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Chapter Introduction Section 1 Austin Establishes a Colony Section 2 The Colonies Grow Chapter Summary Chapter Assessment Click a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.
Chapter Objectives Section 1: Austin Establishes a Colony Identify who brought the first Anglo settlers to Texas. Examine why Anglo settlers wanted to come to Texas and describe the challenges they faced. Space Bar to display the information.
Chapter Objectives (cont.) Section 2: The Colonies Grow Summarize the colonization laws of the Mexican government. Identify the successful empresarios. Specify the groups that came to Texas. Describe the roles women played. Space Bar to display the information.
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Why It Matters By inviting English-speaking settlers from the United States into Texas, Mexico changed Texas more in 15 years than Spain had changed it in hundreds of years.
The Impact Today The land survey (measurement) system used during the time Mexico ruled Texas is in effect in much of the state today. Some of today s landowners can trace the titles of their properties back to Mexican land grants. Space Bar to display the information.
Guide to Reading Main Idea Stephen F. Austin faced challenges and opportunities while establishing his colony in Texas. Key Terms depression survey empresario militia Space Bar to display the information.
Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Classifying Create a chart similar to the one on page 164 of your textbook and list the events that were advantages and disadvantages in the settlement of Stephen F. Austin s colony. Read to Learn who brought the first Anglo settlers to Texas. why Anglo settlers wanted to come to Texas and the challenges they faced. Space Bar to display the information.
Guide to Reading (cont.) Section Theme Groups and Institutions Anglo Americans came to Texas with the assistance of an empresario.
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Did You Know? Baron de Bastrop really was not a baron although he claimed the title throughout his life in Texas. Born in Dutch Guiana in 1759, he moved with his family to Holland. As a young man, he was accused of embezzlement and escaped to the United States. He went on to become a respected diplomat and legislator in prerevolutionary Texas. Bastrop County is named in his honor.
Moses Austin Paves the Way Moses Austin was the first Anglo American to secure permission from the Spanish authorities to bring American settlers to Texas. After Austin s business failed, he traveled from his home in Connecticut to San Antonio to regain his fortune. His request of Spanish authorities to bring 300 American families to Texas was turned down at first. Space Bar to display the information. (pages 164 165)
Moses Austin Paves the Way (cont.) In 1821, Austin s friend Baron de Bastrop influenced the Spanish governor to give Austin the permission he sought. (pages 164 165)
Moses Austin Paves the Way (cont.) Why did Moses Austin seek to bring families to settle in Texas? He sought a way to recover his wealth after his business failed, and settling families in the new land was a way to do that. Space Bar to display the answer. (pages 164 165)
Stephen F. Austin Continues His Father s Work Stephen Austin journeyed to San Antonio in August 1821 to carry out his father s plan. (pages 165 166)
Stephen F. Austin Continues His Father s Work (cont.) Why did Stephen Austin travel to San Antonio? He wanted to carry out his father s plan to settle colonists in the area. Space Bar to display the answer. (pages 165 166)
Austin Sets Colony Boundaries Austin decided that the region between the Colorado and Brazos Rivers would make a good colony. Austin requested land along the coast to land the settlers and supplies. Space Bar to display the information. (page 166)
Austin Sets Colony Boundaries (cont.) How did Austin expect his settlers to travel to Texas? He expected them to come by ship. Space Bar to display the answer. (page 166)
Advertising for Colonists Austin promised 640 acres for each man, 320 acres for each woman, 160 acres for each child, and 80 acres for each slave. The land would cost 12.5 cents per acre. Settlers were required to become Texas citizens, take an oath of allegiance to Mexico, and become Catholic. Space Bar to display the information. (page 167)
Advertising for Colonists (cont.) What did settlers have to do to be allowed to settle in Texas? They had to purchase land at 12.5 cents per acre, become Texas citizens, become Catholic, and promise allegiance to Mexico. Space Bar to display the answer. (page 167)
Good Land and Low Prices Attract Settlers Austin s advertisement attracted many people. Most early colonists owned small farms and a few cows and horses. In March 1822, Austin learned that Mexico had won independence from Spain the previous year. The new government did not recognize Austin s right to colonize Texas. Space Bar to display the information. (page 167)
