.3 643 2.70 2.76 0.30 7/13/2001 194 B5 11:04:13 11:17:12 187 1200 15 2.3 643 2.70 2.76 0.30 7/13/2001 194 B6 11:22:31 11:33:23 356 1200 15 3.4 643 2.70 2.76 0.30 7/13/2001 194 B7 11:36:30 11:45:23 192 1200 15 2.0 643 2.70 2.76 0.30 7/13/2001 194 B8 11:49:24 11:56:03 353 1200 15 2.4 643 2.70 2.76 0.30 7/13/2001 194 B9 12:00:28 12:01:42 186 1200 15 1.7 643 2.70 2.76 0.30 7/14/2001 195 C1 3:31:03 3:49:51 190 1250 15 1.9 670 2.81 2.76 0.31 7/14/2001 195 C2 3:52:32 4:02:36 350 1250 15 1.5 670 2.81 2.76 0.31 7/14/2001 195 C3 4:04:59 4:09:57 346 1250 15 1.8 670 2.81 2.76 0.31 7/14/2001 195 C4 4:12:30 4:30:25 188 1250 15 4.0 670 2.81 2.76 0.31 7/14/2001 195 C5 4:32:43 4:38:58 349 1250 15 3.8 670 2.81 2.76 0.31 7/14/2001 195 C6 4:44:51 4:50:21 346 1250 15 1.8 670 2.81 2.76 0.31 7/14/2001 195 C7 4:56:15 5:07:07 192 1200 15 1.6 643 2.70 2.76 0.30 7/14/2001 195 C8 5:07:34 5:07:35 187 1200 15 NR 643 2.70 2.76 0.30 7/14/2001 195 C9 5:09:02 5:14:19 190 1200 15 1.7 643 2.70 2.76 0.30 7/14/2001 195 C10 5:16:05 5:23:48 347 1250 15 1.7 670 2.81 2.76 0.31 7/14/2001 195 C11 5:24:41 5:33:19 346 1250 15 2.2 670 2.81 2.76 0.31 7/14/2001 195 C12 5:42:51 5:58:07 188 915 20 2.5 666 2.80 2.76 0.23 7/14/2001 195 C13 6:00:53 6:18:29 349 915 20 2.3 666 2.80 2.76 0.23 7/14/2001 195 D1 6:37:21 6:55:38 197 915 20 2.3 666 2.80 2.76 0.23 7/14/2001 195 D2 6:57:39 7:15:21 344 915 20 1.9 666 2.80 2.76 0.23 7/14/2001 195 D3 7:21:15 7:39:54 190 915 20 1.8 666 2.80 2.76 0.23 Project: 11

Date Julian Strip Start Stop Heading Flight Scan PDOP Swath Nominal Footprint Date Name Time Time Height Angle Width Sampling Size (1/2 FOV) Resolution Meters Trans- Long- UTC UTC Degrees Meters Degrees Meters verse itudinal Meters 7/14/2001 195 D4 7:45:37 8:05:20 344 915 20 2.6 666 2.80 2.76 0.23 7/14/2001 195 D5 8:10:12 8:27:52 190 915 20 2.4 666 2.80 2.76 0.23 7/15/2001 196 E1 12:09:09 12:15:43 186 1280 15 1.9 686 2.88 2.76 0.32 7/15/2001 196 E2 12:19:23 12:24:47 351 1280 15 2.4 686 2.88 2.76 0.32 7/15/2001 196 E3 12:28:52 12:29:10 188 1280 15 2.4 686 2.88 2.76 0.32 7/15/2001 196 E4 12:34:01 12:40:20 186 975 15 2.5 523 2.19 2.76 0.24 7/15/2001 196 E5 12:41:47 12:47:09 351 975 20 2.5 710 2.98 2.76 0.24 7/15/2001 196 E6 12:51:27 12:57:42 184 975 20 3.5 710 2.98 2.76 0.24 7/15/2001 196 E7 13:00:20 13:06:15 351 975 20 2.3 710 2.98 2.76 0.24 7/15/2001 196 E8 13:09:05 13:15:09 187 930 20 2.4 677 2.84 2.76 0.23 7/15/2001 196 E9 13:18:05 13:23:56 350 1220 20 2.3 888 3.73 2.76 0.31 7/16/2001 197 F1 3:42:13 3:55:03 347 1219 15 1.5 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 7/16/2001 197 F2 3:58:26 4:16:50 180 1219 15 3.6 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 7/16/2001 197 F3 4:22:17 4:27:35 350 1219 15 3.9 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 7/16/2001 197 F4 4:31:32 4:38:41 183 1219 15 1.7 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 7/16/2001 197 F5 4:41:38 4:47:19 351 1219 15 1.8 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 7/16/2001 197 F6 4:51:47 4:58:57 184 1219 15 1.6 