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Warmup What is art?
Greece Parthenon: classical Greek ideal of balance and proportion
Socrates (470 399 BC) Socrates was an Athenian soldier and philosopher The world knows about Socrates because of his student Plato s writings about him His teachings about morality, justice, and questioning everything caused the Athenian government to sentence him to death
Plato (428 348 BC) Plato was an ancient Greek aristocrat, mathematician and philosopher Student of Socrates Founded the Academy of Athens The first institution of higher learning in the Western world He laid the foundations of Western philosophy and science
Aristotle (384 322 BC) Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and scientist Studied at Plato s Academy until he was 37 His writings make up the first comprehensive system of Western philosophy He taught Alexander the Great about medicine, philosophy, morals, religion, logic, and art
Aristotle Because he was Alexander s tutor, Aristotle was able to build a massive library at Lyceum Appointed as the head of the Royal Academy of Macedon He encouraged Alexander to conquer The East (Persia and India)
Reason & Logic All three philosophers (and others) encouraged people to use reason & logic in all things This concept became an important foundation for Western culture Schools Government Law Civil Rights Many more
Alexander the Great Alexander the III of Macedonia Born in 356 BC Son of Philip II, King of Macedonia Tutored by Aristotle when he was young Inherited the throne at age 20 after his father was assassinated Alexander eliminated threats to his throne (356-323 BC)
At age 10, Alexander received a horse and he named it Bucephalus Alexander tamed Bucephalus himself Together they conquered The East until Bucephalus died Alexander named a city Bucephala after him (in modern-day Pakistan) Bucephalus
Alexander Alexander and his father went to war and began building Alexander s empire when Alexander was 16 Started with Greece After he conquered Thebes, Athens, and Sparta (not always through battle), he established the Hellenic Alliance This included most Greek city-states except for Sparta Named Supreme Commander of the Hellenic Alliance
Hellenism is the spread of ancient Greek culture and language Alexander spread (Greek) culture across his empire Hellenism
Hellenism is A) A pretty name for a woman B) The spread of ancient Greek culture and language C) A battle formation D) A type of government
Hellenism is A) A pretty name for a woman B) The spread of ancient Greek culture and language C) A battle formation D) A type of government
Alexander s Empire Alexander conquered the Greeks, the Persians, the Egyptians, and got to the borders of the Indus River
True or False? Alexander was never defeated in battle True!
Alexander the Great? After Alexander conquered Persia, he began wearing Persian clothes, adopted some Persian customs, promoted Persian aristocrats to help him rule his kingdom, and encouraged his Macedonian army to marry Persian women He tortured and executed anyone who stood up against him for his new ways
Indus River In 327 BC, Alexander marched into India Even though the Indian army fought with elephants, Alexander s forces still won Bucephalus was killed Alexander s soldiers had been campaigning (travelling, fighting, etc.) for 18 months straight, and they refused to go any farther Alexander returned with his army to Macedonia
Alexander the great died of malaria at the age of 33 No successor Alexander He was buried in Alexandria, Egypt so that Romans, Egyptians, and Greeks could pay respect to his shrine In the 4 th century AD, the Christian Roman emperor Theodosius outlawed paganism Alexander s tomb disappeared
Alexander s Empire Alexander s Empire broke up into 3 major sections: Ptolemaic Kingdom (Egypt) Seleucid Empire (Persia) Antigonid Dynasty (Macedonia)
Hellenism Ancient Greek culture spread through all of Alexander s empire Had a HUGE effect on the development of the Roman civilization and empire The Hellenistic Period combined Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian cultures It lasted from 329 BC 146 BC Hellenism = the practice of spreading Greek culture Hellenistic Period = a time period of a combination of Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian cultures
Alchemy A major theory that developed during the Hellenistic period was alchemy Alchemy was the scientific idea that humans could turn average metals into gold AND that they could create an elixir (a magic potion) to create eternal life
Achaean League vs. Aetolian League The Achaean League included Thebes, Corinth, and Argos The Aetolian League included Sparta and Athens These Leagues were constantly at war with each other until the Romans conquered Greece in 146 BC
Rome All roads lead to Rome -Medieval phrase
40% of Italy is mountainous Alps and Apennines protect it from invasion Po River runs through it with a large floodplain surrounding it Several rivers Mediterranean climate and volcanic soil Awesome for crops Geography
Geography Excellent climate for crops Helped Rome increase its economic strength Located in the center of the Mediterranean Ideal location for Rome to control the Mediterranean regions Huge cultural diversity as the Roman Empire grew Roman Empire
Founding Myth Myth: Twin brothers Romulus and Remus were the sons of Mars (Roman version of Ares) Raised by a wolf mother Romulus and Remus fought over the city s foundation, name, etc. Romulus won Hence the name Rome
Founding Reality Rome grew around the Tiber River Started around the 8 th century BC The area was dominated by the Etruscans Established political control by the 7 th century Aristocracy and monarchy Lost power by the 6 th century and the Latin tribes created a republic
Republic A republic is a form of government where power resides in elected individuals who represent the citizens who vote for them Government leaders exercise the rule of law 1 difference between today and the Roman Republic: Rome had many kings and emperors in its history
Roman Republic Setup: Constitution Checks and balances Separation of powers 2 Consuls The 2 Consuls were the highest elected political officers Served for 1 year before a new election Senate An advisory council Voting assemblies People could come together to vote in elections and on important matters like war
Laws Roman Law Principles I) All persons are entitled to equal treatment under the law II) People are innocent until proven guilty III) People should be punished for actions, not thoughts IV) The burden of proof rests on the accuser, not the accused Do any of these sound familiar??
Laws Roman laws were the reason we use a lot of Latin terms in the legal system today: Habeas corpus = you cannot be arrested for just any reason (you have to have broken the law) Stare decisis = let the ruling stand
Twelve Tables Background: only patricians were eligible to be elected to political office The Twelve Tables were created around 450 BC This was the earliest written code of law for the Romans Set up the foundation for future Roman laws ALL social classes had to follow the law Patricians = the ruling class (wealthy nobles) Plebians = everyone else (labor force)
Example If a man was summoned to court, he had to go. If he did not, then a witness would be called (to confirm that he did not come). Thereafter he could be seized and brought to court by force The summoned person could be represented by an advocate If the two sides in court agreed to compromise then the judge (praetor) announced this. If they could not reach agreement, then they were to state their case at the Forum before noon. If one failed to show up, the judge would find in favor of the one who came. If both came, the trial was to last no longer than until the sun set. http://www.roman-empire.net/republic/twelve-tables.html HUGE milestone for justice because it served as a model for many later European legal systems AND it became the language of the Catholic Church AND the basis for all of the Romance languages!!
Citizenship Male citizenship rights = Could own property and make wills Could vote Could serve in a political/public office Basically could do anything and everything legal Female citizenship rights = Could own property and make wills Could NOT vote Could get divorced Slave rights = not people so no rights Freedmen s rights = if slaves were free, they enjoyed full citizenship rights Social snobbery You were a slave? Like, ew!
Change to an Empire The Roman Republic was all well and good The Senate ruled the Republic (elected by the citizens) The Republic kept expanding by conquering more and more territory (lots and lots of wars) Plenty of colonies But
Change to an Empire Not everyone was happy Several slave uprisings occurred Several civil wars occurred Marius and Sulla two Roman generals wanting more power fought each other And then came Julius Caesar