Good Land and Low Prices Attract Settlers (cont.) Why was Mexican independence from Spain unfavorable for Austin? Previously, permission to colonize was given by the Spanish government; after Mexican independence, the new government did not recognize that permission as legal. Space Bar to display the answer. (page 167)
Austin Impresses Mexican Leaders Austin traveled to Mexico City seeking approval for his settlement. In 1823, the Mexican government was impressed by Austin s honesty and sincerity and passed a colonization law, giving him the contract. Space Bar to display the information. (page 168)
Austin Impresses Mexican Leaders (cont.) What finally allowed Austin to receive the permission he sought? The Mexican government passed a new law. Space Bar to display the answer. (page 168)
Problems Develop in the Colony When Austin returned to the colony, he found that many colonists had left because of drought. Others were waiting for the land to be surveyed. Disagreement arose over ownership of some lands. Native Americans raided settlements and stole livestock. Austin had to raise a militia to protect his colonists. Space Bar to display the information. (pages 168 169)
Problems Develop in the Colony (cont.) What difficulties did the new colonists face? They faced delays in land surveys, infighting among colonists, drought, and raids by Native Americans. Space Bar to display the answer. (pages 168 169)
Men and Women of the Old Three Hundred Original settlers of the colony became known as the Old Three Hundred. Many had already been in Texas before Austin arrived. Space Bar to display the information. (pages 169 170)
Men and Women of the Old Three Hundred (cont.) Who were the Old Three Hundred? They were the original settlers who formed Austin s colony. Space Bar to display the answer. (pages 169 170)
The Colony Gets a Capital Austin gave the colony a capital to serve as a government center. The capital was named San Felipe de Austin. Space Bar to display the information. (page 170)
The Colony Gets a Capital (cont.) Why did Austin give the colony a capital? It was given to serve as a center of government. Space Bar to display the answer. (page 170)
Checking for Understanding Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. B 1. A 2. C 3. D 4. a period of low economic activity, often marked by high unemployment to measure for size and for boundaries the Spanish word for a land agent whose job it was to bring in new settlers to an area a group of citizens acting as a military force, usually all ablebodied men A. survey B. depression C. empresario D. militia Space Bar to display the answers.
Checking for Understanding (cont.) Reviewing Facts Why did Moses Austin and, later, Stephen F. Austin, want to bring colonists to Texas? Moses Austin wanted to regain his fortune, and Stephen F. Austin wanted to carry out his father s plan. Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Themes Groups and Institutions Why was Baron de Bastrop s friendship with Governor Martinez important to Moses Austin? The Baron helped persuade Governor Martinez to give Austin permission to colonize. Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking Making Predictions If Moses Austin had lived longer, do you think he would have been a successful empresario? What qualities did he possess that may have been important to a person with his goals? Possible answer: Moses Austin had business experience, prior contact with the Spanish, the friendship of Baron de Bastrop, and willingness to take risks. Space Bar to display the answer.
TAKS Practice Analyzing What political and economic advantages would be available for members of the Old Three Hundred? Possible answer: The Old Three Hundred owned the best land and could become wealthy by selling it or by creating large ranches or farms. Space Bar to display the answer.
Guide to Reading Main Idea As Stephen F. Austin and other empresarios encouraged settlement in Texas, many groups made important contributions. Key Terms Federalist Centralist dowry department Space Bar to display the information.
Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Classifying Information As you read this section, complete a web like the one shown on page 172 of your textbook. List actions taken by the government and name the successful empresarios during the early colonization of Texas. Read to Learn what actions the government took. about the successful empresarios. what groups came to Texas. what roles women played. Space Bar to display the information.
Guide to Reading (cont.) Section Theme Groups and Institutions Empresarios brought more settlers into Texas as more favorable immigration laws were passed.
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Did You Know? Stephen F. Austin settled over 1,500 families in Texas between 1843 and 1848.