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 7/16/2001 197 F7 5:01:29 5:07:12 353 1219 15 1.7 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 7/16/2001 197 F8 5:12:32 5:19:46 182 1219 15 1.8 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 7/16/2001 197 F9 5:21:34 5:27:14 351 1219 15 2.2 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 7/16/2001 197 F10 5:31:55 5:38:50 182 1219 15 15 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 7/16/2001 197 F11 5:41:21 5:47:16 349 1219 15 2.4 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 7/16/2001 197 F12 5:51:36 6:04:29 187 1219 15 2.4 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 7/16/2001 197 G1 6:08:13 6:13:50 352 1219 15 1.6 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 7/16/2001 197 G2 6:17:57 6:24:06 182 1219 15 2.2 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 7/16/2001 197 G3 6:26:43 6:32:22 353 1219 15 2.3 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 7/16/2001 197 G4 6:36:50 6:42:39 188 1219 15 2.2 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 7/16/2001 197 G5 6:46:24 6:51:59 350 1219 15 2.0 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 7/16/2001 197 G6 6:56:18 7:02:31 183 1219 15 1.9 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 7/16/2001 197 G7 7:08:23 7:14:01 354 1219 15 1.8 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 7/16/2001 197 G8 7:17:43 7:23:47 187 1219 15 1.7 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 7/16/2001 197 G9 7:27:16 7:33:08 350 1219 15 2.6 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 7/16/2001 197 G10 7:36:44 7:42:44 189 1219 15 2.6 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 7/16/2001 197 G11 7:46:55 7:52:51 351 1219 15 1.8 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 7/16/2001 197 G12 7:56:40 8:02:37 187 1219 15 2.2 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 7/16/2001 197 G13 8:05:53 8:11:50 352 1219 15 2.5 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 7/16/2001 197 G14 8:17:24 8:23:21 186 1219 15 2.1 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 7/16/2001 197 G15 8:26:42 8:32:44 352 1219 15 2.4 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 7/16/2001 197 G16 8:37:27 8:43:17 187 1219 15 2.8 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 7/16/2001 197 G17 8:46:31 8:52:49 349 1219 15 3.0 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 7/17/2001 198 H1 4:23:43 4:29:45 356 1235 15 3.6 662 2.78 2.76 0.31 Project: 12

Date Julian Strip Start Stop Heading Flight Scan PDOP Swath Nominal Footprint Date Name Time Time Height Angle Width Sampling Size (1/2 FOV) Resolution Meters Trans- Long- UTC UTC Degrees Meters Degrees Meters verse itudinal Meters 7/17/2001 198 H2 4:34:57 4:41:17 182 1220 15 1.8 654 2.75 2.76 0.31 7/17/2001 198 H3 4:44:58 4:49:11 358 1220 15 1.6 654 2.75 2.76 0.31 7/17/2001 198 H4 5:05:58 5:09:17 181 1220 15 1.8 654 2.75 2.76 0.31 7/17/2001 198 H5 5:12:57 5:15:58 358 1220 15 2.1 654 2.75 2.76 0.31 7/17/2001 198 H6 5:19:31 