THE RENAISSANCE 1450-1600
5 minute Journal You are experiencing a flux in time and are sent back into the Early middle ages. Describe what you see. Feudalism, invaders, Islam High Middle ages. Describe what you see. Kings gaining power through political allies, towns, merchant class, guilds, inquisition, universities, some chivalry, rise of local government, black plague, hundred years war
LATE MIDDLE AGES AND THE ORIGIN OF THE RENAISSANCE 1300-1450
The End of Middle Ages Indirect causes of the end of the Middle Ages: Rise of Urban Economy/Local Government Spread of Literacy Inexpensive Weaponry Direct causes: Crusades, Printing Press, Black Death The collapse of the Eastern Roman Empire
Nomenclature Named itself Vergerio thought that only liberal studies could elevate humanity Vasari claimed Italian artists and thinkers restored the lost perfection of art and philosophy from Greece and Rome John Ruskin would officially name it positively in the late 19 th century as rationalistic art returning to the ideas of pagan perfection Francesco Petrarch: father of humanism
Started in 1300 s in Italy but varied in Europe. It was characterized by a renewed interest in classical (Greek/Roman) ideas & for great works of art in painting, sculpting, music & literature Renaissance 1450-1600 AD
Quotes for Contemplation Only those liberal arts are worthy of free men; they alone can help us to attain virtue and wisdom which the ignorance of the past has intentionally created. [classical literature is] the only literature whose study helps us in the pursuit of virtue and wisdom, and brings forth in us those most sublime gifts of body and mind that ennoble men s spirit Pier Paolo Vergerio
Classicism: Major Tenets of the Renaissance a reflection into the past and a focus on the works of Greece and Rome A belief that these classics could refine the barbarism of Middle Ages Had its origins in monastic life Universities incorporated Aristotle, Ptolemy, Galen, and Euclid The revived interest in the classics sought out manuscripts which were not being used.
Humanism How does this statement reflect humanism: to us alone has God given the freedom and ability to be whatever we want, to become whatever we desire, and to achieve whatever we wish. Was this philosophy an extension of the church or was it opposed?
Major Tenets of the Renaissance Humanism: Develop human potential in all areas of life, sees intrinsic value, and to assert the inherent dignity of each person Developed in response to the tumult of the dark ages (crusades, black death, hundred years war) and the lack of personal value If life is chaotic, people attempt to bring a sense of order to the world Seen in scholasticism (focus on order and rationality but without the beauty) Renaissance: the classics helped to develop an interest in the simple beauty in life (particulars)
Major Tenets of the Renaissance Statecraft: Renaissance scholars separated the concept of a state from the people in it. Looked back on the concepts of democracy and republic as presented in the classics and tried to apply universal rules. What kind of rules? Laws Taxation Economic Diplomatic Public opinion When to exert force
Italy Many small divided kingdoms Charlemagne considered himself King of the Franks and the Lombard's (northern Germanic area in Italy) Lothair, Charlemagne s grandson, controlled northern Italy Germany was highly involved in Italian and Papal affairs (Charlemagne crowned by pope and Otto crowned king of Italy) German bishops saw the king as divinely appointed-they chose clergy rather than the church Henry III began to extend more influence over the church affairs
Italy Communes Chartered towns with independent government for protection Investiture Controversy Italy began breaking away Peace of Constance Holy Roman Empire left Italian communes
The Political Framework After Charlemagne's empire was divided, Germany rose to prominence and controlled the northern part of Italy. During the 13 th century, Italy warred among itself trying to break connections with Germany. The Italian nobles who lived in the cities allied with mercantile families often instituting an oligarchic type of government. Most famous of these Italian families: The Medici
Patronage or the Peacocks of the Families like the Medici could support artists and authors Renaissance Without these families the Renaissance would not have been as successful Why did they support the arts? Not only supported the humanist philosophy but made them look exceedingly good
Collapse of Eastern Empire In 1453 the Eastern Empire Collapsed. Invaded by Ottoman Turks and displaced scholars of the Classical Greek and Roman tradition. Those scholars headed west.
The Printing Press Printing began in 1450 with the publication of the Bible by Johannes Gutenberg. The classics could spread Helped increase literacy as literature spread in common languages
Petrarch: First renaissance man Ariosto: Crazed Roland Boccaccio: The Decameron Machiavelli: The Prince and La Mandragola The ends justify the means Ficino: combines Plato and Christian thought Castiglione: The Courtier Important Writers
Northern Renaissance Took longer to develop north of Italy The independent spirit of those in the north allowed humanism to develop differently. This independent spirit directly influenced the Reformation Focused on the individual before God rather than the community Rejected scholasticism like Italy but looked at manuscripts of the New Testament rather than Greek and Roman documents
Northern Literature Erasmus: scholar who sought to satirically expose vice in everyday life and hypocrisy of those in authority The Praise of Folly: satire highlighting how people enjoy foolish behavior Julius Excluded: a work pointing out the hypocrisy of Pope Julius II A pre Martin Luther. Despised religious formalism and the corruption of the church
More interested in the divine during the Dark Ages and the High Middle Ages. Beauty isn t as important as demonstrating the order of God.
Inquisition and Expulsions of Moors Expulsion of Moors Catholic conversion of the New Worlds https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=frlshbnpgso
1400 s-1700 s Age of Exploration