The Constitution of 1824 In 1823 the Mexican Federalists overthrew the Mexican Centralist government, and Mexico became a republic, giving the states a voice in government. Coahuila, one of Mexico s new states, and Texas were joined into one state. Space Bar to display the information. (pages 172 173)
The Constitution of 1824 (cont.) What was one significant result of the overthrow of the Centralist government? Mexico became a republic, which meant that its states had a say in the government. Space Bar to display the answer. (pages 172 173)
Mexico Passes Colonization Law In 1824 the Mexican government passed laws to regulate colonization. The law limited the amount of land anyone could receive and permitted only permanent residents to acquire land. Space Bar to display the information. (pages 173 174)
Mexico Passes Colonization Law (cont.) How was the new law of colonization different from the previous one? Only permanent residents could acquire a limited amount of land. Space Bar to display the answer. (pages 173 174)
How State Colonization Laws Worked A family received up to 4,428 acres (one league) for $30. For every 100 colonists brought to Texas, an empresario received about 23,000 acres. The empresario had six years to bring in 100 families before a colonization contract was canceled. Space Bar to display the information. (pages 174 175)
How State Colonization Laws Worked (cont.) How did empresarios profit from bringing colonists to Texas? They received 23,000 acres of land for every 100 colonists they brought. Space Bar to display the answer. (pages 174 175)
The Most Successful Empresario Stephen F. Austin received four additional contracts under the new colonization law of 1825. In 1828, Austin received special permission to settle 300 families in a 10-league zone along the coast. Space Bar to display the information. (page 175)
The Most Successful Empresario (cont.) How was Austin a successful empresario? He had five contracts, brought hundreds of families to Texas, and received substantial amounts of land. Space Bar to display the answer. (page 175)
Why Austin s Colonies Succeeded Austin skillfully dealt with Mexican authorities, and his colonists easily received their titles. Native Americans became less of a threat. Austin s grants contained some of the most fertile and best-watered land. Space Bar to display the information. (pages 175 176)
Why Austin s Colonies Succeeded (cont.) Why did Austin s colonists succeed? Austin chose the most fertile land, he succeeded in obtaining title to the land for colonists, and Native American attacks became less frequent. Space Bar to display the answer. (pages 175 176)
Green DeWitt s Success Green DeWitt was authorized to bring in 400 families, who settled west of Austin s first colony with Gonzales as their headquarters. By 1831 DeWitt had issued 166 land titles. (page 176)
Green DeWitt s Success (cont.) Where was DeWitt s colony located? DeWitt s colony was located around Gonzales. (page 176) Space Bar to display the answer.
Martín de León, Empresario Martín de León settled 200 families along the Guadalupe River. Patricia de la Garza de León helped her husband found Victoria in 1824. She used her own wealth to found the first church in town. Space Bar to display the information. (page 176)
Martín de León, Empresario (cont.) Why was Patricia de la Garza de León a remarkable person? She was one of the few women empresarios, was very successful, and used her wealth unselfishly. Space Bar to display the answer. (page 176)
Other Contracts Irishmen James Power and James Hewetson settled Irish immigrants along the Gulf Coast in the town of Refugio, on the site of an old Spanish mission. (pages 176 177)
Other Contracts (cont.) Where did Irish colonists tend to settle? Irish colonists settled along the Gulf Coast. Space Bar to display the answer. (pages 176 177)
Various Nationalities Settle in Texas Most Texas immigrants were from the United States. Others were from Mexico. The Mexican government opposed slavery. Anglo Americans argued that slave labor was essential. Space Bar to display the information. (page 177)
Various Nationalities Settle in Texas (cont.) How did views about slavery differ between the Mexican government and Anglo settlers? The Mexican government opposed it, while Anglo settlers thought it was essential. Space Bar to display the answer. (page 177)
Women Play Important Roles Women helped build houses, tend livestock, and defend their land against Native Americans. Women could not vote, hold public office, or serve on a jury, but they could engage in land sales and sue for survivor benefits. Space Bar to display the information. (page 178)
Women Play Important Roles (cont.) What was the role of women in settling Texas? (page 178)
Education in the Colonies Colonists provided education for their children themselves. Wealthy colonists hired private teachers, others sent their children to school in the U.S., but most established private schools. (page 179)
Education in the Colonies (cont.) How were children educated in the colonies? Colonists provided education for their children themselves. (page 179) Space Bar to display the answer.
Checking for Understanding Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. C 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. the money, property, and goods a bride giver her husband upon marriage a person who believes power should be concentrated in the national government a land division within Texas; a large administrative unit, similar to a territory a person who believes in sharing power between the states and the national government Space Bar to display the answers. A. Federalist B. Centralist C. dowry D. department
Checking for Understanding (cont.) Reviewing Facts What restriction on colonization did the Mexican government set in 1824? The Mexican government limited land per colonist, did not permit colonies near coasts or national boundaries, and restricted colonists to live permanently in Texas. Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Themes Groups and Institutions Why was Stephen F. Austin a successful empresario? He spoke Spanish, dealt well with the Mexican government, and was honest and persistent. Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking Analyzing According to Mexican land grants, when a man married he received 3,321 acres. If he married a Mexican woman, he received a bonus of an additional 1,107 acres of land. Why do you think the government offered this bonus? A man married to a Mexican woman might be more loyal to Mexico. Space Bar to display the answer.