5:23:03 184 1220 15 2.2 654 2.75 2.76 0.31 7/17/2001 198 H7 5:28:20 5:31:14 357 1220 15 2.4 654 2.75 2.76 0.31 7/17/2001 198 H8 5:35:10 5:38:15 183 1220 15 2.5 654 2.75 2.76 0.31 7/17/2001 198 H9 5:45:29 5:49:28 353 1220 15 2.4 654 2.75 2.76 0.31 7/17/2001 198 H10 5:53:46 5:59:58 180 914 20 2.3 665 2.79 2.76 0.23 7/17/2001 198 H11 6:05:21 6:11:08 355 914 20 1.6 665 2.79 2.76 0.23 7/17/2001 198 H12 6:15:04 6:19:56 180 914 20 2.1 665 2.79 2.76 0.23 7/17/2001 198 H13 6:27:53 6:30:46 355 914 20 2.2 665 2.79 2.76 0.23 7/17/2001 198 H14 6:34:51 6:35:04 355 914 20 2.2 665 2.79 2.76 0.23 7/17/2001 198 H15 6:35:45 6:38:01 179 914 20 2.1 665 2.79 2.76 0.23 7/17/2001 198 H16 6:41:04 6:43:55 357 914 20 2.0 665 2.79 2.76 0.23 7/17/2001 198 H17 6:49:15 6:52:22 185 914 20 1.9 665 2.79 2.76 0.23 7/17/2001 198 H18 6:57:24 6:59:57 359 914 20 1.9 665 2.79 2.76 0.23 8/6/2001 218 I1 4:18:19 4:20:53 357 1219 15 2.4 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 8/6/2001 218 I2 4:25:36 4:35:25 182 1219 15 2.3 653 2.74 2.76 0.30 8/6/2001 218 J1 5:10:14 5:11:30 180 914 20 2.2 665 2.79 2.76 0.23 8/6/2001 218 J2 5:27:18 5:33:17 174 1067 20 1.9 777 3.26 2.76 0.27 8/6/2001 218 J3 5:37:18 5:43:28 4 1067 20 1.8 777 3.26 2.76 0.27 8/6/2001 218 J4 5:47:20 5:54:16 175 1067 20 1.8 777 3.26 2.76 0.27 8/6/2001 218 J5 5:58:01 6:04:10 4 1067 20 2.4 777 3.26 2.76 0.27 8/6/2001 218 J6 6:10:22 6:16:36 176 1067 20 2.4 777 3.26 2.76 0.27 8/6/2001 218 J7 6:20:56 6:26:48 4 1067 20 1.8 777 3.26 2.76 0.27 8/6/2001 218 J8 6:30:47 6:38:08 174 1067 20 2.2 777 3.26 2.76 0.27 8/6/2001 218 J9 6:41:51 6:47:48 5 1067 20 2.4 777 3.26 2.76 0.27 8/6/2001 218 J10 6:50:41 6:57:10 180 1067 20 2.1 777 3.26 2.76 0.27 8/6/2001 218 J11 7:00:56 7:06:51 2 1067 20 2.4 777 3.26 2.76 0.27 8/6/2001 218 J12 7:10:46 7:17:34 176 1067 20 2.5 777 3.26 2.76 0.27 8/6/2001 218 K1 7:23:56 7:29:29 6 1067 20 2.7 777 3.26 2.76 0.27 8/6/2001 218 K2 7:34:06 7:40:39 173 1067 20 2.6 777 3.26 2.76 0.27 8/6/2001 218 K3 7:45:38 7:51:42 4 1067 20 2.5 777 3.26 2.76 0.27 8/6/2001 218 K4 7:57:02 8:03:01 175 1067 20 2.2 777 3.26 2.76 0.27 8/6/2001 218 K5 8:07:49 8:13:18 4 1067 20 2.4 777 3.26 2.76 0.27 8/6/2001 218 K6 8:19:08 8:25:38 175 1067 20 2.3 777 3.26 2.76 0.27 8/6/2001 218 K7 8:29:40 8:35:43 5 1067 20 2.3 777 3.26 2.76 0.27 8/6/2001 218 K8 8:39:55 8:43:16 175 1067 20 1.6 777 3.26 2.76 0.27 8/6/2001 218 K9 8:45:50 8:47:59 4 1067 20 1.6 777 3.26 2.76 0.27 8/6/2001 218 K10 8:57:54 8:59:17 175 1067 20 1.5 777 3.26 2.76 0.27 Project: 13

Appendix B: Ground Station Parameters Site Latitude Longitude Ellip. Ht X Y Z RON 26 16 26.32528N 80 12 8.50251W -20.936 m 973864.951 m -5639462.697 m 2806302.922 m 8533 26 35 13.89145N 80 06 18.36058W -21.865 m 980782.263 m -5622583.971 m 2837377.381 m 6873 26 1919.06265N 80 05 53.30438W -23.069 m 983716.245 m -5635359.856 m 2811067.870 m 5769 26 05 14.91486N 80 17 53.37942W -23.550 m 965970.276 m -5650066.905 m 2787758.906 m 2509 26 00 36.04878N 80 12 15.57312W -22.740 m 975863.570 m -5652191.752 m 2780049.038 m Project: 15