TAKS Practice Contrasting How did the Mexican government feel about slavery in contrast to most Anglo American colonists in Texas? Mexico opposed slavery. The colonists believed slaves were necessary for farming. Space Bar to display the answer.
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Reviewing Key Terms Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. E 1. C 2. G 3. a person who believes in sharing power between the states and the national government measure for size and for boundaries a period of low economic activity, often marked by high unemployment A. department B. Centralist C. survey D. dowry E. Federalist F. empresario G. depression Space Bar to display the answers.
Reviewing Key Terms Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. B 4. A 5. D 6. a person who believes power should be concentrated in the national government a land division within Texas; a large administrative unit, similar to a territory the money, property, and goods a bride gives her husband upon marriage Space Bar to display the answers. A. department B. Centralist C. survey D. dowry E. Federalist F. empresario G. depression
Reviewing Key Terms Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. F 7. the Spanish word for a land agent whose job it was to bring new settlers to an area A. department B. Centralist C. survey D. dowry E. Federalist F. empresario G. depression Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Key Facts How did Stephen F. Austin become involved in the colonization of Texas? When Moses Austin was dying, it was his wish that Stephen take over. Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) List three requirements for new settlers of Texas. New settlers had to become Mexican citizens, become Catholic, and be of good moral character. Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) What two qualities about Texas were particularly attractive to prospective settlers? Texas had good farmland at a low price. Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) Describe some of the problems new settlers faced. New settlers faced drought, land survey disputes, Native American raids, and scarce supplies. Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) Besides Stephen F. Austin, who was the most successful empresario? Green DeWitt was also a successful empresario. Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking Synthesizing Information Describe the population of Texas in the early 1800s. The population was mainly Anglo Americans, but also Tejanos (Texans of Mexican descent), Native Americans, African Americans, and Irish immigrants. Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking (cont.) Identifying Assumptions How do you think the Native Americans must have reacted when hundreds of settlers came to the lands they had first inhabited? Native Americans would be angry and would fight to keep the settlers out. Space Bar to display the answer.
Use the time line below and your knowledge of Texas to answer the question on the following slide.
1. During the 1820s, immigration to Texas A B C D was an orderly and smooth process. decreased because of conflicts with Native Americans. was encouraged by the Saltillo state legislature after 1825. grew slowly because many immigrants could not meet the residency conditions. Test-Taking Tip: If you do not recognize a word or term in a test question, read the test question carefully for context clues. The conflict is a negative condition, whereas the word encouraged is a positive condition. These clues may help you guess. Space Bar to display the answer.
1. During the 1820s, immigration to Texas A B C D was an orderly and smooth process. decreased because of conflicts with Native Americans. was encouraged by the Saltillo state legislature after 1825. grew slowly because many immigrants could not meet the residency conditions. Answer Explanation: Choice A is wrong because the immigrants faced many hardships and difficulties. Choice B is wrong because immigration to Texas increased during the 1820s. The suspension limited, not encouraged, colonization. Choice D is wrong because Stephen F. Austin had no trouble finding qualified colonists.
How did the Mexican Constitution of 1824 affect Texans? Texans became citizens of a state of the Mexican republic. They achieved representation in the State legislature in Saltillo. Space Bar to display the answer.
Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Texas & Texans Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://texans.glencoe.com.
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Making a Time Line Why Learn This Skill? A time line is a concise way to show the order of historical events within a certain time period. Most time lines are drawn horizontally. They represent different amounts of time, or time spans. Look at the two time lines shown on page 171 of your textbook. This feature is found on page 171 of your textbook. Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.
Making a Time Line Why Learn This Skill? (cont.) Both time lines are the same size. The first one, however, represents a time span of 500 years while the second one represents 10 years. On the first, the spaces between the dates represent 100 years, or a century. The spaces on the second line represent only two-year periods and add up to 10 years, or a decade. This feature is found on page 171 of your textbook.
This feature is found on page 171 of your textbook. Space Bar to display the information. Making a Time Line Learning the Skill The four steps to make a time line are: Identify the total time span it will represent. Break the total time up into equal periods. Write the dates either horizontally or vertically. Fill in the events in the proper places on the time line.
Making a Time Line Practicing the Skill Key events from this chapter are listed on the next slide. Find the dates on which these key events occurred and put them in correct chronological (date) sequence. This feature is found on page 171 of your textbook.
Making a Time Line Practicing the Skill (cont.) A. Stephen F. Austin nearly completes the term of his first contract. 1825 B. Mary Austin Holley writes about life in Texas. C. Stephen F. Austin visits Mexico City. D. Moses Austin visits Texas for the first time. E. San Felipe de Austin becomes the capital of Austin s colony. 1824 F. Nancy Tevis becomes a founder of the city of Beaumont. 1836 This feature is found on page 171 of your textbook. Space Bar to display the answers. 1822 1831 1820
Making a Time Line Practicing the Skill (cont.) Answer the questions below to make a time line of the previous events. After you answer the questions, draw a time line and label the events. 1. What is the time span represented by the time line? The time span is 16 years, 1820 to 1836. 2. How many years are in each equal time period? There can be equal time periods of one, two, or four years. This feature is found on page 171 of your textbook. Space Bar to display the answers.
Arriving in Texas in 1829, Gail Borden, Jr., became a surveyor for Stephen F. Austin s colony by 1830. He was also a newspaper publisher and mapmaker in San Felipe. Later, Borden invented a process for condensing milk. Products bearing his name are still sold in U.S. supermarkets.
Not all African American colonists in Texas were slaves. William E. Goyens, a North Carolina native, settled in Texas in 1820. Goyens was an exceptional entrepreneur and became one of the first wealthy Texans. The Ashworths, an African American family, migrated to Texas from Calcasieu Parish in Louisiana. They settled in Jefferson County. Hendrick Arnold, a free African American from Mississippi, moved his family to Austin s colony at San Felipe in 1826.
African Americans Germans Celebration Click a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
Few enslaved African Americans lived in Texas before the arrival of settlers from the United States. The first reliable census in 1777 listed 20 African Americans, most of whom were probably enslaved. A 1785 census listed 40 enslaved persons.
Germans were another important group of European immigrants who colonized Texas. In 1831, Johann Friedrich Ernst moved his family from New York to Texas. Ernst wrote to a friend in his native Oldenburg about the opportunities and the beauty of the state. His letter was published in newspapers throughout Germany. Ernst s letter is credited with starting German immigration to Texas, which resulted in towns such as Kleberg, Warrenburg, New Braunfels, and Fredericksburg.
Life in early Texas was not all hardship. Colonists took time to celebrate, too. During the 1830s, the Mexicans of Matamoros wanted to improve trade relations with their Irish colonist neighbors. So they held a four-day feast or banquet on the banks of a creek eight miles south of San Patricio. Thereafter the little stream became known as Banquete Creek. Later on, a community that grew up near the creek took its name.
Contrary to popular belief, Stephen F. Austin was not eager to colonize Texas. According to The Dictionary of Texas Misinformation, Stephen F. Austin would only do so if he could attract the best of colonists. He instigated strict rules for colonists, rejecting men who had drinking problems or unsavory reputations. As a result, he ended up with a rock-solid, reliable group of pioneers.
Stephen F. Austin Three-Legged Willie Click a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
By colonizing Texas, Stephen F. Austin hoped to repay his father s debts. Historian Eugene Barker has said that Stephen was probably better suited to carry out the colonization of this Mexican territory. Moses Austin lacked patience, while patience was one of Stephen s strongest characteristics.
R.M. Williamson, who moved to Texas from Georgia in 1826, was known as Three-Legged Willie. One of his legs was crippled and bent backward, so he wore a wooden leg to support the weight of his body. Another early settler, Noah Smithwick, recalled being surprised one evening when he was called upon to come help a neighbor who had broken his leg. Smithwick, a blacksmith, at first refused to go, saying that the man needed a doctor, not a blacksmith. He was then told the the patient was Williamson, and that the broken leg was a wooden one. Williamson was an outstanding lawyer who would later become a leader in the Texas movement for independence from Mexico.
Irish Carlos de la Garza Native Americans Click a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
Since Mexico required colonists to be Catholic, this was a great attraction to Catholics in Ireland, who were not permitted to own land. In 1825, two Irishmen, John McMullen and his son-in-law, James McGloin, received an empresario contract to settle 200 Irish families in Texas. They established the town of San Patricio de Hibernia (St. Patrick of Ireland) in 1831, and by 1835 its population was nearly 500.
Carlos de la Garza and the Martín de León family owned large ranches in South Texas. Carlos de la Garza established his ranch on the San Antonio River below Goliad in the 1830s. The Carlos Rancho was a community rather than a ranch, with is own Catholic church, commissary, ranch headquarters, and log store.
Some Native Americans were also colonists. Cherokees moved to Texas in the 1820s after they were forced off their lands in the southeastern United States. One Cherokee chief, Richard Fields, asked Governor Martínez for a Texas land grant, but was refused.
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